The impact of our membership of European Union on Czech insurance market - EU Law Directions and their consequences for insurance market including changes in compulsory Road Traffic Act Insurance, experience tables, rating, IFRS 4 and Solvency II

Cars are tightly connected with daily duties of enterprisers. The goal of this Theses is to clarify legal, tax and accounting environment, focusing on cars, where enterprisers are working in and its borders that should not be crossed. Theoretical situations, that can anytime happen when using cars in business, are shown on practical examples.

Die gesundheitsschädliche Wirkung unreiner Luft ist Gegenstand unzähliger Studien und wurde bereits hinreichend nachgewiesen. Der Straßenverkehr ist dabei eine der wesentlichsten Schadstoffquellen, denen der Mensch im Alltag ausgesetzt ist. Ziel dieser Arbeit ist es, die Schadstoffbelastung von Nutzern des Straßenverkehrs vertiefend abzubilden. Im Rahmen eines Literaturreviews werden insgesamt 50 wissenschaftliche Studien analysiert. Obwohl sich viele Studien mit dem Vergleich der Verkehrsmittel bezüglich der Immissionsexposition auseinandersetzen, widersprechen sich ihre Ergebnisse je nach Schadstoff regelmäßig hinsichtlich der Reihenfolge der Verkehrsmittel oder auch grundsätzlich bezüglich der Signifikanz der Verkehrsmittelwahl. Ursache dafür sind die zahlreichen Einflussfaktoren, die sich von Arbeit zu Arbeit unterscheiden und eine Vergleichbarkeit der Messergebnisse stark erschweren. Trotz einer steigenden Anzahl an Studien zum Thema mangelt es den Messmethoden an einem strengen Qualitätsstandard sowie einer ausführlichen Dokumentation der Messbedingungen. Eine Verallgemeinerung und Vergleichbarkeit der Forschungsergebnisse untereinander ist damit bislang nicht gewährleistet. Die Betrachtung der Luftqualität bildet die wissenschaftliche Grundlage, um Grenzwertüberschreitungen aufzuspüren, Gegenmaßnahmen zu erarbeiten und diese auf ihre Wirksamkeit zu kontrollieren. Die Werte stationärer Messeinrichtungen geben dabei ein nur unzureichend genaues Bild über die Immissionen, denen die Nutzer des Straßenverkehrs ausgesetzt sind. Um ein realistischeres Bild über die Immissionsbelastung von Verkehrsteilnehmern zu gewinnen, wird mittels eines mobilen Messgeräts die PM10-Belastung für Radfahrer in Teilen des Dresdner Straßennetzes bestimmt. Dabei wird deutlich, dass die gemessene Schadstoffkonzentration sowohl räumlich innerhalb einer Messstrecke als auch zeitlich im Laufe des Tages variiert. Um den weitestgehend emissionsarmen Rad- und Fußverkehr weiter zu fördern und auszubauen, ist es nötig, die Schadstoffbelastung dieser Verkehrsteilnehmer noch besser zu verstehen und quantifizieren zu können. Nur dann sind Verkehrsplaner und Entscheidungsträger in der Lage, eine Infrastruktur zu schaffen, die ihre Nutzer so wenig wie möglich gesundheitlich beeinträchtigt.

Efficient and effective road traffic prediction and management techniques are crucial in intelligent transportation systems. It can positively influence road advancement, safety enhancement, regulation formulation, and route planning to save living things in advance from road traffic accidents. This thesis considers road safety by predicting the number of casualties if an accident occurs using multiple traffic accident attributes. It helps individuals (drivers) or traffic offices to adjust and control their contributions for the occurrence of an accident before emerging it. Three candidate algorithms from different regression fit patterns are proposed and evaluated to conduct the thesis: the bagging, linear, and non-linear fitting patterns. The gradient boosting machines (GBoost) from the bagging, Linearsupport vector regression (LinearSVR) from the linear, and extreme learning machines (ELM) also from the non-linear side are the selected algorithms. RMSE and MAE performance evaluation metrics are applied to evaluate the models. The GBoost achieved a better performance than the other two with a low error rate and minimum prediction interval value for 95% prediction interval. A SHAP (SHapley Additive exPlanations) interpretation technique is applied to interpret each model at the global interpretation level using SHAP’s beeswarm plots. Finally, suggestions for future improvements are presented via the dataset and hyperparameter tuning.

