Objetivando aferir uma possível relação entre a contaminação de fontes aquáticas com o manejo de animais, o presente estudo buscou detectar a presença de rotavírus em amostras de fezes bovinas e águas coletadas nos municípios de Rolante, Riozinho e Taquara, no Rio Grande do Sul. Nestas localidades, pertencentes ao Vale do Paranhana, foram coletadas 104 amostras de água de diferentes origens, incluindo água de torneira, açude, poço cavado, poço artesiano, arroio, rio e vertente. As coletas de água foram realizadas nas proximidades das propriedades rurais e nas mesmas. Além disso, foram coletadas 38 amostras de fezes bovinas em propriedades de gado de leite. As amostras de água foram submetidas a um processo de concentração de partículas virais e o RNA foi extraído seguindo metodologia padronizada. Para detecção de RNA genômico, foi empregada a reação de transcriptase reversa seguida de reação em cadeia da polimerase (RT-PCR) tendo como alvo o gene mais conservado dos rotavírus, codificante da proteína VP6. Para avaliar a presença de vírus infeccioso, as amostras foram inoculadas em células MA-104, HEp-2 e CRIB. Das amostras de água, 25 (24%) continham genoma de rotavírus, sendo 8,6% amostras do município de Rolante, 4,8% de Riozinho e 10,6% amostras coletadas em Taquara. Estas 25 amostras contendo genoma viral foram subsequentemente submetidas ao isolamento em cultivos celulares, em nenhuma delas foi observado efeito citopático característico de rotavírus (CPE). A extração de RNA desses cultivos, após três passagens consecutivas, não revelou a presença de genoma viral. Em relação às amostras de fezes examinadas, em nenhuma delas foi detectada a presença de genoma de rotavírus. Conclui-se que o isolamento, como empregado no presente estudo, não teve sensibilidade suficiente para viabilizar seu uso como técnica para identificar rotavírus como contaminante de águas. Vinte e quatro por cento das amostras de água continham rotavírus, mas sua origem ainda deve ser determinada. / The aim of present study was to assess a possible relationship between the contamination of water sources with animal husbandry in the region. In the localities belonging to Paranhana valley, the municipalities of Taquara, Rolante e Riozinho, were collected 104 water samples from different sources including tap water, ponds, dug wells, boreholes, streams, river and slopes. The water samplings were conducted in the vicinity of farms and on them. In addition, 38 fecal samples were collected from cattle dung from animals on propertie of dairy in Taquara.Water samples were subjected to a process of viral particles concentration and RNA extraction following standard methodology. For genomic RNA detection, were used reverse transcriptase followed by polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) targeting the most conserved gene of rotaviruses, gene encoded the viral protein 6 (VP6).To evaluate the presence of infective viruses samples were inoculated on MA-104 cells, HEp-2 and CRIB. Of all water samples, 25 (24%) contained genome of rotavirus, 8,66% samples from Rolante, 4,81% samples from Riozinho and 10, 59 samples collected on Taquara. The 25 samples containing viral genome which all were subsequently subjected to isolation in cultured cells, none were observed cytopathic effect typical of rotavirus (CPE). RNA extraction of these inoculations after three consecutive passages did not reveal the presence of rotavirus genomes. Regarding the stool samples, none were detected presence of rotavirus genome. Viral isolation, as used in this study did not have sufficient sensitivity to enable its use as a technique for rotavirus identification as water contamination.

