The aim of the thesis is describe how discounts are formulated in construction work. Different types of discounts are discussed from the point of view of the constructor. Mechanisms of providing discounts and calculations of total discounts are studied. Contract and signing over the construction work are analysed, because of their importance to prevent disagreement between customer and constructor.

Main goal of this thesis is to theoretically describe and analyze evaluation of economic efficiency of business plan. Business plan is reconstruction old farm building to 5 apartments. In variant of using govermant plan for supporting social house building. And compare efficiency while using datas from pre-investment phase and datas after realization.

Diploma thesis deals with the assessment of information system in Unicorn Systems a.s. and proposal for ICT modification. One part of this thesis, are theoretical assumptions that help better understand the issues of information systems. On the basis of the results of analyzes, appropriate measures will be proposed to improve of information system. The thesis includes economic evaluation for the implementation of modification proposal.

Dissertation deals with the design of appropriate procedures for modeling of construction costs in accordance with contractors bid, considering possible risks of construction project with focus on one type of FIDIC contract conditions, the so-called Red Book. The description of the potential risk and cost impacts on the construction contract in the pre-production stage of the bid preparation and in the implementation phase.

No description available.

Detta arbete bedömer risker associerade med implementeringen av en modifierad licensierad produkt, känd som Double Key Encryption (DKE), som tjänar till att kryptera interna dokument. DKE är en metodik framtagen av Microsoft, vilken kräver två nycklar för att dekryptera data. En av dessa nycklar innehas av tjänstägaren medan den andra tillhandahålls av Microsoft. En Managed Security Service Provider (MSSP) har givit uppdraget att utföra en riskanalys av deras befintliga DKE-tjänst för att identifiera potentiella sårbarheter och hot, vilka kan ha en inverkan på tjänstens prestanda och säkerhet. Analysen finner risker kopplade till tekniska säkerhetsbrister, underhåll och uppgradering av tjänsten, personalrelaterade risker, samt risker förknippade med användning.Studien identifierar totalt 10 olika hotscenarion, inklusive risk för stöld av DKE-nycklar, sårbarheter inom koden, möjlighet för attacker mot ohärdade DKE-servrar, samt risker associerade med underhåll och uppgradering av DKE-tjänsten. Andra risker inkluderar förlust av kunskap i samband med personalomsättning och användarrisker gällande potentiell överträdelse av lagar och regler. Riskutvärderingen genomförs genom att bedöma sannolikhet och konsekvens. Sannolikheten bedöms med hjälp av expertutlåtanden, medan konsekvensen bedöms baserat på potentiell skada på företagets rykte, ekonomisk påverkan och eventuella juridiska konsekvenser. Avslutningsvis kopplas identifierade risker till de tre grundläggande aspekterna av informationssäkerhet: konfidentialitet, integritet och tillgänglighet. En betydande mängd risker kategoriseras inom området för tillgänglighet, som utforskas ytterligare i arbetets diskussion. / The report assesses risks associated with the implementation of a modified licensed product ofMicrosoft’s Double Key Encryption (DKE), which serves to encrypt internal documents. DKE is a methodology developed by Microsoft that requires two keys to decrypt data. One key is held by the service provider while the other is provided by Microsoft. An MSSP has entrusted the authors with the task of conducting a risk analysis of their existing DKE service to identify potential vulnerabilities and threats that may impact the performance and security of the service. The analysis identifies risks related to technical security flaws, service maintenance and upgrades, personnel-related risks, and risks associated with usage. The study identifies a total of 10 risk scenarios, including risk of DKE key theft, vulnerabilities within the code, the possibility of attacks against non-hardened DKE servers, as well as risks associated with service maintenance and upgrades. Other risks include the loss of knowledge due to personnel turnover and user risks concerning potential violations of laws and regulations. The risk assessment is conducted by evaluating likelihood and consequences. Likelihood is assessed using expert opinions, while consequences are assessed based on potential harm to the company's reputation, financial impact, and potential legal consequences. In conclusion, the report links the identified risks to the three fundamental aspects of information security: confidentiality, integrity, and availability. A significant number of risks are categorized within the realm of availability.

