CoordenaÃÃo de AperfeiÃoamento de Pessoal de NÃvel Superior / Devido ao rÃpido progresso no desenvolvimento de sistemas de comunicaÃÃo em microondas, as cerÃmicas dielÃtricas e magnÃticas (ferritas) se tornaram atrativas para o uso em dispositivos. Embora as ferritas do tipo espinel terem sido os primeiros materiais utilizados para microondas, as granadas possuem menores perdas dielÃtricas e, portanto, sÃo preferidas em muitas aplicaÃÃes. As elevadas exigÃncias que as aplicaÃÃes elÃtricas modernas requerem dos materiais magnÃticos fazem com que novas tÃcnicas e produtos estejam permanentemente sendo pesquisados, com o conseqÃente aparecimento de novas soluÃÃes para uma ampla sÃrie de aplicaÃÃes. Nesse sentido, a pesquisa sobre compÃsitos à empregada para a busca de novos materiais. Este trabalho apresenta a obtenÃÃo do compÃsito ferrimagnÃtico, constituÃdo pelas fases Y3Fe5O12 (YIG) e Gd3Fe5O12 (GdIG), atravÃs da rota sintÃtica no estado sÃlido com a utilizaÃÃo de moagem mecÃnica de alta energia. A DifraÃÃo de Raios-X, a Espectroscopia Raman, Infravermelho e MÃssbauer foram essenciais para caracterizaÃÃo estrutural dos compÃsitos. As peculiaridades da morfologia das amostras foram elucidadas pela Microscopia EletrÃnica de Varredura e Microdureza de Vickers. Adicionalmente, foram realizados experimentos para se avaliar o comportamento elÃtrico e magnÃtico dos compÃsitos na faixa de radio freqÃÃncia e de microondas para depois sugerir uma aplicaÃÃo tecnolÃgica cabÃvel. Os compÃsitos comportaram-se adequadamente como antenas ressoadoras de ferritas (FRAs) e de microlinha (filmes espessos depositados sobre a superfÃcie metalizada de um substrato de alumina, pela tÃcnica âscreen printingâ), na faixa de operaÃÃo das microondas. Os experimentos com os FRAs se mostraram satisfatÃrios devido ao controle das caracterÃsticas de radiaÃÃo das antenas e a sua sintonizaÃÃo pela aplicaÃÃo de um campo magnÃtico externo. As mesmas tiveram a caracterÃstica de antenas de banda larga. Os ressoadores provenientes dos compÃsitos projetados neste trabalho podem ser importantes para desenvolver uma antena de banda larga de terceira geraÃÃo (3G) para telefones celulares e outros produtos para redes sem fio. / Devido ao rÃpido progresso no desenvolvimento de sistemas de comunicaÃÃo em microondas, as cerÃmicas dielÃtricas e magnÃticas (ferritas) se tornaram atrativas para o uso em dispositivos. Embora as ferritas do tipo espinel terem sido os primeiros materiais utilizados para microondas, as granadas possuem menores perdas dielÃtricas e, portanto, sÃo preferidas em muitas aplicaÃÃes. As elevadas exigÃncias que as aplicaÃÃes elÃtricas modernas requerem dos materiais magnÃticos fazem com que novas tÃcnicas e produtos estejam permanentemente sendo pesquisados, com o conseqÃente aparecimento de novas soluÃÃes para uma ampla sÃrie de aplicaÃÃes. Nesse sentido, a pesquisa sobre compÃsitos à empregada para a busca de novos materiais. Este trabalho apresenta a obtenÃÃo do compÃsito ferrimagnÃtico, constituÃdo pelas fases Y3Fe5O12 (YIG) e Gd3Fe5O12 (GdIG), atravÃs da rota sintÃtica no estado sÃlido com a utilizaÃÃo de moagem mecÃnica de alta energia. A DifraÃÃo de Raios-X, a Espectroscopia Raman, Infravermelho e MÃssbauer foram essenciais para caracterizaÃÃo estrutural dos compÃsitos. As peculiaridades da morfologia das amostras foram elucidadas pela Microscopia EletrÃnica de Varredura e Microdureza de Vickers. Adicionalmente, foram realizados experimentos para se avaliar o comportamento elÃtrico e magnÃtico dos compÃsitos na faixa de radio freqÃÃncia e de microondas para depois sugerir uma aplicaÃÃo tecnolÃgica cabÃvel. Os compÃsitos comportaram-se adequadamente como antenas ressoadoras de ferritas (FRAs) e de microlinha (filmes espessos depositados sobre a superfÃcie metalizada de um substrato de alumina, pela tÃcnica âscreen printingâ), na faixa de operaÃÃo das microondas. Os experimentos com os FRAs se mostraram satisfatÃrios devido ao controle das caracterÃsticas de radiaÃÃo das antenas e a sua sintonizaÃÃo pela aplicaÃÃo de um campo magnÃtico externo. As mesmas tiveram a caracterÃstica de antenas de banda larga. Os ressoadores provenientes dos compÃsitos projetados neste trabalho podem ser importantes para desenvolver uma antena de banda larga de terceira geraÃÃo (3G) para telefones celulares e outros produtos para redes sem fio. / Due to a fast progress in the development of communication systems, the dielectric and magnetic ceramics (ferrites) have become attractive to be used in devices. Although the ferrites of the spinel type were the first material used in the microwave range, garnets have smaller dielectric losses and, therefore, are chosen for many applications. High demands for modern electric applications in magnetic materials results in new techniques and products being permanently studied and researched, with a consequent appearance of new solutions for a wide applications series. In this sense, the research in composites is employed to reach new materials. This work presents the study of the ferrimagnetic composite, constituted by Y3Fe5O12 (YIG) and Gd3Fe5O12 (GdIG) phases, through solid state synthetic route and submitted to high-energy mechanical milling. The X-Ray Diffraction and the Raman, Infrared and MÃssbauer Spectroscopy were essential for the structural characterization of the composites. The peculiarities in the morphology of the samples were elucidated by Scanning Electron Microscopy and Vickers Microhardness. Additionally, experiments were made in order to evaluate the electric and magnetic behavior of the composites at radio frequency and microwave range and then later suggest an adequate technological application. The composites were efficient as ferrite resonator antennas (FRAs) and microstrip antennas (thick films deposited on metalized surface alumina substrate by screen-printing technique), in the microwave frequency range. The experiments with FRAs showed satisfactory due to the control of the antennas radiation characteristics and their tuning by the use of an external magnetic field. They present a wideband antenna profile. The composite resonators studied in this work can be important to the development of a third generation (3G) wideband antennas to cell phones and other wireless products. / Due to a fast progress in the development of communication systems, the dielectric and magnetic ceramics (ferrites) have become attractive to be used in devices. Although the ferrites of the spinel type were the first material used in the microwave range, garnets have smaller dielectric losses and, therefore, are chosen for many applications. High demands for modern electric applications in magnetic materials results in new techniques and products being permanently studied and researched, with a consequent appearance of new solutions for a wide applications series. In this sense, the research in composites is employed to reach new materials. This work presents the study of the ferrimagnetic composite, constituted by Y3Fe5O12 (YIG) and Gd3Fe5O12 (GdIG) phases, through solid state synthetic route and submitted to high-energy mechanical milling. The X-Ray Diffraction and the Raman, Infrared and MÃssbauer Spectroscopy were essential for the structural characterization of the composites. The peculiarities in the morphology of the samples were elucidated by Scanning Electron Microscopy and Vickers Microhardness. Additionally, experiments were made in order to evaluate the electric and magnetic behavior of the composites at radio frequency and microwave range and then later suggest an adequate technological application. The composites were efficient as ferrite resonator antennas (FRAs) and microstrip antennas (thick films deposited on metalized surface alumina substrate by screenprinting technique), in the microwave frequency range. The experiments with FRAs showed satisfactory due to the control of the antennas radiation characteristics and their tuning by the use of an external magnetic field. They present a wideband antenna profile. The composite resonators studied in this work can be important to the development of a third generation (3G) wideband antennas to cell phones and other wireless products.