Submitted by Anderson Silva (avargas@icict.fiocruz.br) on 2012-05-23T19:07:54Z No. of bitstreams: 1 ana_carolina_ga_teixeira_ioc_bp_0014_2010.pdf: 1653062 bytes, checksum: c8bcad08106fd76eb4c45a58831e4f12 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2012-05-23T19:07:54Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 ana_carolina_ga_teixeira_ioc_bp_0014_2010.pdf: 1653062 bytes, checksum: c8bcad08106fd76eb4c45a58831e4f12 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) FIOCRUZ / Fundação Oswaldo Cruz. Instituto Oswaldo Cruz. Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil. / Os Rotavirus A (RV-A) são os principais causadores de gastroenterites em crianças menores de cinco anos de idade. Estes vírus estão diretamente associados à diarréia e vômito e são transmitidos pela propagação de pessoa a pessoa por via fecal-oral; entretanto, a transmissão ambiental de RV-A pelo contato com superfícies contaminadas tem sido descrita em hospitais. O objetivo deste estudo foi estabelecer um protocolo para detecção de RV-A em superfícies e fômites, a fim de avaliar o RV-A como marcador biológico de contaminação de superfícies hospitalares. Um estudo piloto foi realizado para avaliação e determinação da metodologia de recuperação viral a ser utilizada em estudo no Centro de Tratamento Intensivo de um hospital da rede particular situado na cidade do Rio de Janeiro, Brasil. Neste local, no período de janeiro a junho de 2009, foram realizadas coletas mensais de 12 superfícies e fômites de 7 leitos do CTI, totalizando 504 amostras provenientes de: suporte para álcool gel, botão de descarga, cadeira do acompanhante, suporte de clorexidina, tampa da lixeira de resíduos comuns, maçaneta interna da porta do leito, controle da cama, maçaneta externa do banheiro, teclado da bomba de infusão, controle remoto, mesa de apoio e telefone. As amostras foram obtidas por fricção de ―swabs” embebidos em meio de cultura (DMEM) e a extração do ácido nucléico viral realizada pelo método de isotiocianato de guanidina/sílica, seguida da síntese do cDNA utilizando iniciador randômico (pdN6). Protocolos de reação em cadeia da polimerase (PCR) qualitativa e quantitativa foram utilizados para detecção e quantificação do RV-A pela amplificação parcial dos genes que codificam para a proteína estrutural VP6 e a não estrutural NSP3, respectivamente. Das 504 amostras analisadas, 25 (5%) foram positivas para RV-A pela RT-PCR, ao passo que pela Nested-PCR este número aumentou para 73 (14,5%). Destas 45 (61,6%) foram quantificadas pela qPCR com carga viral variando de 3,4 x 100cg/mL a 2,9 x 103cg/mL. O sequenciamento nucleotidico dos produtos obtidos pela nested-RT-PCR confirmaram a contaminação por RV-A. A detecção de RV-A em superfícies hospitalares aponta para a necessidade de um maior controle de higienização que reduza a contaminação por vírus, e sugere a utilização do RV-A como marcador biológico de contaminação de superfícies hospitalares. / Rotavirus A (RV-A) is the main cause of acute gastroenteritis in children under five years of age. This virus is directly associated with diarrhea and vomiting and is transmitted by spread from person to person by the fecal-oral route, however, environmental transmission of RV-A by contact with contaminated surfaces has been described in hospitals. The aim of this study was to establish a protocol for detection of RV-A on surfaces and fomites in order to assess RV-A as a contamination biomarker of hospital surfaces. A pilot study was performed for evaluation and determination of viral recovery methods to be used in a study in the intensive care unit (ICU) of a private hospital located in the city of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. From January to June/2009, samples were collected monthly from 12 surfaces and fomites of 7-bed of the ICU. There was a total of 504 samples collected from the following sites: alcohol gel and chlorhexidine dispensers, toilet flush button, chair from the accompanying person, ordinary waste bin lid, door handle from outside the bathroom door and the patient’s room, bed control, infusion pump keyboard, TV remote control, desk and telephone. Samples were obtained by rubbing swabs embedded in culture medium (DMEM). Viral nucleic acid extraction was performed by the method of guanidine isothiocyanate / silica, followed by cDNA synthesis using random primer (pdN6). Qualitative and quantitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR) were used for detection and quantification of RV-A by partial amplification of genes coding for the structural protein VP6 and nonstructural protein NSP3, respectively. Of the 504 analyzed samples, 25 (5%) were positive for RV-A by RT-PCR; when nested-PCR was used, the number increased to 73 (14.5%). Of these, 45 (61.6%) were quantified by quantitative PCR with viral load ranging from 3.4 x 100cg/mL to 2.9 x 103cg/mL. Nucleotide sequences of the products obtained by nested-RT-PCR confirmed RV-A contamination. Detection of RV-A in hospital surfaces indicates the need of greater control on cleaning procedures to reduce contamination by viruses and suggests using RV-A as a possible biomarker for contamination of hospital surfaces.

