This thesis presents the array of evidence concerning three crucial aspects of Roman maternity: pregnancy, childbirth, and primary care-givers. I explore how these elements of maternity are represented in the ancient sources and observe how the evidence corresponds to and diverges from the established impressions of these facets of maternity. I consider several issues surrounding the critical, initial moments of the life-cycle and how they are informed by biological factors, social structures, and cultural projections. Motherhood and childhood at Rome have garnered a great deal of interest, but issues of conception, gestation, childbirth, and early infant care have received much less attention. In this thesis they are considered together and thus in light of one another. The first chapter of this study surveys the social context of Roman maternity through an examination of the purpose of an extensive reproductive period, its associated problems, and the impact that such a practice had on Roman attitudes towards pregnancy and childbirth. The second and third chapters of this study are dedicated to an examination of the social and cultural identity of the two slaves who provided crucial functions throughout the pregnancy, delivery, and post-natal care of the Roman mother and child: the obstetrix (midwife) and the nutrix (wet-nurse). The final chapter shifts the focus from couples who sought to create a Roman family of their own to those who chose to limit the size of their families through contraception, abortion, infanticide, or infant exposure. I examine the attitudes towards these methods of family limitation and the critical role that parental intent had in the formation of these perceptions. By drawing on a range of ancient material, chief among which are medical writers, jurists, and funerary inscriptions, I argue that social status and demographic realities, such as high maternal and infant mortality rates, played equally significant roles in these central aspects of Roman maternity, and indeed influenced one another. / Thesis / Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)

This thesis examines the cultural and social relationships cultivated by ethnically diverse auxiliary soldiers in the western Roman empire. These soldiers were enrolled in the Roman auxilia, military units that drew primarily on the non-Roman subjects of the empire for their recruits in numbers that equaled the legionaries. I argue that auxiliary soldiers could and did maintain large families, and demonstrate, from epigraphic data collected and presented in my dissertation, how foreign ethnic and religious identities were variously integrated into Roman military culture by both individual auxiliaries and the Roman state. The history of the auxilia in Germany from the time of Augustus and in Britain from the time of Claudius is discussed, with extensive reference to epigraphic material provided in appendices to this work. Analysis of military diplomas from across the Roman empire demonstrates a significant phenomenon of auxiliary family creation that helps to contextualize the diploma data from Germania and Britannia. Research on further epigraphic evidence from Germania and Britannia demonstrates a marked diversity in religious dedications by auxiliary soldiers and further evidence for auxiliary families. From a discussion of the history of the concept of ‘Romanization’ and other theoretical models that can be applied to the study of the auxilia, the continued usefulness of the evolving concept of ‘Romanization’ to our understanding of auxiliary cultural integration is assessed. Auxiliary service is shown to have provided many non-Roman ethnic groups avenues of cultural and legal inclusion that each soldier, surely in his own way, could exploit.

This thesis examines the cultural and social relationships cultivated by ethnically diverse auxiliary soldiers in the western Roman empire. These soldiers were enrolled in the Roman auxilia, military units that drew primarily on the non-Roman subjects of the empire for their recruits in numbers that equaled the legionaries. I argue that auxiliary soldiers could and did maintain large families, and demonstrate, from epigraphic data collected and presented in my dissertation, how foreign ethnic and religious identities were variously integrated into Roman military culture by both individual auxiliaries and the Roman state. The history of the auxilia in Germany from the time of Augustus and in Britain from the time of Claudius is discussed, with extensive reference to epigraphic material provided in appendices to this work. Analysis of military diplomas from across the Roman empire demonstrates a significant phenomenon of auxiliary family creation that helps to contextualize the diploma data from Germania and Britannia. Research on further epigraphic evidence from Germania and Britannia demonstrates a marked diversity in religious dedications by auxiliary soldiers and further evidence for auxiliary families. From a discussion of the history of the concept of ‘Romanization’ and other theoretical models that can be applied to the study of the auxilia, the continued usefulness of the evolving concept of ‘Romanization’ to our understanding of auxiliary cultural integration is assessed. Auxiliary service is shown to have provided many non-Roman ethnic groups avenues of cultural and legal inclusion that each soldier, surely in his own way, could exploit.