Photonic bandgap structures have provided promising platform for miniaturization of modern integrated optical devices. In this thesis, a photonic crystal based ring resonator (PCRR) is proposed and optimized to exhibit high quality factor. Also, force sensing application of the optimized PC ring resonator and Dense Wavelength Division Multiplexing (DWDM) application of the PCRR are discussed. Finally fabrication and characterization of the PCRR is presented. A photonic crystal ring resonator is designed in a hexagonal lattice of air holes on a silicon slab. A novel approach is used to optimize PCRR to achieve high quality factor. The numerical analysis of the optimized photonic crystal ring resonator is presented in detail. For all electromagnetic computations Finite Difference Time Domain (FDTD) method is used. The improvement in Q factor is explained by using the physical phenomenon, multipole cancellation of the radiation held of the PCRR cavity. The corresponding mathematical frame work has been included. The forced cancellation of lower order radiation components are verified by plotting far held radiation pattern of the PCRR cavity. Then, the force sensing application of the optimized PCRR is presented. A high sensitive force sensor based on photonic crystal ring resonator integrated with silicon micro cantilever is presented. The design and modelling of the device, including the mechanics of the cantilever, FEM (Finite Element Method) analysis of the cantilever beam with PC and without PC integrated on it. The force sensing characteristics are presented for forces in the range of 0 to 1 N. For forces which are in the range of few tens of N, a force sensor with bilayer cantilever is considered. PC ring resonator on the bilayer of 220nm thick silicon and 600nm thick SiO2 plays the role of sensing element. Force sensing characteristics of the bilayer cantilever for forces in the range of 0 to 10 N are presented. Fabrication and characterization of PCRR is also carried out. This experimental work is done mainly to understand practical issues in study of photonic crystal ring resonators. It is proved that Q factor of PCRR can be signi cantly improved by varying the PCRR parameters by the proposed method. Dense Wavelength Division Multiplexing (DWDM) application of PC ring resonator is included. A novel 4-channel PC based demultiplexer is proposed and optimized in order to tolerate the fabrication errors and exhibit optimal cross talk, coupling efficiency between resonator and various channels of the device. Since the intention of this design is, to achieve the device performance that is independent of the unavoidable fabrication errors, the tolerance studies are made on the performance of the device towards the fabrication errors in the dimension of various related parameters. In conclusion we summarize major results, applications including computations and practical measurements of this work and suggest future work that may be carried out later.