Rotavírus (RV) é um importante patógeno viral que causa diarreia em leitões e indivíduos jovens de várias outras espécies animais. RV dos grupos A, B, C e E foram descritos como causa de diarreia em suínos. Este estudo reúne achados histopatológicos, imunohistoquímicos e de reação em cadeia da polimerase com transcriptase reversa (RT-PCR) presentes em quatro surtos de diarreia causados por RV de um e de múltiplos grupos na região sul do Brasil. Vacinação para RV não era aplicada em nenhuma das granjas estudadas. Necropsia, exames histológicos e imuni-histoquímicos foram realizados em 34 suínos de maternidade que apresentavam diarreia severa, além disso, realizou-se cultivo bacteriano e RT-PCR para RV dos grupos A, B e C, vírus da gastroenterite transmissível (TGEV), vírus da diarreia epidêmica dos suínos (PEDV), sapovírus (SaV), norovírus (NoV) e kobuvírus (Aichi vírus C) em 30 dessas amostras. Desidratação e conteúdo pastoso a líquido no cólon foram observados em todos os suínos. Exame histológico revelou atrofia de vilosidades em 29 casos, vacuolização de enterócitos em 27 casos e debris celulares na lâmina própria em 20 casos. Houve marcação imunohistoquímica positiva em 21 casos. RT-PCR foi positiva para RV em 20 casos e RV do grupo C foi o mais frequentemente detectado, presente em 17 amostras. Cultivo e isolamento de Escherichia coli ocorreu em todos os casos e quatro destes foram de E. coli α-hemolítica. Em 15 amostras houve isolamento de Clostridium sp. Sapovirus foi detectado em oito amostras, duas amostras foram positivas para norovírus e detectou-se kobuvírus em 11 animais. Os achados histológicos foram consistentes com infecção por RV e a imuno-histoquímica revelou dois padrões de marcação para o agente no intestino delgado. Os resultados de RT-PCR mostraram que o RV do grupo C foi o principal agente detectado neste estudo. O isolamento de E. coli e a detecção de SaV os destacou como agentes associados à infecção por RV. A detecção de kobuvírus o enfatiza como um novo candidato em associação com RV. / Rotavirus is an important viral pathogen causing diarrhea in piglets and other animal species worldwide. Groups A, B, C and E have been described causing diarrhea in swine. This study reunites histopathological, immunohistochemical and reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) findings present in four outbreaks of diarrhea caused by single and multiple groups of rotavirus in the south of Brazil. None of the herds studied applied vaccination against rotavirus. Necropsy, histological examination and immunohistochemistry were performed in 34 nursing piglets that presented severe diarrhea, bacterial culture and reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) for rotavirus from groups A, B and C, transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV), porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV), sapovirus (SaV), norovirus (NoV) and kobuvirus (Aichi virus C) were carried out in 30 of the animals necropsied. Additionally, RT-PCR was performed in fecal pools from two outbreaks. Dehydration and fluid to pasty contents were observed in the colon of all 34 swine examined. Histological examination revealed villus atrophy in 29 cases, vacuolation of enterocytes in 27 cases and necrotic debris in the lamina propria of 20 cases. IHC was positive in 21 samples. RT-PCR was positive for rotavirus in 20 samples and group C rotavirus was the most frequently detected, present in 17 samples. Escherichia coli was isolated from all cases, and in four cases, it was α-hemolytic. Clostridium sp. was isolated from 15 samples. Sapovirus was detected in eight samples, samples from two animals were positive for norovirus and kobuvirus was detected from 11 samples. Histological findings were consistent with rotavirus infection and immunohistochemistry revealed two patterns of staining for rotavirus in the small intestine. RT-PCR results have shown group C rotavirus as the main agent detected in this study. The isolation of Escherichia coli and the detection of sapovirus highlighted them as possible agents associated to rotavirus infection. Kobuvirus detection has emphasized it as a new candidate in the association with rotavirus.