Submitted by Cláudia Bueno (claudiamoura18@gmail.com) on 2016-01-13T15:14:34Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Gustavo Cangussu Góes - 2015.pdf: 1157282 bytes, checksum: 1618e1ead4589d8d24462a8fbfdc5aa7 (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Luciana Ferreira (lucgeral@gmail.com) on 2016-01-14T11:02:27Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Gustavo Cangussu Góes - 2015.pdf: 1157282 bytes, checksum: 1618e1ead4589d8d24462a8fbfdc5aa7 (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-01-14T11:02:27Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Gustavo Cangussu Góes - 2015.pdf: 1157282 bytes, checksum: 1618e1ead4589d8d24462a8fbfdc5aa7 (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-08-17 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / In this research we will discuss the family role and how Suetonius, in his work De Vita Caesarum, makes use of that to construct a negative memory of the Emperor Nero. For that we will observe the imperial ambience at which the biographer was inserted and we will also try to understand how that, with its political program, influenced the work writting. Because it is a research specially toward to family role, we will have an unfolding about the family centrality in many roman domestic attitudes and the public effects of such actions. However, for considering the biography of an Emperor, we will focus on the way such family values have their potentiality enlarged and modified in imperial family. Then we will see in which aspects Suetonius arranges them in order to present the searched nefarious image about Nero. / Neste trabalho discutiremos o papel da família e como Suetônio, em sua obra De Vita Caesarum, se utiliza desta para a construção de uma memória negativa do Imperador Nero. Para tanto observaremos o ambiente imperial no qual o biógrafo estava inserido e também buscaremos compreender como tal, com seu programa político, influenciou a escrita da obra. Por se tratar de uma pesquisa voltada especialmente para o papel da família, teremos um desdobramento acerca da centralidade familiar nas diversas atitudes domésticas de um romano e os efeitos públicos dessas ações. Contudo, por considerarmos a biografia de um Imperador, iremos focar no modo como tais valores familiares tem sua potencialidade ampliada e modificada na família imperial. Então veremos em que aspectos Suetônio os arranja a fim de apresentar a buscada imagem nefasta acerca de Nero.

This thesis deals with the ancient institute of Roman Law, the power of life and death, one of the powers that belonged to the father of Roman family of its members. It is focused on the scope of that power in particular periods of the Roman Empire, conditions under which that power could be used against concrete persons and legal sources dealing with the power of life and death. This thesis also deals with specific expressions of the power of life and death and their changes in the course of the historical periods of the Roman Empire, particular chapters are focused on the period of the Roman Kingdom, the Roman Republic and the Roman Empire. In further context, this thesis deals with the paternal power of the Roman father, that included the power of life and death.

Static and Dynamic Aspects of the Roman Family Abstract: The thesis deals with Roman family law, the core of the research being the Roman family in the Republican era and the beginning of the Principate. However, the archaic rules of regal period on one hand, and of the period of Dominate or even of the times of Justinian on the other, can also be included to present the overall picture of the development of a certain institution. Three main research goals are outlined in the introduction of the work to be reached throughout the following three chapters. The first goal is to define the term of the Roman family; the second is to connect theory and practice, i.e. so-called law in books and law in action. Therefore, we shall first analyze the legal rules and then compare these theoretical findings with their practical application. The practice shall be ascertained mainly from the non-legal sources of literal or epigraphic character. The third goal is to utilize an interdisciplinary approach, i.e. to use the outcomes, methods, and procedures from the research fields other than legal sciences to deepen our knowledge of the Roman family. The first chapter (Family in Ancient Rome) focuses on the Roman family from different points of view. The polysemous terms familia and domus are analyzed. Familia signifies...

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The thesis concerns with the development of the Chinese family law during the 20th century, presents legal sources in relation to the historical development and describes the basic aspects of the Chinese family law with regard to similar aspects of the ancient Roman law. Explains the significance of the social stability in legal context from the end of the Qing dynasty up to the present, describes the importance of the neoconfucian ideology to the family law and the role of the law in the Chinese society in general. The thesis is divided into several parts, the first one begins with the period of the end of the Qing dynasty at the turn of the 20th century, describes the historical circumstances of the founding of the first Chinese Republic, explains the principles of the then family and social relations in detail, especially the structure of the traditional family, the significance of the ancestor worship, the scope of the agnatic relationship and its relation to the property rights, the importance of the marriage and the system of mutual dependency of the family members. The thesis further expounds the attempt to reform the traditional family after the 1911 revolution, the circumstances of the creation of the Civil Code, the contents of the Chapter IV of the Code and their significance to the...

<p>This thesis is concerned with the representation of children on sculptural funerary commemoration, with a focus on freedmen panel reliefs and funerary altars. Although there is evidence found from all regions of the Empire, the majority of the material discussed here is from the city of Rome itself. Representations of young children first appear on freedmen panel reliefs, which date to the end of the Republic and were produced into the first century of the Empire. When this genre declined in popularity at the end of the first century AD, funerary altars emerged as the new, preferred form of commemoration. The goal of this thesis is to show that these two types of funerary monuments reveal much about the children themselves, but also provide insight into the social and cultural identity of their parents. Due to the family relationships expressed on these commemorations, I also evaluate the degree of affect demonstrated by the parents or the dedicator towards the children present on these monuments. The first chapter provides a socio-cultural background on the role of children in the family and Roman society as well as the importance of funerary commemoration. In this chapter I also discuss the likelihood of high infant and child mortality rates and explore reactions towards the death of children in literary evidence and social conventions. In the second chapter I provide a background on the significance of the freedman family, followed by an examination of the panel reliefs. The third chapter examines funerary altars that commemorate young children. The material discussed in this chapter is analyzed through a case study approach of nine altars, examining both the epigraphic elements and the sculptural components.</p> / Master of Arts (MA)