This study examines the reintegration of South African political returnees into South African society from a sociological perspective after the unbanning of the African National Congress (ANC), South African Communist Party (SACP) and the Pan Africanist Congress (PAC) in 1990. It specifically looks at the role of liberation movements, government, the International Organization For Migration (10M), the United Nations High Commissioner For Refugees (UNHCR) and the South African Council of Churches (SACC) in the pre- and post- 1994 period. This study contends that for refugee reintegration to succeed, primary prerequisites include a relatively good and sustainable economy and, most significantly, positive governmental intervention. A central argument of the study is that the ANC-Ied government has played a significant role in the repatriation and long-term reintegration of political returnees. Of significance is the economic dimension of this process since it facilitates reintegration at the social level. The assessment of the role of the ANC-Ied government in the political returnee reintegration process is undertaken primarily through the Special Pension and Demobilization Acts of 1996 which constitute the focal point of analysis of this study. The findings of this research are that the International Organization For Migration, the United Nations High Commissioner For Refugees, the African National Congress, the Pan Africanist Congress, the South African Communist Party and the South African Council of Churches played a significant role in the repatriation and early reintegration of political returnees in South Africa in the pre-independence phase. In the post-independence period, the ANC led government played an important role in long-term reintegration through legislative means, namely, the Special Pension and Demobilization Acts of 1996. The recommendations of the study are that the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees should continue conducting large scale political refugee repatriations because of its expertise in international repatriation, programmes and processes of this magnitude. More research on the long-term socio-economic implications of the refugee reintegration process needs to be conducted in view of the fact that this area of study has not been sufficiently problematized. Finally, from a policy perspective, there is a need for governments with returning refugee populations to be more proactive in addressing this problem through legislative measures. / Sociology / D. Litt. et Phil. (Sociology)

Since the 19th century, industrialization has led people from the countryside to the bigger cities, and Sweden is not an exception. Statistics from 2018 show that for the first time in 30 years, there is an increase in the people whom make the decision to move from the cities to the countryside. And from 2015 to 2018 there has been an increase of 11 000 people in the Swedish countryside. With this in mind, our study is going to explore the central driving forces in returnees; people returning home to the smaller towns in the Swedish countryside. We are also going to analyze how these people relate to the urban norm, with the intention of trying to explain how they identify with their role as returnee, as well as their ex-role they had before making the move home. To answer these two central questions, we have performed ten interviews throughout Sweden in smaller towns considered to be in the Swedish countryside. To analyze our empirical data four central concepts that constitute our theoretical framework have been presented. These concepts are turning points, role exit, social capital and the urban norm. Turning points and role exit is a part of Ebaugh’s theory about the role exit-process. Social capital is a broad theory, in which we have decided to apply the work of Robert D. Putnam and his focus on reciprocity and reliability in social networks. Finally, the urban norm is a theory that mainly explores the normative and hierarchical relation between the cities and the countryside, where the cities are always the norm. Our conclusion is that closeness to family and a sense of security is the most frequent driving force for returnees. There is also a duality in the way interviewees approach their roles as returnees and ex-city inhabitants, where they often keep relating to their past roles and have difficulties relating to their current role in their hometown.

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Text in English with appendices in Afaan Oromoo (Oromo language) / Despite the imperative of reintegration assistance for returnees of illegal migration, which will enable them to become independent and productive members of the community, the reintegration needs and experiences of returned illegal migrants are neglected in academic studies. The objectives of the study were to explore the socio-contextual factors that gave rise to the illegal migration of the study participants; their illegal migration abuse and exploitation experiences; the reintegration needs they sought after return; and the responses of relevant stakeholders to meet the reintegration needs of the returnees and help them reintegrate into the community. To this end, I conducted a qualitative study in Omo Nada district in 2017. I collected the data by means of indepth interviews, key informant interviews and focus group discussions. I used thematic analysis to analyze the findings. The study revealed that the decision to migrate ‘illegally’ was the result of numerous drivers: poverty, unemployment, political discrimination, family pressure, and absence of legal means, the influence of brokers and smugglers, and socio-cultural and religious factors. The returned migrants experienced various types of abuse and exploitation, including physical abuse, economic, labour and sexual exploitation both on the migration journey and at the place of destination. The long periods of isolation some experienced also resulted in the disintegration of their families. Participants identified the need for support in the form of health services, counselling, housing, employment, skills training, finances, loans and social support from relevant stakeholders such as family, the community, the government and non-governmental organizations. Despite the many needs identified, the relevant bodies provided very little reintegration support. Due to this, the returnees were not able to reintegrate into their communities. Returning to the premigration conditions which drove them to migrate ‘illegally' in the first place, with no hope of any reintegration assistance, led some returnees to re-migrate illegally. Reintegration is a key aspect for return migration. Therefore, to be sustainable and for the reintegration process to be successful it must be widely supported. The consequences of illegal migration and reintegration support must be taken seriously and supported by the government in all its aspects. Government agencies such as the Labour and Social Affairs Office must be capacitated to provide the necessary assistance and supports to effect sustainable integration. / Sociology / Ph. D. (Sociology)