Objetivando aferir uma possível relação entre a contaminação de fontes aquáticas com o manejo de animais, o presente estudo buscou detectar a presença de rotavírus em amostras de fezes bovinas e águas coletadas nos municípios de Rolante, Riozinho e Taquara, no Rio Grande do Sul. Nestas localidades, pertencentes ao Vale do Paranhana, foram coletadas 104 amostras de água de diferentes origens, incluindo água de torneira, açude, poço cavado, poço artesiano, arroio, rio e vertente. As coletas de água foram realizadas nas proximidades das propriedades rurais e nas mesmas. Além disso, foram coletadas 38 amostras de fezes bovinas em propriedades de gado de leite. As amostras de água foram submetidas a um processo de concentração de partículas virais e o RNA foi extraído seguindo metodologia padronizada. Para detecção de RNA genômico, foi empregada a reação de transcriptase reversa seguida de reação em cadeia da polimerase (RT-PCR) tendo como alvo o gene mais conservado dos rotavírus, codificante da proteína VP6. Para avaliar a presença de vírus infeccioso, as amostras foram inoculadas em células MA-104, HEp-2 e CRIB. Das amostras de água, 25 (24%) continham genoma de rotavírus, sendo 8,6% amostras do município de Rolante, 4,8% de Riozinho e 10,6% amostras coletadas em Taquara. Estas 25 amostras contendo genoma viral foram subsequentemente submetidas ao isolamento em cultivos celulares, em nenhuma delas foi observado efeito citopático característico de rotavírus (CPE). A extração de RNA desses cultivos, após três passagens consecutivas, não revelou a presença de genoma viral. Em relação às amostras de fezes examinadas, em nenhuma delas foi detectada a presença de genoma de rotavírus. Conclui-se que o isolamento, como empregado no presente estudo, não teve sensibilidade suficiente para viabilizar seu uso como técnica para identificar rotavírus como contaminante de águas. Vinte e quatro por cento das amostras de água continham rotavírus, mas sua origem ainda deve ser determinada. / The aim of present study was to assess a possible relationship between the contamination of water sources with animal husbandry in the region. In the localities belonging to Paranhana valley, the municipalities of Taquara, Rolante e Riozinho, were collected 104 water samples from different sources including tap water, ponds, dug wells, boreholes, streams, river and slopes. The water samplings were conducted in the vicinity of farms and on them. In addition, 38 fecal samples were collected from cattle dung from animals on propertie of dairy in Taquara.Water samples were subjected to a process of viral particles concentration and RNA extraction following standard methodology. For genomic RNA detection, were used reverse transcriptase followed by polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) targeting the most conserved gene of rotaviruses, gene encoded the viral protein 6 (VP6).To evaluate the presence of infective viruses samples were inoculated on MA-104 cells, HEp-2 and CRIB. Of all water samples, 25 (24%) contained genome of rotavirus, 8,66% samples from Rolante, 4,81% samples from Riozinho and 10, 59 samples collected on Taquara. The 25 samples containing viral genome which all were subsequently subjected to isolation in cultured cells, none were observed cytopathic effect typical of rotavirus (CPE). RNA extraction of these inoculations after three consecutive passages did not reveal the presence of rotavirus genomes. Regarding the stool samples, none were detected presence of rotavirus genome. Viral isolation, as used in this study did not have sufficient sensitivity to enable its use as a technique for rotavirus identification as water contamination.