The thesis deals with basic principles of metamaterials, which exhibit unusual properties in microwave applications (e.g., negative permittivity and permeability). Different type of metamaterial antennas and parameters of such antennas are described in the thesis.

Realising Si-based electrically driven light emitters in a process technology compatible with mainstream microelectronics CMOS technology is key requirement for the implementation of low-cost Si-based optoelectronics and thus one of the big challenges of semiconductor technology. This work has focused on the development of microcavity enhanced silicon LEDs (MCLEDs), including their design, fabrication, and experimental as well as theoretical analysis. As a light emitting layer the abrupt pn-junction of a Si diode was used, which was fabricated by ion implantation of boron into n-type silicon. Such forward biased pn-junctions exhibit room-temperature EL at a wavelength of 1138 nm with a reasonably high power efficiency of 0.1%. Two MCLEDs emitting light at the resonant wavelength about 1150 nm were demonstrated: a) 1-lambda MCLED with the resonator formed by 90 nm thin metallic CoSi2 mirror at the bottom and semitransparent distributed Bragg reflector (DBR) on the top; b) 5.5-lambda MCLED with the resonator formed by high reflecting DBR at the bottom and semitransparent top DBR. Using the appoach of the 5.5-lambda MCLED with two DBRs the extraction efficiency is enhanced by about 65% compared to the silicon bulk pn-junction diode.

Optical microcavities (OMs) are receiving increasing attention owing to their potential applications ranging from cavity quantum electrodynamics, optical detection to photonic devices. Recently, rolled-up structures have been demonstrated as OMs which have gained considerable attention owing to their excellent customizability. To fully exploit this customizability, asymmetric and topological rolled-up OMs are proposed and investigated in addition to conventional rolled-up OMs in this thesis. By doing so, novel phenomena and applications are demonstrated in OMs. The fabrication of conventional rolled-up OMs is presented in details. Then, dynamic mode tuning by a near-field probe is performed on a conventional rolled-up OM. Next, mode splitting in rolled-up OMs is investigated. The effect of single nanoparticles on mode splitting in a rolled-up OM is studied. Because of a non-synchronized oscillating shift for different azimuthal split modes induced by a single nanoparticle at different positions, the position of the nanoparticle can be determined on the rolled-up OM. Moreover, asymmetric rolled-up OMs are fabricated for the purpose of introducing coupling between spin and orbital angular momenta (SOC) of light into OMs. Elliptically polarized modes are observed due to the SOC of light. Modes with an elliptical polarization can also be modeled as coupling between the linearly polarized TE and TM mode in asymmetric rolled-up OMs. Furthermore, by adding a helical geometry to rolled-up structures, Berry phase of light is introduced into OMs. A -π Berry phase is generated for light in topological rolled-up OMs so that modes have a half-integer number of wavelengths. In order to obtain a deeper understanding for existing rolled-up OMs and to develop the new type of rolled-up OMs, complete theoretical models are also presented in this thesis.