Denna kvalitativa fallstudie syftade till att undersöka hur riskanalysmetoden Process Failure Mode and Effect Analysis (PFMEA) tillämpas och anpassas till pappers- och massaindustrin för att proaktivt hantera processrisker. Studien baserades på antagandet att Automotive Industry Action Group (AIAG) och Verband der Automobilindustries (VDA) PFMEA-metod från år 2019 även kan användas för en process där virke omvandlas till träflis. Data samlades in genom litteraturstudier, observationer, företagsdokument, intervjuer och workshops med processexperter. Processrisker analyserades med AIAG och VDAs PFMEA-metod och tematisk analys användes för att identifiera lämpliga anpassningar av metoden. Utifrån deltagande roller och tidsåtgången för PFMEA-aktiviteter analyserades även resurser för en PFMEA. Resultatet visade att AIAG och VDAs PFMEA-metod är tillämplig för en process där virke omvandlas till träflis, förutsatt att bedömningskriterierna för allvarlighetsgrad anpassas och fiskbendiagram, 5-varför och felträdsanalys inkluderas för en strukturerad analys av grundorsaker. Totalt identifierades 36 feltillstånd, varav grundorsaksanalyser prioriterades för fyra som hade effekter med en allvarlighetsgrad åtta eller högre. För prioriterade feltillstånd identifierades elva grundorsaker för vilka åtgärder kunde rekommenderas. För att genomföra analysen under en 16-veckorsperiod uppskattades kostnaden till cirka 212 571 kr i arbetstidskostnader. Studien visar att AIAG och VDAs PFMEA-metod är en strukturerad metod för att analysera processrisker även inom pappers- och massaindustrin, om anpassningar görs av bedömningskriterier och metoder för grundorsaksanalys inkluderas. Budgeteras kvalificerad personal kan en PFMEA genomföras inom 16 veckor på en process där virke omvandlas till träflis. / This qualitative case study aimed to investigate how the Process Failure Mode and Effect Analysis (PFMEA) methodology can be applied and adapted to the pulp and paper industry for proactive management of process risks. The study assumed that the Automotive Industry Action Group (AIAG) och Verband der Automobilindustrie (VDA) PFMEA method from year 2019 could also be utilized for a process that transforms timber into wood chips. Data were collected through literature reviews, observations, company documents, interviews, and workshops with process experts. Process risks were analyzed using the AIAG and VDA PFMEA method, and thematic analysis was applied to identify suitable adaptations of the method. Resources required for a PFMEA were also analyzed based on the roles of the participants and the time for conducting PFMEA activities. The results revealed that the AIAG and VDA PFMEA method is applicable to a process that transforms timber into wood chips, provided that the severity assessment criteria are adjusted and fishbone diagrams, 5-why analysis, and fault tree analysis are included for a structured examination of root causes. A total of 36 failure modes were identified, where root cause analysis was prioritized for four failure modes exhibiting effects with a severity rating of eight or higher. Eleven root causes were identified for the prioritized failure modes for which recommended actions could be proposed. The estimated cost of labor for conducting the analysis over a 16-week period was approximately 212 571 SEK. This study demonstrates that the AIAG and VDA PFMEA method is a structured approach for analyzing process risks, even within the pulp and paper industry, if adjustments are made to the severity assessment criteria and methods for root cause analysis are included. With the allocation of sufficient resources and qualified personnel, a PFMEA can be completed within a 16-week timeframe for a process involving the conversion of timber into wood chips.