No presente estudo foi analisado o perfil eletroforético de 15 amostras de rotavírus, sendo 11 de bezerros, 02 de leitões e 02 de criança, que foram cultivadas até a sexta passagem em células da linhagem MA104, com o monitoramento realizado pela técnica de eletroforese em gel de poliacrilamida (PAGE). O objetivo foi comparar o perfil eletroforético de amostras fecais e após o isolamento As amostras leitões não revelaram mudanças de migração aparente, mas uma amostra apresentou um segmento adicional entre os segmentos 5 e 6, tanto no material anterior ao cultivo, quanto na amostra isolada. Em relação as amostras de crianças, uma apresentou diferença na velocidade de migração eletroforética. Além disso, uma amostra de bezerro apresentou um segmento adicional entre os segmentos 5 e 6. Estes dados ressaltam a importância da PAGE como uma técnica de triagem de amostras, que podem, posteriormente serem analisadas por técnicas moleculares mais especificas. As mudanças de comportamento na migração eletroforética dos segmentos genômicos do RNA viral podem ser sugestivas de alteração nas propriedades antigênicas, além do fato de que mudanças que ocorreram in vitro poderão, também, ocorrer in vivo. / In the present work, we have analyzed the electrophoretic profile of 15 samples of rotavírus, 11 of calves, 02 of pigs and 02 of children, that have been cultivated on MA,104 cell up to the sixth passage. The polyacrilamide gel electrophoresis(PAGE) was used to confirm the viral isolation. The aim of the work was to compare the electropherotic profile of fecal samples before and after isolation in MA104 cells. The samples from pigs did not reveal apparent changes in bands migration. However, an additional segment, betweem segments 5 and 6 was detected, in one fecal sample and after isolation. Furthermore, one child sample showed differences in the electrophoretic mobility and also an additional segment was detected between segments 5 - 6 in one sample from a calf. The results emphasize the importance of PAGE as a technique to screen samples that could be analyzed posteriorly by more specific molecular techniques. The changes in the electrophoretic profiles of genomic segments of viral RNA might be suggestive of changes in the antigenic properties, besides the fact that changes that occurred in vitro may also happen in vivo.

Objetivando aferir uma possível relação entre a contaminação de fontes aquáticas com o manejo de animais, o presente estudo buscou detectar a presença de rotavírus em amostras de fezes bovinas e águas coletadas nos municípios de Rolante, Riozinho e Taquara, no Rio Grande do Sul. Nestas localidades, pertencentes ao Vale do Paranhana, foram coletadas 104 amostras de água de diferentes origens, incluindo água de torneira, açude, poço cavado, poço artesiano, arroio, rio e vertente. As coletas de água foram realizadas nas proximidades das propriedades rurais e nas mesmas. Além disso, foram coletadas 38 amostras de fezes bovinas em propriedades de gado de leite. As amostras de água foram submetidas a um processo de concentração de partículas virais e o RNA foi extraído seguindo metodologia padronizada. Para detecção de RNA genômico, foi empregada a reação de transcriptase reversa seguida de reação em cadeia da polimerase (RT-PCR) tendo como alvo o gene mais conservado dos rotavírus, codificante da proteína VP6. Para avaliar a presença de vírus infeccioso, as amostras foram inoculadas em células MA-104, HEp-2 e CRIB. Das amostras de água, 25 (24%) continham genoma de rotavírus, sendo 8,6% amostras do município de Rolante, 4,8% de Riozinho e 10,6% amostras coletadas em Taquara. Estas 25 amostras contendo genoma viral foram subsequentemente submetidas ao isolamento em cultivos celulares, em nenhuma delas foi observado efeito citopático característico de rotavírus (CPE). A extração de RNA desses cultivos, após três passagens consecutivas, não revelou a presença de genoma viral. Em relação às amostras de fezes examinadas, em nenhuma delas foi detectada a presença de genoma de rotavírus. Conclui-se que o isolamento, como empregado no presente estudo, não teve sensibilidade suficiente para viabilizar seu uso como técnica para identificar rotavírus como contaminante de águas. Vinte e quatro por cento das amostras de água continham rotavírus, mas sua origem ainda deve ser determinada. / The aim of present study was to assess a possible relationship between the contamination of water sources with animal husbandry in the region. In the localities belonging to Paranhana valley, the municipalities of Taquara, Rolante e Riozinho, were collected 104 water samples from different sources including tap water, ponds, dug wells, boreholes, streams, river and slopes. The water samplings were conducted in the vicinity of farms and on them. In addition, 38 fecal samples were collected from cattle dung from animals on propertie of dairy in Taquara.Water samples were subjected to a process of viral particles concentration and RNA extraction following standard methodology. For genomic RNA detection, were used reverse transcriptase followed by polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) targeting the most conserved gene of rotaviruses, gene encoded the viral protein 6 (VP6).To evaluate the presence of infective viruses samples were inoculated on MA-104 cells, HEp-2 and CRIB. Of all water samples, 25 (24%) contained genome of rotavirus, 8,66% samples from Rolante, 4,81% samples from Riozinho and 10, 59 samples collected on Taquara. The 25 samples containing viral genome which all were subsequently subjected to isolation in cultured cells, none were observed cytopathic effect typical of rotavirus (CPE). RNA extraction of these inoculations after three consecutive passages did not reveal the presence of rotavirus genomes. Regarding the stool samples, none were detected presence of rotavirus genome. Viral isolation, as used in this study did not have sufficient sensitivity to enable its use as a technique for rotavirus identification as water contamination.

