The master thesis deals with the application of the methodology of project management in a business case in the company Meopta - optika, s.r.o. following the product life cycle. After the company’s analysis, it evaluates the real project management solution focusing on the critical sides of project. The last chapter specifies solutions for effective project management and risk elimination.

Bakgrund och problem: Många universitetsorter i Sverige lider av bostadsbrist gällande studentbostäder och utöver detta tycker många fastighetsbolag att det är problematiskt att generera lönsamhet i studentbostadsprojekt. Detta är en studie som undersöker ”problemet” med studentbostäder. Det har identifierats att många bostadsbolag i Sverige tycker att det är svårt att generera lönsamhet i nybyggda studentbostäder. Studien kommer redogöra för vad bostadsbolag anser vara de kritiska faktorerna för att uppnå lönsamhet vid nybyggda studentbostäder och hur dessa bolag opererar för att nå en tillfredsställande avkastning. Syfte: Uppsatsens övergripande syfte är att undersöka varför det är svårt att uppnå lönsamhet i nybyggnationen av studentbostäder i Sverige. Studien kommer även identifiera vilka faktorer som påverkar lönsamhet i det studerade ämnet. Metod: Författarna har genomfört en kvalitativ fallstudie som bygger på semistrukturerade intervjuer med fem bostadsbolag på olika orter i Sverige. Företagen har valts ut för att de är stora aktörer på sin respektive ort som har stor insyn i studentbostadsmarknaden. Studien använder en abduktiv ansats. Slutsats: Det finns inte någon enskild kritisk faktor som skapar lönsamhet i projekt utan det krävs en noggrann avvägning mellan flera faktorer för att lyckas. Förutom att målgruppen (studenter) är en väldigt betalningssvag grupp har studien identifierat ett antal kritiska faktorer som spelar stor roll på lönsamhet hos studentbostäder iSverige. Användandet av diskonteringsmetoder är viktigt för att göra en bra bedömning av investeringar i studentbostäder. Det statliga investeringsstödet är i flera fall avgörande för att få investeringskalkylerna att gå ihop. Studien finner att ränteläget idag är fördelaktigt för att investera, även om avkastningskrav behöver vara hållbara på sikt. Utöver det ökar byggkostnaden per m² och driftkostnader med små studentbostäder. Slutligen gör den stora bostadsbristen i Sverige att flera företag inte använder sig av omfattande känslighetsanalyser men vikten av riskanalyser ökar med att bristen på bostäder minskar. / Background: Many cities with universities in Sweden are experiencing a shortage of student housing and at the same time many property builders have a hard time achieving profitability when building student housing. This thesis studies the problem with student housing. Many real estate companies have expressed that they have a hard time achieving profitability in newly built student accommodation. This study will make clear for what property builders think are the most important factors when building as well as how these companies work to reach a satisfying yield on their investments when building student accommodation. Purpose: The purpose of this thesis is to study why it is hard to achieve profitability in newly constructed student accommodation in Sweden. This thesis will also identify which factors that affect profitability in the chosen subject. Method: The authors have done a qualitative case study built on semi-structured interviews with five different property owners in different cities in Sweden. The companies have been chosen because they are well established at their respective city and have knowledge and experience within student housing. This study uses an abductive approach. Conclusion: This thesis concludes in that there is no single factor that leads to profitability in student housing projects but rather that a careful balance between several factors are needed to succeed. Except that students are a low incomedemographic with a low willingness to pay, the study has found several critical factors that affect profitability in building student housing. The use of discount methods is important when it comes to capital budgeting as well as the governmental investment subsidy put in place by the government. The investment subsidy is in many cases important to be able to achieve profitability in certain projects. The current interest rate makes borrowing money which facilitates investments even if an investments yield has to be sustainable over a longer period of time. Furthermore building costs increase per m² when building smaller apartments such as student accommodation. Lastly, the large shortage of housing in Sweden leads to that many companies disregard using a sensitivity analysis in projects but the importance of risk analysis increases with the increased availability of housing.