No description available.

The noise propagating through the truck exhaust system is often attenuated by after treatment systems including truck silencers. The acoustic simulation of the truck silencers is usually based on pressure acoustics which does not include the influence of background flow. However, background flow can affect the acoustic attenuation ability of the truck silencers a lot. This thesis presents a simulation method for investigating the influence of the background mean flow on the silencers. In this method, the fluid information is first simulated with CFD software STAR-CCM+. The fluid data is then imported into COMSOL to conduct acoustic simulation using Linearized Navier-Stokes modulus. Flow noise is not simulated in this method in order to well capture the background mean flow's effect on the performance of silencer in a relatively short calculation time. Two simple silencer model groups are studied to validate this method. The first is a Helmholtz resonator. Another model group is expansion chambers with different setups. The sensitivity of the model towards different model setup is also studied. In the last part of the work, the method is applied to a common truck silencer model CAS1 F1gen, when this method counters challenge of high calculation load. A hybrid method is then developed, combining pressure acoustics and Linearized Navier-Stokes study, to simplify the method, reduce calculation time and at the same time capture the background mean flow's influence on silencers. / Bullret som fortplantar sig genom lastbilens avgassystem dämpas ofta av efterbehandlingssystem inklusive lastbilsljuddämpare. Den akustiska simuleringen av lastbilens ljuddämpare baseras vanligtvis på tryckakustik som inte inkluderar påverkan av bakgrundsflödet. Bakgrundsflödet kan dock påverka lastbilsljuddämparnas akustiska dämpningsförmåga mycket. Denna avhandling presenterar en simuleringsmetod för att undersöka påverkan av bakgrundsmedelflödet på ljuddämparna. I den här metoden simuleras vätskeinformationen först med CFD-programvaran STAR-CCM+. Vätskedata importeras sedan till COMSOL för att genomföra akustisk simulering med linjär Navier-Stokes modul. Flödesbrus simuleras inte i denna metod för att väl fånga bakgrundsmedelflödets effekt på ljuddämparens prestanda på en relativt kort beräkningstid. Två enkla ljuddämparmodellgrupper studeras för att validera denna metod. Den första är en Helmholtz-resonator. En annan modellgrupp är expansionskammare med olika inställningar. Modellens känslighet mot olika modellupplägg studeras också. I den sista delen av arbetet tillämpas metoden på en vanlig lastbilsljuddämpare modell CAS1 F1gen, då denna metod motverkar utmaning med hög beräkningsbelastning. En hybridmetod utvecklas sedan, som kombinerar tryckakustik och linjäriserad Navier-Stokes-studie, för att förenkla metoden, minska beräkningstiden och samtidigt fånga bakgrundsmedelflödets påverkan på ljuddämpare.

The objective of this thesis is to introduce novel procedures and guidelines to design bandstop microwave filters for modern terrestrial and satellite wireless communication systems. Among all available microwave filter technologies, planar structures of microstrip and substrate integrated waveguide (SIW) are chosen, due to ease of fabrication, low profile, weight and manufacturing cost. Particularly, SIW structures are more attractive because they have a better insertion loss, quality factor, and power handling capability in comparison to their microstrip counterparts, and can also be easily integrated into other planar circuitries. A comprehensive hybrid analytic-optimization method is developed to synthesize any single-band as well as multi-band bandstop coupling matrix. In this method, the location of reflection zeros (RZs) and the attenuations in stopbands can be determined in advance. Several novel single-band, dual-band, and triple-band bandstop filters are designed using regular and ridged SIW resonators, in-line coupled singlet resonators, cross-coupled resonators, and bandstop stubs. The designed filters have fractional bandwidths up to 23% . Moreover, a tunable ridged SIW bandstop resonator and a tunable CPW resonator, etched into the top plate of the SIW transmission line, are introduced. Combining these two resonators, a dual-band SIW filter is designed that permits one of its stopband to be tuned while another stopband is fixed. All introduced filters in this thesis are verified by commercial electromagnetic software, analytic investigations using Matlab codes, and measurements. / Graduate