Le droit international semble appréhender la question du déplacement forcé de population en Afrique à travers deux approches conceptuelles. La première qui se situe dans le contexte de la Guerre froide, est qualifiée de réactive dans la mesure où elle se borne à cerner le problème qu'en termes d'exil et de protection internationale des réfugiés. En tant que tel, ce régime traditionnel de protection internationale des réfugiés ne permet pas de cerner toute la problématique du déplacement forcé en Afrique. Face à ces limites, et sous la poussée d'un faisceau de facteurs favorisée par la fin de la Guerre froide, la nécessité d'une réévaluation en profondeur de l'approche traditionnelle du déplacement forcé de population en Afrique s'impose aujourd'hui. L'étude vise donc à examiner cette évolution au sein du droit international public. Si la nouvelle approche de la problématique du déplacement forcé en Afrique se veut désormais proactive et axée sur la prévention, celle-ci recèle pour autant des contradictions sécuritaires évidentes dans la pratique internationale. Ce basculement de la question du déplacement forcé sur le champ mouvant de la sécurité suscite des interrogations quant à sa mise en œuvre par la pratique internationale, d'autant plus qu'elle a tendance à privilégier des stratégies d'endiguement de populations vulnérables à l'intérieur de leur pays plutôt que de favoriser leur protection in situ. Pour parer à ce risque de dérive sécuritaire, seule l'adoption d'une démarche axée dans une perspective de sécurité humaine dénuée de toute préoccupation de considérations stratégiques, pourrait constituer une réponse efficace au fléau du déplacement forcé en Afrique. / The international law seems to deal with the issue of forced displacement in Africa through two conceptual approaches. The first which stems from the Cold War is deemed reactive since the issue of forced displacement is limited to exile and international protection of refugees. This traditional system of the refugees' international protection does not allow a full understanding of forced displacement in Africa as such. In light of these shortcomings, and following a growing series of factors fostered by the end of the Cold War, the need for a thorough reassessment of the traditional approach of forced displacement in Africa is becoming an essential issue today. The new paradigm is now proactive and focused on prevention. The research therefore aims to examine this evolution in regards to international public law. Although this new approach to the issue of forced displacement in Africa is proactive, it contains some obvious contradictions in terms of security from an international law practice point of view. The shift of the issue of forced displacement to the matter of security raises concerns about its implementation by international law practice, especially as it tends to favor containment strategies of vulnerable populations within their country rather than promoting their protection in situ. In order to face the risk of a security shortfall, the solution should rely on a human security driven approach regardless of any strategic preoccupation. This attitude could form an efficient answer to the plague of forced displacement in Africa.

(in English) The present thesis explores the issue of teaching heritage language learners and returnee students in English as a foreign language (EFL) classes in Czech secondary schools. The aim of the thesis is to examine the experiences of heritage language learners and returnees in the EFL classroom, their strengths and weaknesses in English, their attitude towards English language learning in terms of potential anxiety and motivation, as well as heritage language learners' wishes in relation to language instruction. These issues are investigated from the perspective of the students themselves. The theoretical part reviews the relevant literature on heritage language acquisition and teaching, and on the effects of experience abroad on language acquisition. Moreover, it is complemented by discussions of differentiated instruction and language education for the gifted, two areas which can prove helpful in terms of finding suitable solutions to the problems encountered by the target population in foreign language classes. The empirical part is qualitative and consists of the analysis of in-depth semi-structured interviews with three participants, gymnázium students from Prague. Insights are provided about the interconnectedness of the students' life experiences, their general beliefs about language...