À partir des enquêtes, le trafic n’est pas une donnée, mais il est plutôt construit à partir d’hypothèses portant sur les relations entre des origines et des destinations. En vue de reconstruire un trafic routier plus proche de la mesure, et sur un ensemble de tronçons routiers plus important, il apparait alors intéressant de partir de données de comptages issues de capteurs urbains. Notre postulat de départ part de ce constat. L’insertion de ces données d’observations du trafic routier fournit l’opportunité d’expérimenter les potentiels d’exploitations des capteurs pour estimer les niveaux de Pollution Atmosphérique Automobile (PAA) à l’échelle intraurbaine. Cependant, il est alors nécessaire de modifier la nature de la mesure en vue d’extraire une information sur la circulation routière, ce qui a été envisagé ici à travers la construction d’un modèle de simulation multi-agents. D’une manière plus générale, en partant de la donnée, c’est une démarche de construction de la connaissance sur les émissions de PAA qui est abordée tout au long de ce travail. La mise en œuvre de la démarche de modélisation SCAUP (Simulation multi-agents à partir de Capteurs Urbains pour la Pollution atmosphérique automobile) a été réalisée en trois temps : 1. En se focalisant sur les dispositifs de quantification du trafic routier à travers les capteurs urbains ; 2. En proposant une démarche de modélisation et de simulation de ces données pour le trafic routier ; 3. En se rattachant aux référentiels nationaux utilisés par les AASQA pour le calcul des émissions de PAA. L’ensemble se lie et s’intègre au sein d’une matrice technique qui constitue la colonne vertébrale de ce manuscrit à travers trois dispositifs interdépendants : la quantification, la modélisation et l’évaluation. Ce travail s’inscrit dans une démarche expérimentale de simulation du trafic routier pour le calcul des émissions de PAA. Parrainé par l’AASQA locale ATMOSF’AIR BOURGOGNE, il s’inscrit aussi dans une optique de recherche appliquée en appui de ces organismes en charge de la surveillance de la qualité de l’air. À l’heure où le big data entre dans de nouveaux questionnements quant aux capacités des chercheurs à en extraire une connaissance, nous proposons une démarche géographique en vue de replacer la donnée au centre d’une démarche de simulation originale du trafic routier (data-driven). / Based on surveys, traffic is constructed from assumptions about the relationship between origins and destinations. In order to rebuild a road traffic wich would be closer to observation and on a wider set of road sections, it appears interesting to use counting data from urban sensors : this is our starting point of view. The insertion of these in-situ dataset in the road traffic measurement provides the opportunity to experience the potential of sensors to estimate Traffic Air Pollution (TAP) levels at the intraurban scale. However, this requires to change the nature of these estimation, here through the construction of a model of multi-agents simulation, in order to extract more information on the road traffic. More generally, this work can be seen as a a knowledge building approach on TAP emisssions which is discussed throughout this work. The implementation of the SCAUP (multi-agent simulation from Urban sensors for traffic air pollution) approach was developped in three stages: 1. Focusing on the quantification of road traffic devices through urban sensors; 2. Proposing a modeling approach for road traffic data simulation ; 3. Using as a reference the national framework used by AASQA to calculate RTA emissions. All is integrated within a technical matrix that forms the spine of the manuscript through three interrelated systems: quantification, modeling and evaluation. This work is part of an experimental approach dedicated to the calculation of TAP emissions based on traffic simulations. Sponsored by the ATMOSF’AIR BOURGOGNE local AASQA, this work could also be used in an operational mode for these organizations in charge of the air quality monitoring. At a time when the big data enters into new questions about the ability of researchers to extract knowledge, we propose a geographical approach that enables to replace the data in the center of an original road traffic simulation approach (data- driven).

<p>Pre obavljanja levog manevra, sa prioritetnog prilaza TWSC nesignalisane raskrsnice, vozač procenjuje interval koji se javlja u konfliktnom toku i bira onaj interval koji mu je najviše prihvatljiv. Vreme koje je potrebno za procenu prihvatljivog intervala je predstavljeno u vidu vremena čekanja u opsluzi vozila na raskrsnici. Sa pojavom prihvatljivog intervala, vreme čekanja u opsluzi vozila se završava, i tada počinje vreme za izvođenje manevra levog skretanja. Odluka o momentu početka izvođenja manevra levog skretanja je subjektivna i zasniva se na proceni vozača. Ispravna subjektivna procena uvek rezerviše bezbednosno vreme. U ovoj disertaciji je predstavljen razvoj detaljnog matematičkog postupka za proračun bezbednosnog vremena. Merenja na nesignalisanim raskrsnicama su dokazala primenjivost predloženog modela, mogućnost proračuna subjektivnog bezbednosnog vremena i visoko učešće bezbednosnog vremena u kritičnom intervalu (oko jedne trećine). Dobijeni rezultati su visoko saglasni sa HCM.</p> / <p>Before the left turn manoeuvre, from priority approach at TWSC unsignalized intersection, the driver estimates the interval occurring in the conflict flow and chooses the one which is most acceptable for him. The time required for evaluation of acceptable interval is presented by the service waiting time of vehicles at an intersection. With the appearance of an acceptable interval, service waiting time for vehicle ends, and then starts a time for performance of left turn manoeuvre. A decision about the moment of starting left turn manoeuvre is subjective and based on a driver&rsquo;s estimate. Correct subjective evaluation always reserves the safety time. This dissertation presents development of a detailed mathematical procedure for calculation form of safety time. Measurements at unsignalized intersections are proven applicability of the proposed model, possibility of calculation subjective safety time and high participation of safety time in critical gap (about one-third). The obtained results are highly consistent with HCM.</p>

This thesis deals with the data mining in data stream which represents fast developing area of information technology. The text describes common principles of data mining, explains what data stream is and shows methods for its preprocessing and algorithms for following data mining. The special attention is given to the VFDT and the CVDT algorithm. The next mentioned are the spatiotemporal data and related data mining. The second part describes the design and implementation of the application for classification over spatiotemporal data stream represented by road traffic data and following prediction of spatiotemporal events (traffic-jams). The classification is performed by the VFDT and CVFDT algorithm. The application has been tested on the data set obtained by the simulation tool SUMO.

