Selon l'anthropologie rousseauiste, la sincérité vise à remédier à la séparation de l'être et du paraître détériorant les relations de l'homme social avec ses semblables et ses rapports avec lui-même. Cette fonction morale explique que Rousseau place la sincérité au cœur de son projet autobiographique. D'abord un rapport à lui-même, la sincérité lui révèle sa position dans l'ordre de la nature ; en tant que relation au lecteur, elle vise ensuite la transmission des dimensions individuelle et universelle de sa vision de lui-même. Puisqu'elle ne concerne pas l'exactitude factuelle, mais seulement la justice et la vérité morale, la sincérité s'accommode de procédés littéraires rapprochant l'autobiographie du roman. Étant donné l'influence des Confessions et des Rêveries du promeneur solitaire sur la postérité, la sincérité ainsi comprise se trouve à l'origine de ce que Charles Taylor nomme Y idéal moral d'authenticité. Conséquemment, elle peut servir à en mieux saisir les véritables implications.

Tableau d’honneur de la Faculté des études supérieures et postdoctorales, 2010-2011 / Dans son Projet de constitution pour la Corse (1765), Jean-Jacques Rousseau accorde une importance inédite à la Suisse de l'époque moderne au détriment des Anciens, très présents dans ses textes précédents. Ce mémoire vise à déterminer de quelle façon Rousseau utilise les référents suisse et romain dans cette oeuvre. La référence à la Suisse remplace celle à la Rome antique pour illustrer la décadence d'un peuple vertueux, mais elle la complète comme modèle pour les finances publiques. Lorsqu'il rédige le Projet, Rousseau est à un tournant dans ses relations avec sa ville natale. L'association entre Genève et les Républiques antiques dans son oeuvre est d'abord traitée. Il est ensuite question du portrait qu'il peint de la décadence des Suisses pour servir d'avertissement aux Corses. Enfin, les finances publiques que Rousseau préconise sont présentées. Il utilise celles de la Rome antique comme un modèle théorique et celles de la Suisse de l'époque moderne comme un modèle pratique.

Is there a relationship between science and happiness and, if so, what is it? Clearly, since the Enlightenment, science has increased life expectancy and bodily comfort. Is this happiness, or do humans long for something more? To examine these questions, I investigate the works of Jean-Jacques Rousseau. Specifically, I focus on the Discourses and the Emile, as he states in the Confessions that these works form a whole statement concerning the natural goodness of man. I agree with the literature that finds happiness, for Rousseau, is a sentiment one experiences when their faculties correspond to their desires, as this produces wholeness. In this dissertation, I find a form of modern science is necessary for humans to experience higher forms of happiness. This form of science is rooted in utility of the individual. To fully explain this finding, I begin with Rousseau's concept of being. By nature, our being experiences a low form of wholeness. I show Rousseau's investigation of being exposes a catch-22 situation for developing it to experience higher forms of wholeness. While freedom allows us to develop reason and judgment, we need reason and judgment to properly direct our freedom to perfect our individual being. I then show how three different types of tutors and educators, which include a scientific education, are directed by the single goal of maintaining wholeness in Emile's being so he can achieve the happiness of romantic love. Finally, I find that Emile's scientific education is an elaboration of the First Discourse and that his relationship with science, even from birth, plays a critical role for achieving romantic love in the future.

Tableau d'honneur de la Faculté des études supérieures et postdoctorales, 2017-2018 / Ce mémoire affronte le problème de l'unité de la pensée de Rousseau, en particulier dans son versant politique. Il met en évidence la place centrale qu'occupe, dans sa philosophie, la thèse de la bonté naturelle de l'homme, et défend l'idée que les grandes articulations du Contrat social en sont des ramifications. Pour ce faire, il montre d'abord que les principes du droit politique représentent pour Rousseau la solution à un problème inhérent à la condition sociale de l'homme, problème développé dans le Discours sur l'inégalité. Les deux premiers chapitres du mémoire sont pour cette raison consacrés entièrement à une étude du second discours, où Rousseau pose le principe de la bonté naturelle de l'homme, puis décrit la façon dont celle-ci s'altère et finit par se corrompre dans la vie sociale. Les troisième et quatrième chapitres, quant à eux, contiennent une étude minutieuse du Contrat social, qui met d'une part en lumière le lien de continuité unissant l'ouvrage au Discours sur l'inégalité, et qui, d'autre part, démontre que ses tensions doctrinales résultent justement de son rattachement à la thèse de la bonté naturelle de l'homme.

La pensée politique de Jean-Jacques Rousseau a suscité nombre d'interprétations contradictoires. Cependant, ce qu'ont en commun ces interprétations, c'est de se fonder sur le Contrat social et, trop souvent, de s'y limiter. Il est bien sûr inévitable de s'attarder surtout à cette œuvre maîtresse de la philosophie politique de Rousseau. Mais de s'y limiter, croyons-nous, mène parfois à des contresens. C'est pourquoi nous prenons ici un chemin différent : celui de la Lettre à d'Alembert. Ce texte, secondaire sans doute, a l'avantage de nous montrer Rousseau réfléchissant à un problème politique concret: l'établissement d'un théâtre à Genève. Ce faisant, nous pouvons voir quel usage Rousseau lui-même envisageait pour les principes établis dans le Contrat social. Ainsi pouvons-nous constater que le politique, loin d'être la quête utopique de la légitimité pure définie par le pacte social, n'est peut-être pour Rousseau que la difficile articulation des données historiques concrètes à une forme plus ou moins corrompue de cette légitimité sans faille du Contrat social.