Rotavirus is the major cause of infantile gastroenteritis. Each year more than 600,000 young children are estimated to die in developing countries throughout the world. Rotavirus infection can be either symptomatic or asymptomatic. But the genetic or molecular basis for rotavirus virulence is not yet clearly understood. NSP4, encoded by genome segment 10, is a multifunctional protein. It is identified as the first viral enterotoxin and is essential for virus morphogenesis and pathogenesis. Analysis of NSP4 from more than 175 strains failed to reveal any sequence motif or amino acid that segregated with the virulence phenotype of the virus. Further, a few studies indicated a lack of consistent correlation between virus virulence and diarrhea inducing ability of the cognate NSP4. To understand the basis for the inconsistency in the enterotoxigenic activity of a few NSP4s reported in a limited number of studies, comparative analysis of the biophysical, biochemical, and biological properties of NSP4ΔN72, which from SA11 and Hg18 was earlier shown to be highly diarrheagenic, from 17 different symptomatic and asymptomatic strains was carried out. To study structure-function relationship we used Thioflavin T fluorescence assay, gel filtration, CD spectroscopy, trypsin susceptibility and enterotoxin assay in newborn mice for all the proteins. Detailed comparative analysis of biochemical and biophysical properties and diarrheagenic activity of the recombinant ΔN72 peptides under identical conditions revealed wide differences among themselves in their resistance to trypsin cleavage, thoflavin T binding, multimerization and conformation without any correlation with their diarrhea inducing abilities. Since earlier studies showed that a secreted peptide (ΔN112) of SA11-NSP4 also induced diarrhea in newborn mice pups, we have generated NSP4ΔN112 deletions from six different strains and tested for their diarrhea inducing ability. The patterns of DD50 values of the ΔN112 peptides was similar to that for ΔN72 peptides, but were 1000-1200-fold less efficient than that of SA11ΔN72. NSP4 exists in multiple forms in the infected cells- as oligomers, higher molecular weight complexes and ER- and cytoplasmic membrane anchored forms. Previous studies suggest that the N-terminal boundary of the oligomerization domain could lie downstream to residue 94 from the N-terminus. A peptide from residue 112-175, secreted from rotavirus infected cells, was reported to induce dose-dependent diarrhea in suckling mice, suggesting that the N-terminal boundary of the enterotoxin activity could lie around residue 112. However, the precise N-terminal boundaries in NSP4 for oligomerization and diarrhea induction have not been identified. To address this question, a large number of deletion mutants C-terminal to residue 94 were generated and tested for their ability to induce diarrhea in newborn mouse pups. Our data suggest that while the deletions ∆N121 to ∆N131 failed to induce diarrhea, ΔN118 was diarrheagenic suggesting that the N-terminal boundary of the minimal diarrhea inducing domain lies between aa 118 and 121. Size exclusion chromatography revealed that residues 95 to 98 are critical and sufficient for oligomerization. Studies on oligomerization further revealed that NSP4ΔN94 exists in pentamers, tetramers and dimers, while deletion mutants C-terminal to aa 94 exist only as dimers. Our studies demonstrate for the first time that not only tetramers but pentamers as well as dimers possess enterotoxigenic properties. Most human rotavirus infections are caused by group A rotaviruses. Within this group, rotaviruses are further classified into subgroups based on the antigenic specificity associated with the protein product of the sixth gene, VP6. Previous studies have mapped SG I specificity to aa position 305 and the region between 296 and 299, and SG II specificity to residue 315 on VP6. However, the subgroup specific determinants on NSP4 have not been identified till date. In this study, we generated several amino acid substitution mutants in the SG I-specific SA11 NSP4∆N72 protein as in previous studies ∆N72 was found to efficiently bind DLPs. Using an enzyme linked immunosorbent assay method, the effect of the mutations in the C-terminal and N-terminal regions in ∆N72 on their binding ability to SG I and SG II DLPs was assayed. Residues at positions 85, 169, 174 and 175 and in the ISVD appear to collectively determine the specificity of binding to DLPs. While the conserved proline and glycines at positions 165, 168 and 162, respectively, are important for maintaining the required conformation for general recognition of DLP. The present study provides important insights towards understanding the determinants in NSP4 for SG-specific DLP interaction.