Road safety is integral to nearly every aspect of daily life all around the globe and it begins in early infancy. Children are exposed to the inherent risks associated with road traffic and it is the leading cause of death globally among children and young adults. Although effective prevention measures are available, it is all too common with either unrestrained or improperly restrained children on the global roads. Only children are omitted in the protection system of vehicles. Therefore, children require additional equipment to ride safely in cars. The purpose of this thesis was to address the dilemma of unrestrained and improperly restrained children. The objectives were to define the most important requirements for an integrated child restraint and based on these propose a design of such a system. The thesis reflected a concept development process and applied the three lenses of innovation, namely, desirability, feasibility, and viability. The prominent criterions in the product design specification includes arguments that so far have stagnated the value of an integrated child restraint. The arguments connect to cost, restricting comfort and space for other passengers, and restricting flexibility and weight of the total vehicle. The thesis proposed a design of an integrated child restraint for children between 4-12 years. Furthermore, it provides a glimpse of an integrated rearward facing child restraint for younger children to illustrate the importance of protecting all children in the standard vehicle design and in-vehicle restraint systems.

Varje år skadas många i trafiken. I det fall att den skadelidande och dennes försäkringsbolag inte är överens gällande skadeersättning eller grad av medicinsk invaliditet kan den skadelidande vända sig till Trafikskadenämnden för att få sin sak prövad. Prövningen är kostnadsfri för den skadelidande och avgörs utanför allmän domstol. Men tillvaratas verkligen den skadelidandes intressen på bästa möjliga sätt i Trafikskadenämnden och råder det en rättslig jämvikt mellan konsumenten (den skadelidande) och näringsidkaren (försäkringsbolaget)?Den här uppsatsen ämnar utreda och kartlägga konsumentens intressen i Trafikskadenämnden och huruvida det finns brister och förbättringsmöjligheter i nämndens verksamhet. Att som oförskyllt skadad ställas inför ett sådant omfattande och ensidigt rättsligt arbete som en prövning i nuvarande utformning av Trafikskadenämnden innebär är varken att betraktas som rättvist eller resurseffektivt. / Every year people suffer injuries related to traffic. In the event that the injured party and his or hers insurance company do not agree on the applicable compensation or the degree of medical disability, the injured party can appeal to the Road Traffic Injuries Commission to have their personal case tried. The appeal is free of charge for the injured party and legally processed outside of the civil court system. But is the interest of the injured party safeguarded, and does the commission uphold a legal balance between the consumer (the injured party) and the business operator (insurance company)?This thesis intends to investigate and detect the consumer’s interests in the Road Traffic Injuries Commission and whether there are shortcomings and opportunities for improvement in the commissions function. To be confronted, as an innocent and injured party, with such an extensive and one-sided legal process that the commissions appeal provides, in its current form, is neither to be regarded as legally fair nor resource-efficient.

The selection of the most appropriate traffic control actions to solve non-recurrent traffic congestion is a complex task which requires significant expert knowledge and experience. In this thesis we develop and investigate the application of an intelligent traffic control decision support system for road traffic management to assist the human operator to identify the most suitable control actions in order to deal with non-recurrent and non-predictable traffic congestion in a real-time situation. Our intelligent system employs a Fuzzy Neural Networks (FNN) Tool that combines the capabilities of fuzzy reasoning in measuring imprecise and dynamic factors and the capabilities of neural networks in terms of learning processes. In this work we present an effective learning approach with regard to the FNN-Tool, which consists of three stages: initializing the membership functions of both input and output variables by determining their centres and widths using self-organizing algorithms; employing an evolutionary Genetic Algorithm (GA) based learning method to identify the fuzzy rules; tune the derived structure and parameters using the back-propagation learning algorithm. We evaluate experimentally the performance and the prediction capability of this three-stage learning approach using well-known benchmark examples. Experimental results demonstrate the ability of the learning approach to identify all relevant fuzzy rules from the training data. A comparative analysis shows that the proposed learning approach has a higher degree of predictive capability than existing models. We also address the scalability issue of our intelligent traffic control decision support system by using a multi-agent based approach. The large network is divided into sub-networks, each of which has its own associated agent. Finally, our intelligent traffic control decision support system is applied to a number of road traffic case studies using the traffic network in Riyadh, in Saudi Arabia. The results obtained are promising and show that our intelligent traffic control decision support system can provide an effective support for real-time traffic control.