Risks are something that occur daily for all individuals and can arise from a variety of activities. If we don't take these risks into account, we will likely eventually be affected by them. By identifying and analyzing risks, the most appropriate decision can be made to mitigate or avoid the risk completely. The purpose of this study is to investigate which factors should be included in a risk analysis, and how a risk analysis can be designed for contract prioritization.  The work is carried out using an abductive scientific approach as the basis of the study. Data collection is done qualitatively through interviews. In order to achieve good scientific quality with high validity and reliability, the work was done in a systematic way with good planning.  The authors conclude that the company has a correct way of defining risks but lacks a clearly structured way of identifying new potential risks, which theory shows is important for a successful risk analysis. The result describes the financial risks as the cost critical and credit risk as the most important factor. The result describes that the company doesn't have a specific model, and the authors recommend FDFMEA as a model for risk analysis in contract prioritization, which is a developed and customized version of the traditional FMEA. The case company has a well functioning approach to how risks are handled, for example using insurance to avoid specific risks. With regards to data driven decisions, theory underlines the importance of the model presenting data in a simple and transparent way. This is something that the case company currently lacks but plans to improve. / Risker är något som förekommer dagligen för alla människor och kan uppstå ur en mängdaktiviteter, tar vi inte hänsyn till dessa risker bör vi sannolikt förr eller senare drabbas avrisken. Genom att identifiera och analysera riskerna kan det mest lämpliga beslutet fattasför att mildra eller undvika risken. Målet med denna studie är att undersöka vilka faktorersom bör ingå i en riskanalys samt hur ett riskarbete kan genomföras i en beslutsprocessför säljkontrakt. Arbetet genomförs med ett abduktivt arbetssätt som grund för studien ochdatainsamlingen sker kvalitativt genom intervjuer. För att uppnå en god vetenskapligkvalitet med hög validitet och reliabilitet utfördes arbetet på ett systematiskt arbetssättmed god planering. Författarna drar slutsatsen att företaget har ett korrekt sätt att se på risker, men saknar etttydligt strukturerat sätt att identifiera nya potentiella risker, något som teori påvisarvikten av för en lyckad riskanalys. Resultatet beskriver de finansiella riskerna som mestkritiska och kreditrisk som den viktigaste faktorn. Vidare beskriver resultatet att företagetinte har en specifik beräkningsmodell, författarna rekommenderar FDFMEA som modellför riskanalys, en utvecklad och anpassad version av traditionell FMEA analys.Fallföretaget har ett väl fungerande arbetssätt för hur risker behandlas där man tillexempel använder försäkringar för att undvika risker. I avseende på datadrivna beslutpåvisar teori vikten av att modellen presenterar data på ett enkelt och transparent sätt,något fallföretaget brister i för tillfället men planerar förbättringar.

Detta är en rapport som syftar till att kartlägga kvalificerade leverantörer till Aqua‐Nova AB. Företagets organisation är liten och består av fem anställda. Det är därför en utmaning att sälja nya projekt, övervaka tillverkning och vårda kundrelationer och samtidigt bedriva utvecklingsprojekt. Arbetet är baserat på tekniska rapporter som erhållits av Aqua‐Nova. Rapporterna utreder en möjlig optimering av destillationsprocessen med ejektorteknik. Målet med rapporten var att kartlägga kvalificerade leverantörer av ejektorer till Aqua‐Nova. Det ingående målet med rapporten var att besvara de fyra detaljerade målen som formulerades. Vilka fördelar respektive nackdelar skapas av att införa en ejektor i systemet? Vilka kundfördelar ger en ejektor? Vilka krav ställs på tekniken för att fungera tillsammans med Aqua‐Novas nuvarande system? Vilka krav ställs på leverantörerna vad gäller kompetens, leveransförmåga och pris? Genom Googlesökningar, undersökning av Achema industrimässa samt genom intervju hittades elva leverantörer som uppfyllde kravspecifikationen. Med Pugh‐ och Kesselring‐matriser utfördes en sållningsprocess i två steg. Det brittiska företaget Transvac Systems Ltd. fick högst poäng i båda sållningarna och anses således var den mest kvalificerade leverantören. Sållningsprocessen kompletterades med en konkurrentanalys, en riskanalys samt intervju för att besvara de detaljerade målen. Konkurrentanalysen utreder för‐ och nackdelar med utvecklingsprojektet och visar att Aqua‐Nova kan öka sina marknadsandelar genom differentiering av produkten. Fokus bör läggas på de marknader där kylvatten är en bristvara och de företag som lider av platsbrist. Kundfördelarna blir en mer miljövänlig och lönsam produkt. Riskanalysen svarar på om det föreligger en risk att implementera ny teknik i Aqua‐Novas system. Baserat på resultatet är risken, att ejektortekniken ska orsaka driftstörningar, minimal. Intervjun visar att en leverantör måste kunna leverera skräddarsydda ejektorer samt hur ejektorn bör utformas för att fungera i Aqua‐Novas system. Det slutgiltiga resultatet anses trovärdigt eftersom sållningsprocessen utfördes i två steg. Risk‐ och konkurrentanalysen ger en bild över de utmaningar företaget kan möta i och med utvecklingsprojektet. Arbetet bör kompletteras med en kostnadsanalys samt att en testanläggning utvecklas för att garantera lönsamhet och en funktionsduglig produkt. / This is a report that aims to map qualified suppliers to Aqua‐Nova. The company's organization is small and consists of five employees. It is therefore a challenge to sell new projects, monitor production and care for customer relations and at the same time conduct development projects. The work is based on a technical report obtained by Aqua‐Nova. The report investigates a possible optimization of the distillation process using ejector technology. The purpose of this thesis was to investigate the most suitable subcontractor of ejectors for Aqua‐Nova. The purpose was to also answer the four detailed objectives. What advantages and disadvantages are created by introducing an ejector into the system? What customer benefits does an ejector provide? What requirements are placed on the technology to work together with Aqua‐Nova's current system? What requirements are placed on suppliers in terms of competence, delivery ability and price? Through Google searches, examination of Achema industrial fair and through interviews, eleven suppliers were found who met the requirements specification. With Pugh and Kesselring matrices, a two‐step screening process was performed. The British company Transvac Systems Ltd. got the highest score in both screenings and is thus considered the most suitable supplier.  The screening process was supplemented by a competition analysis, a risk analysis and an interview to answer the detailed objectives. The competition analysis aims to investigate the pros and cons of the development project and shows that Aqua‐Nova can increase its market share by differentiating the product. The focus should be on the markets where cooling water is a scarce commodity and the companies that suffer from space shortages. The customer benefits become a more environmentally friendly and profitable product. The risk analysis shows whether there is a risk of implementing new technology in Aqua‐Nova's system. Based on the result, the risk of the ejector causing a downtime is minimal. The interview shows that a supplier must be able to deliver tailor‐made ejectors and how the ejector should be designed to work in the Aqua‐Nova system. The result can be considered credible since the screening process was performed in two steps. The risk and competition analysis give a representation of the challenges the company can face with the development project. The result ought to be supplemented by a cost analysis and developing of a test facility to ensure profitability and a functional product.