No description available.

Le rotavirus est le principal agent étiologique des gastro-entérites infantiles. Après l'assemblage dans le réticulum endoplasmique (RE), les virions sont relargués au niveau du pôle apical des entérocytes selon une voie de trafic atypique ne passant pas par l'appareil de Golgi. Ce travail a pour but d'étudier les mécanismes de sortie du RE et le trafic atypique du rotavirus. Des acteurs de la machinerie réticulaire de repliement et de contrôle qualité des protéines ont été retrouvés associés aux intermédiaires d'assemblage du rotavirus. En corrélation avec cela, l'infection provoque un stress du RE et active une réponse cellulaire spécifique, l'Unfolded Protein Response (UPR). Le rotavirus module de manière différentielle les trois voies de signalisation de l'UPR et seules les voies IRE1 et PERK sont requises pour la morphogénèse virale. L'autophagie, en dehors de son rôle dans la dégradation du matériel cellulaire, a été récemment impliquée dans des voies de sécrétion non conventionnelles. Dans les cellules épithéliales intestinales Caco-2, la différenciation cellulaire se manifeste par l'augmentation de l'expression des marqueurs autophagiques et la diminution du flux autophagique. Quelque soit l'état de différenciation des cellules, l'infection à rotavirus bloque à la fois la formation et la maturation des autophagosomes. Uniquement dans les cellules Caco-2 non différenciées, l'infection induit une lipidation de LC3 qui n'est pas associée à l'autophagie, mais qui corrèle avec un clivage de la protéine ATG3 impliquée dans le processus de lipidation. Ni l'autophagie, ni la lipidation de LC3 ne sont requises pour la morphogénèse du rotavirus dans les cellules Caco-2. / Rotavirus is the major causative agent of severe gastroenteritis in young children worldwide. After assembly steps in the Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER), virions are released without any cellular lysis at the apical side of enterocytes, following an atypical trafficking pathway that bypasses the Golgi apparatus. This work is aimed at understanding the mechanisms of ER exit of rotavirus particles as well as their unconventional trafficking. Components of the protein folding and quality control machinery in the ER were found associated with viral assembly complexes. Consistent with this observation, viral infection induced ER stress, which activates a specific cellular response named the Unfold Protein Response (UPR). Rotavirus infection modulated differently the three UPR signaling pathways and only the IRE1 and PERK pathways were required for viral morphogenesis. Autophagy, besides being a degradative process, has recently been shown to be potentially involved in unconventional secretion pathways. We showed that the differentiation process of human intestinal epithelial Caco-2 cells into enterocyte-like phenotype was marked by the increase in expression of autophagic markers and the reduction of autophagic flux. Rotavirus infection blocked both the initiation and late steps of autophagy, in both undifferentiated and differentiated Caco-2 cells. Surprisingly, only in undifferentiated Caco-2 cells, rotavirus infection induced a lipidation of LC3 that was not associated with autophagy but correlated with a cleavage of ATG3, a protein directly involved in the lipidation process. Neither autophagy nor the lipidation of LC3 were required for rotavirus morphogenesis in Caco-2 cells.