Die Nutzung von Flächen mit Altbergbau oder mit natürlichen Hohlräumen im Unter- und Baugrund ist mit erhöhten Risiken behaftet, dass Bauwerke durch unerwünschte Deformationen des Baugrundes in Mitleidenschaft gezogen werden. Eine typische Versagensart ist die Entwicklung von Tagesbrüchen oder Erdfällen, wobei sich Massen in Richtung von Hohlräumen im Unterund und Baugrund verlagern und auflockern. Die Umlagerung von Massen setzt sich solange fort, bis sich ein statisches Gleichgewicht einstellt und eine weitere Fortpflanzung des Bruchvorganges verhindert oder stark reduziert. Die Ermittlung der Versagenswahrscheinlichkeit an einem gegebenen Standort wird nach dem Konzept der geometrischen Wahrscheinlichkeit vorgeschlagen. Die Größe entstehender Tagesbrüche wird dabei als eine Zufallsvariable betrachtet. Die berechneten Versagenswahrscheinlichkeiten können als Grundlage der Risikobewertung von zu schützenden Objekten herangezogen werden. / The use of sites over old mining regions or with natural openings in the ground includes an elevated technical risk, as constructions can be constrained due to unplanned deformations of the subsoil. Typical failure modes include pothole subsidence or earthfalls, when failing soil masses are displaced and loosened stepwise toward a collapsing opening in the ground. The displacement process continues until a stable static equilibrium is reached and a further propagation of displacements is prevented. The determination of the failure probability on a given site due to pothole subsidence is recommended based on the concept of geometric probabilities, considering the subsidence volume as a probabilistic quantity. The failure probabilities can be used for a risk analysis of protected objects on sites with expected pothole subsidence.

There are still uncertainties in the safety of existing embankment dams. For instance, the majority of embankment dams in Sweden were built between 1950s and 1970s, designed and constructed to standards that might be unacceptable nowadays. Particularly, Vattenfall’s records stated that 40% owned embankments dams developed sinkholes (Nilsson, 1999). Moreover, internal erosion and its failure mechanisms of initiation and development are still not fully understood (Bowles et al., 2013). Also, internal threats are difficult to detect and interpret even using new instrumentation techniques. The aim of this Master Thesis is to identify failure mechanisms of embankment dams prior to breaching and hence, verify the reliability of a risk analysis after the breaching of the dam. The methodology consisted of monitoring an embankment dam prone to fail by internal erosion mechanisms. Finally the results were modelled using FEM to identify the risk of internal erosion prior to breaching.

P²CySeMoL is a framework in which security risks are calculated and presented with a value referring to the probability that an attack will succeed in a system, mainly SCADA systems. This thesis covers the creation of a more granular network module for the P²CySeMoL security riskanalysis framework to better be able to represent a network in concrete modules and to enable security riskanalysis on a network infrastructure at a greater detail. This paper outlines the creation of a network module with the base in the OSI model. It is replicated in a way that the network module is an extension to the P²CySeMoL metamodel, without interfering and restructuring it. It also covers a smaller survey to verify and get feedback about the created module from security and network experts and analysis of the survey. The conclusion is made that the network module is a good base to build upon and reflects to good degree a model needed to do security risk analysis on a network infrastructure and suggestions about further validation and research to improve the module are outlined. This thesis was produced in cooperation with Spotify AB and parts of the team behind P²CySeMoL at the ICS department at KTH. / P²CySeMoL är ett ramverk där säkerhetsrisker beräknas och redovisas i form av ett värde som hän-visar till sannolikheten att en attack lyckas i ett system, huvudsakligen SCADA system. Den här avhandlingen behandlar skapandet av en mer detaljerad nätverksmodul för säkerhetsriskramverket P²CySeMoL för att bättre representera ett nätverks konkreta moduler och för att möjliggöra analys av säkerhetsrisker rörande en nätverksinfrastruktur på ett mer detaljerat sätt. Den här rapporten beskriver skapandet av en nätverksmodul med en bas i OSI-modellen. Den är replikerad på ett sätt att den är en extension av P²CySeMoL metamodell, utan att omstrukturera den. Det omfattar även en mindre undersökning för att kontrollera och samla återkoppling på den skapade modulen från säkerhet- och nätverksexperter samt en analys av undersökningen. Slutsatsen fastställer att nätverksmodulen är en bra bas att bygga vidare på och den återspeglar till hög grad en modell som behövs för att göra säkerhetsriskanalyser på en infrastruktur, förslag om ytterligare validering och forskning för att förbättra modulnätet beskrivs. Det här arbetet har producerats i samarbete med Spotify och delar av teamet bakom P²CySeMoL vidICS avdelningen på KTH.