Thesis (PhD)--Stellenbosch University, 2014. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: In this dissertation a number of techniques to design multi-band filters, with specific focus on coupled resonator implementations, is presented. Multi-band transfer functions are constructed from single-band transfer functions using frequency mapping methods. A general class of rational mapping functions is presented that can accommodate arbitrary bandwidth specifications. Multi-band circuits are synthesised directly from multi-band transfer functions and are obtained by applying reactance transformations to single-band prototype circuits. For the direct synthesis of multi-band filters from multi-band transfer functions coupling matrix synthesis methods are employed. The circuits that result from matrix synthesis methods tend to have topologies that are undesirable from a practical perspective and must be simplified using rotations of the coupling matrix. The synthesis of multi-band filters through reactance transformations is both simple and result in filters that have practical topologies for realisation as coupled resonator circuits. Multiple filters are designed using different design methodologies and different transmission line technologies to illustrate the various design possibilities. The designs include both all-pole and cross-coupled filters and employ single-layer stripline, multi-layer stripline as well as coaxial resonators as transmission line technologies for the implementations. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: In hierdie proefskrif word verskeie ontwerpstegnieke vir multi-band filters aangebied en word daar spesifiek klem gelê op filters wat as gekoppelde resoneerder strukture geïmplimenteer kan word. Multi-band oordragsfunksies word geskep uit enkelband oordragsfunksies deur gebruik te maak van wiskundige afbeeldingstegnieke. ’n Spesiale klas van rasionale funksies word voorgestel wat spesifiek gebruik kan word om multi-band funksies te skep wat ’n arbitrêre bandwydte spesifikasie het. Multi-band stroombane word direk gesintetiseer vanuit multi-band oordragsfunksies en word ook verkry deur die toepassing van reaktansietransformasies op enkelband stroombane. Vir die direkte sintese van multi-band stroombane vanuit multi-band oordragsfunksies word stroombane gesintetiseer as koppelmatrikse. Stroombane wat op hierdie wyse gesintetiseer word is geneig om topologieë te hê wat nie baie gesog is vanuit ’n praktiese perspektief nie en matriks rotasies word dan hier ingespan om die stroombane se topologieë te vereenvoudig. Die sintese van multi-band stroombane deur gebruik te maak van reaktansietransformasies is beide eenvoudig en lei tot stroombane wat praktiese topologieë het vir implimentering as gekoppelde resoneerder strukture. Die ontwerpsmoontlikhede wat die verskillende metodieke bied word geïllustreer deur die ontwerp van verskeie filters op verskillende maniere waar daar gebruik gemaak word van verskeie transmissielyn tegnologië. Die filter ontwerpe sluit filters in waar alle transmissienulle by oneidige frekwensies is, sowel as gevalle waar somige transmissienulle by eindige frekwensies is. Die filters word geïmplimenteer deur gebruik te maak van koaksiale resoneerders sowel as enkellaag en multilaag strooklyn.

Thesis (MScEng)--Stellenbosch University, 2011. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: This thesis presents the study, analysis and design of electronically tunable filters, that can be tuned over a wide frequency range (20-500MHz), for use in a direct sampling receiver. The final design does not have to be a single filter, but may be comprised of a filter bank which enables switching between the filters. The band of interest is too low to use normal transmission lines and lumped elements have to be used. Different topologies that can implement Coupled Resonator filters with lumped elements are investigated. Devices that can be used for tuning are also investigated and varactor diodes are found to be the most suitable tuning devices currently available. Two filters, one at the high-end and one at the low-end of the band, were designed and built, both using varactor diodes. These filters perform well in terms of tuning range, but achieving low losses with current technologies in this band remains difficult. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Hierdie tesis meld die studie, analise en ontwerp van elektronies verstelbare filters, wat verstelbaar is oor ’n wye band (20-500MHz), vir gebruik in ’n direk-monster-ontvanger. Die finale ontwerp hoef nie ’n enkele filter te wees nie, maar kan bestaan uit ’n filterbank wat skakeling tussen die filters toelaat. Die betrokke band is te laag vir die gebruik van normale transmissielyne en diskrete komponente moet gebruik word. Verskillende topologieë wat gekoppelde resoneerder filters implementeer met diskrete komponente is ondersoek. Verstelbare komponente word ook ondersoek en varaktor diodes blyk die mees geskikte verstelbare komponent wat huidig beskikbaar is in hierdie band. Twee filters, een aan die hoë kant en een aan die lae kant van die band, is ontwerp en gebou, beide met varaktor diodes. Hierdie filters het wye verstelbare bereik, maar dit is steeds moeilik om verliese te beperk met die huidige tegnologie.