Rotavírus (RV) é um importante patógeno viral que causa diarreia em leitões e indivíduos jovens de várias outras espécies animais. RV dos grupos A, B, C e E foram descritos como causa de diarreia em suínos. Este estudo reúne achados histopatológicos, imunohistoquímicos e de reação em cadeia da polimerase com transcriptase reversa (RT-PCR) presentes em quatro surtos de diarreia causados por RV de um e de múltiplos grupos na região sul do Brasil. Vacinação para RV não era aplicada em nenhuma das granjas estudadas. Necropsia, exames histológicos e imuni-histoquímicos foram realizados em 34 suínos de maternidade que apresentavam diarreia severa, além disso, realizou-se cultivo bacteriano e RT-PCR para RV dos grupos A, B e C, vírus da gastroenterite transmissível (TGEV), vírus da diarreia epidêmica dos suínos (PEDV), sapovírus (SaV), norovírus (NoV) e kobuvírus (Aichi vírus C) em 30 dessas amostras. Desidratação e conteúdo pastoso a líquido no cólon foram observados em todos os suínos. Exame histológico revelou atrofia de vilosidades em 29 casos, vacuolização de enterócitos em 27 casos e debris celulares na lâmina própria em 20 casos. Houve marcação imunohistoquímica positiva em 21 casos. RT-PCR foi positiva para RV em 20 casos e RV do grupo C foi o mais frequentemente detectado, presente em 17 amostras. Cultivo e isolamento de Escherichia coli ocorreu em todos os casos e quatro destes foram de E. coli α-hemolítica. Em 15 amostras houve isolamento de Clostridium sp. Sapovirus foi detectado em oito amostras, duas amostras foram positivas para norovírus e detectou-se kobuvírus em 11 animais. Os achados histológicos foram consistentes com infecção por RV e a imuno-histoquímica revelou dois padrões de marcação para o agente no intestino delgado. Os resultados de RT-PCR mostraram que o RV do grupo C foi o principal agente detectado neste estudo. O isolamento de E. coli e a detecção de SaV os destacou como agentes associados à infecção por RV. A detecção de kobuvírus o enfatiza como um novo candidato em associação com RV. / Rotavirus is an important viral pathogen causing diarrhea in piglets and other animal species worldwide. Groups A, B, C and E have been described causing diarrhea in swine. This study reunites histopathological, immunohistochemical and reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) findings present in four outbreaks of diarrhea caused by single and multiple groups of rotavirus in the south of Brazil. None of the herds studied applied vaccination against rotavirus. Necropsy, histological examination and immunohistochemistry were performed in 34 nursing piglets that presented severe diarrhea, bacterial culture and reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) for rotavirus from groups A, B and C, transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV), porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV), sapovirus (SaV), norovirus (NoV) and kobuvirus (Aichi virus C) were carried out in 30 of the animals necropsied. Additionally, RT-PCR was performed in fecal pools from two outbreaks. Dehydration and fluid to pasty contents were observed in the colon of all 34 swine examined. Histological examination revealed villus atrophy in 29 cases, vacuolation of enterocytes in 27 cases and necrotic debris in the lamina propria of 20 cases. IHC was positive in 21 samples. RT-PCR was positive for rotavirus in 20 samples and group C rotavirus was the most frequently detected, present in 17 samples. Escherichia coli was isolated from all cases, and in four cases, it was α-hemolytic. Clostridium sp. was isolated from 15 samples. Sapovirus was detected in eight samples, samples from two animals were positive for norovirus and kobuvirus was detected from 11 samples. Histological findings were consistent with rotavirus infection and immunohistochemistry revealed two patterns of staining for rotavirus in the small intestine. RT-PCR results have shown group C rotavirus as the main agent detected in this study. The isolation of Escherichia coli and the detection of sapovirus highlighted them as possible agents associated to rotavirus infection. Kobuvirus detection has emphasized it as a new candidate in the association with rotavirus.