Public private partnerships (PPPs) are procurement models used in the provision of public infrastructures and involving private, as opposed to public, finance. The PPP model differs from the traditional public procurement model in this sense and in the unprecedented degree to which the private sector is involved. All things being equal, the rationale for choosing a PPP instead of a traditional public procurement model is if it provides a better Value for Money. As a result, a crucial issue to address is to find the key drivers of Value for Money in PPP projects and most importantly, to analyze the relationships between those key drivers and the complex notion of Value for Money. This study is based on a large overview of the literature together with contributions of informal interviews and my own opinions. Emphasis is put on the importance of risk management from financiers’ perspective and its consequences on Value for Money. The findings highlight the current problems in the Value for Money assessment that make the analysis hardly reliable. Good and bad practices in Value for Money assessment are discussed and potential solutions and guidance toward more Value for Money are provided.

A new method for estimation of risks at settlement calculations is presented. By quantifying uncertainties of settlement calculations, it is possible to make risk analysis and to compare the costs of risk reducing efforts with the benefit these efforts would lead to. The settlement estimations are done by combining uncertainties about soil data, groundwater drawdown and settlement calculations. This master degree thesis describes how the groundwater drawdown is estimated using a numerical model. The model reflects the groundwater decrease around a drainage well with respect to estimated groundwater recharge, dependent on the geology and precipitation. There are four parameters in the model which are connected to soil properties and precipitation; hydraulic conductivity for clay, hydraulic conductivity for till, hydraulic conductivity for sand and mean annual net precipitation. Drawdown is estimated in a deterministic and a probabilistic model, where the probabilistic model uses stochastic parameter values in a Monte Carlo simulation. The risks concerning settlements are found when the groundwater model is integrated with a soil model and a settlement model. When integrated, the new model estimates risks related to all three separate models. Results of groundwater drawdown and ground settlement estimations are spatially presented in a sensitivity and risk analysis. By finding and comparing the most influencing parameters of the settlement, project decision makers will have an easier task deciding on what further measures should be focused on.

Electric vehicles are revolutionizing the way we travel. Climate change and policies worldwide are pushing the vehicle market towards a more sustainable future through electric vehicles. However, can these solutions be considered safe and secure? Because of the entirely new attack vector that is charging, many new security concerns are present in this new type of vehicle that did not exist in combustion engine vehicles. Here, a literature study of the current situation surrounding electric vehicle charging and the ISO 15118 standard is presented. In addition to this, a risk analysis of currently implemented solutions for electric vehicle charging is also presented. The purpose is to unveil what weaknesses that are present in modern electric vehicle communication standards and how secure electric vehicles on the road today really are. The results indicate that there are vulnerabilities present in electric vehicles today that require radical improvements to the charging security to provide a safer way of traveling for the future. A list of proposed countermeasures to found vulnerabilities as well as verification methods are also presented as part of this paper. The comprehensive study presented here acts as an excellent foundation for future projects but also for organizations to address critical areas within charging security.