Moisture loads arising from the deposition of wind-driven rain (WDR) on building façades can induce detrimental effects to wall assembly components and can adversely influence their long-term performance. Wind-driven rain as a climatic phenomenon will inevitably be affected by the evident changing climate in the near future. Wall assemblies subjected to wind-driven rain loads will also perform differently due to a varying moisture environment over the course of time. The performance of the building envelope, including the wall assembly, largely determines the serviceability of a building over its life cycle. Thus, it is essential for practitioners to understand and to be able to assess such performance. In this study, a complete procedure has been developed to permit assessing the moisture resilience of wall assemblies to wind-driven rain loads arising from climate change. The development of this procedure included four phases. In the first phase the historical and projected climate data was analysed to identify the possible wind-driven rain conditions to which a wall assembly may be exposed. The magnitudes of wind-driven rain and driving-rain-wind-pressure for different return periods were also investigated. Based on the results from phase one, a watertightness test protocol was established taking into consideration the possible ranges of wind-driven rain and driving-rain-wind-pressure as they may occur spatially, as well as temporally, across Canada. The range of watertightness test parameters was accommodated in the newly built Dynamic Wind and Wall Testing Facility (DWTF) at the National Research Council Canada. Thereafter in phase two of the research, wall assemblies having different configurations were tested in the DWTF following the test protocol to obtain the moisture load for wall assemblies under different wind-driven rain conditions. Such moisture loads were formulized and used in the third phase, where hygrothermal simulations were conducted to derive the hygrothermal parameters of the wall assemblies subjected to historical and projected climate data. In the final research development phase, different criteria and methods were explored to describe the performance of wall assemblies based on the hygrothermal parameters. During the development of the moisture resilience assessment procedure, a novel wind-driven-rain-pressure-index was devised to describe the extent of the effects arising from the concurrent action of wind-driven rain and driving-rain-wind-pressure loads on a vertical wall assembly; a new two-step approach was established to formulize the watertightness test results and thereby permit calculating the moisture load using values of hourly wind-driven-rain and hourly driving-rain-wind-pressure of a given location; a novel severity index was proposed to quantitatively describe the damage events arising from such moisture load on the wall assemblies. The moisture performance of tested wall assemblies subjected to historical and projected future climate were compared and discussed. The risks of occurrence of damage events in wall assemblies during different time periods were also demonstrated.