In this thesis, probability theory and risk analysis are used to determine the riskof wind energy stocks. Three stocks of wind energy companies and three stocksof technology companies are gathered and risks are compared. Three difffferent riskmeasures: variance, value at risk, and conditional value at risk are used in this thesis.Conclusions which has been drawn, are that wind energy company stock risks arenot signifificantly lower than the stocks of other companies. Furthermore, optimalportfolios should include short positions of one or two of the energy companies forthe studied time period and under the difffferent risk measures.

Tesis por compendio / Flood risk reduction is a global challenge. Society demands higher safety and security levels, including those actions related to flood defence infrastructure protection against natural hazards and manmade threats. Dams and levees, among other flood defence infrastructures, are critical hydraulic infrastructures, aiming at reducing the likelihood that people and property will get flooded, but whose failure would result in consequences for the community downstream, including not only economic damages but also loss of life. There is always a probability associated with infrastructure failure, although in general it might be very low. The purpose of the PhD research, with title "Integrated flood risk management: towards a risk-informed decision making incorporating natural and human-induced hazards", here presented is to propose a framework to enhance integrative flood risk management from a multi-hazard perspective (pluvial flooding, river flooding, dam and levee failure, including man-made threats), addressing current needs for decision making on flood risk reduction and analyzing the complexity of multiple hazards and systems which include multiple components. The thesis is structured in three main parts, including: (i) Part I, a methodology aiming at providing a common framework for identifying and characterizing flood risk due to pluvial flooding, river flooding and dam failure, and incorporate information on loads, system response and consequences into risk models to analyse societal and economic flood risk, (ii) Part II, an approach for quantifying and analyzing risk for complex dam-levee systems, to incorporate information from levee failure into risk models based on the aforementioned methodology, and to analyse societal and economic flood risk, including the potential failure of these infrastructures, and (iii) Part III, a screening tool to characterize the impact of human induced threats on risk due to dam failure or mission disruption. Results from this research have proven that the use of risk models provides a logic and mathematically rigorous framework for compiling information for flood risk characterization and analysis from different natural hazards and flood defence performance. The proposed framework in this thesis and applications aimed at encouraging key actors on flood risk management (infrastructure managers, authorities, emergency action planners, etc.) on the use of QRA, and at demonstrating to what extent QRA can usefully contribute to better understanding risk drivers and inform decisions on how to act to efficiently reduce flood risk. / La reducción del riesgo de inundación es un reto global. La sociedad actual demanda cada vez mayores niveles de seguridad, incluyendo la consecución de acciones vinculadas a la protección de las infraestructuras de defensa frente a inundaciones ante amenazas naturales y antrópicas. Presas y diques, entre otras obras de defensa, son infraestructuras críticas cuyo objetivo es reducir la probabilidad de inundación. Sin embargo, su fallo puede resultar en consecuencias para la comunidad situada aguas abajo, incluyendo no sólo daños económicos sino también pérdida potencial de vidas. Siempre existe una cierta probabilidad asociada al fallo de estas infraestructuras, aunque en general muy baja. El objetivo de la investigación llevada a cabo en la presente tesis doctoral, con título "Integrated flood risk management: towards a risk-informed decision making incorporating natural and human-induced hazards", es proporcionar un marco que fomente la gestión integral del riesgo de inundación desde una perspectiva multi-amenaza, considerando las necesidades actuales en la toma de decisiones para la gestión del riesgo de inundación y analizando la complejidad de sistemas con múltiples componentes, afectados por diferentes amenazas. La tesis se estructura en tres partes principales, incluyendo: (a) Parte I, una metodología para proporcionar un marco común para la identificación y caracterización del riesgo de inundación por inundación pluvial, fluvial y fallo de presas, incorporando información sobre solicitaciones, respuesta del sistema y consecuencias en modelos de riesgo que permiten analizar y evaluar el riesgo social y económico por inundación, (b) Parte II, un método para la cuantificación y análisis del riesgo en sistemas complejos presa-dique, con el objetivo de incorporar información referente al fallo de diques en la metodología propuesta en la Parte I, y analizar el riesgo social y económico por inundación incluyendo el fallo de varias infraestructuras de defensa, y (c) Parte III, una herramienta de cribado que permite caracterizar el impacto de amenazas de origen antrópico en el riesgo asociado al fallo de presas. Los resultados de esta investigación demuestran que el uso de modelos de riesgo proporciona un marco lógico y matemáticamente riguroso para la consideración de toda la información necesaria para la adecuada caracterización y análisis del riesgo de inundación por amenazas naturales y por fallo o mal funcionamiento de obras de defensa. El marco metodológico propuesto y las aplicaciones descritas en esta tesis tienen como objetivo impulsar la aplicación del análisis de riesgo por parte de los actores clave en la gestión del riesgo de inundación (gestores de infraestructuras, autoridades locales, gestores de emergencias, etc.) y demostrar en qué medida estos análisis pueden contribuir a alcanzar un mejor conocimiento de los factores clave que componen el riesgo e informar en la toma de decisiones hacia una reducción del riesgo más eficiente. / La reducció del risc d'inundació és un repte global. La societat actual demana majors nivells de seguretat, incloent-hi la realització d'accions vinculades a la protecció de les infraestructures de defensa enfront del risc d'inundacions afectades per amenaces naturals i antròpiques. Preses i dics fluvials, entre altres obres de defensa, són infraestructures crítiques i tenen l'objectiu de reduir la probabilitat d'inundació però el seu trencament pot resultar en conseqüències en, danys econòmics i també pèrdua potencial de vides. Sempre hi ha una certa probabilitat vinculada al trencament d'aquestes infraestructures, encara que en general molt baixa. L'objectiu de la investigació duta a terme en aquesta tesi doctoral, amb títol "Integrated flood risk management: towards a risk-informed decision making incorporating natural and human-induced hazards", és proporcionar un marc per a fomentar la gestió integral del risc d'inundació des d'una perspectiva multi-amenaça, tenint en compte les necessitats actuals per prendre decisions per a la gestió del risc d'inundació i analitzant sistemes complexes amb múltiples components i afectats per diferents amenaces. La tesi s'estructura en tres parts principals: (a) Part I, una metodologia proposada per a proporcionar un marc comú per a la identificació i caracterització del risc d'inundació per inundació pluvial, fluvial i trencament de preses, incorporant informació de sol¿licitacions, resposta del sistema i conseqüències en models de risc que permeten analitzar el risc social i econòmic per inundació, (b) Part II, un mètode per a la quantificació i anàlisi del risc en sistemes complexes, amb l'objectiu d'incorporar informació referent al trencament de dics fluvials en la metodologia descrita en la Part I, i analitzar el risc social i econòmic pel trencament de diverses infraestructures de defensa, i (c) Part III, una ferramenta de pre-anàlisi per a caracteritzar l'impacte d'amenaces de origen antròpic en el risc associat al trencament de preses. Els resultats de la investigació demostren l'utilitat de l'aplicació de models de risc, proporcionant un marc lògic i matemàticament rigorós per a la consideració de tota la informació necessària per a l'adequada caracterització i anàlisi del risc d'inundació per amenaces naturals i per trencament d'obres de defensa. El marc metodològic i les aplicacions derivades d'aquesta tesi tenen com a objectiu impulsar l'aplicació d'anàlisi de risc quantitatius per part dels actors vinculats a la gestió del risc d'inundació (gestors d'infraestructures, autoritats locals, gestors d'emergències, etc.) i demostrar que poden contribuir a disposar d'un millor coneixement dels factors clau que componen el risc, i per a informar les decisions necessàries per a una reducció del risc més eficient. / Castillo Rodríguez, JT. (2017). INTEGRATED FLOOD RISK MANAGEMENT: TOWARDS A RISK-INFORMED DECISION MAKING INCORPORATING NATURAL AND HUMAN-INDUCED HAZARDS [Tesis doctoral no publicada]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/82305 / TESIS / Compendio