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En los manuales de historia de la música suele comúnmente ubicarse a Rousseau, sin mayor distinción, entre aquellos teóricos que colocan a la música en relación con la sensación o con el mero placer de los sentidos. Se cita continuamente una famosa frase de su Diccionario de música de 1767 –que se utiliza indistintamente como definición–, según la cual la música es el “Arte de combinar los sonidos de una manera agradable al oído” (artículo “música”, 281) y con ello parece jugarse el destino de la rica concepción musical de Rousseau: la música, sobre todo si la concebimos bajo la distinción posterior que ofrece Kant en la jerarquía de las artes del §51 de su Crítica de la facultad de juzgar (1790), sería solo un arte menor, en la medida en que no alcanza las esferas sentimental ni mucho menos intelectual del ser humano. La música con las justas alcanzaría –aunque de manera agradable, cosa que estaría a su favor– el placer sensorial, hedonista. Con esto, mostramos desconocimiento, olvidamos o pasamos por alto muy rápido otras sentencias de Rousseau más importantes, como la siguiente: “Así como la pintura no es el arte de combinar colores de manera agradable a la vista, tampoco la música es el arte de combinar sonidos de una manera agradable al oído. Si se redujeran a esto, tanto la una como la otra formarían parte de las ciencias naturales y no de las bellas artes” (Ensayo, XIII, 104; cursivas nuestras). / Tesis

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-27T17:27:23Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Edward Pereira Rodrigues Junior.pdf: 390055 bytes, checksum: 4fd2708e1f6ba848792d9272f2bd945a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-05-29 / The goal of this work is to reflect about the sociability problem in Jean-Jacques Rousseau. For the jurisconsults of school of the natural right, as well as for Locke, the sociability is a characteristic trace of the human nature. Thus, it can understand easily that, being the naturally sociable man, he stipulates without difficulty the organization of the political body, when this seems to you convenient. In Hobbes, the situation is different, because the civil society is resultant of the peace and safety wish and particularly of the fear of the violent death in a war state in which the human company expresses through an innate belligerent and natural inclination. Rousseau, as well as Hobbes, denies the natural sociability, but on the other side of the author of Leviathan, considers that, in the state of original nature, the man lives in the more complete loneliness and independence, once, when not finding in your absolutely impassable middle obstacles, it satisfies fully their needs, because these are simple and of order purely physical and biological. In this perfect balance state between wishes and needs, the natural man, only led by the instinct, does feel need to their fellow creatures help, until new circumstances modify the balance of your environment, awaking him new needs. Inclusively, they are these new needs that provoke the union among men. In this idea, however, there is something of generous for with human nature, because to when admitting the possibility of benefit us of our union, Rousseau affirms that the man is by nature good, and that is possible to cohabit under the auspices of this natural kindness / O objetivo deste trabalho é refletir sobre o problema da sociabilidade em Jean Jacques Rousseau. Para os Jurisconsultos da escola do direito natural, assim como para Locke, a sociabilidade é um traço característico da natureza humana. Desta forma, se pode entender facilmente que, sendo o homem naturalmente sociável, ele convenciona sem dificuldade a organização do corpo político, quando isto lhe parece conveniente. Em Hobbes, a situação é diferente, pois a sociedade civil é resultante do desejo de paz e segurança e particularmente do medo da morte violenta num estado de guerra em que a convivência humana se expressa através de uma inclinação beligerante inata e natural. Rousseau, assim como Hobbes, nega a sociabilidade natural, mas, ao contrário do autor do Leviatã , considera que, no estado de natureza originário, o homem vive na mais completa solidão e independência, uma vez que, ao não encontrar em seu meio obstáculos absolutamente intransponíveis, satisfaz plenamente suas necessidades, pois estas são simples e de ordem puramente física e biológica. Nesse estado de perfeito equilíbrio entre desejos e necessidades, o homem natural, conduzido somente pelo instinto, não sente necessidade do auxílio dos seus semelhantes, até que circunstâncias novas modifiquem o equilíbrio de seu ambiente, despertando-lhe novas necessidades. Inclusive, são estas novas necessidades que provocam a união entre os homens. Nesta idéia, porém, há algo de generoso, pois ao admitir a possibilidade de nos beneficiarmos de nossa união, Rousseau afirma que o homem é por natureza bom, e que é possível conviver sob os auspícios dessa bondade natural

Submitted by Cleide Dantas (cleidedantas@ufpa.br) on 2014-10-10T12:27:38Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 23898 bytes, checksum: e363e809996cf46ada20da1accfcd9c7 (MD5) Dissertacao_SentimentoSubjetividadeRousseau.pdf: 808046 bytes, checksum: 89d1c76b65db755b76b6343794b32016 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Ana Rosa Silva (arosa@ufpa.br) on 2014-10-10T12:41:20Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 23898 bytes, checksum: e363e809996cf46ada20da1accfcd9c7 (MD5) Dissertacao_SentimentoSubjetividadeRousseau.pdf: 808046 bytes, checksum: 89d1c76b65db755b76b6343794b32016 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-10T12:41:20Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 23898 bytes, checksum: e363e809996cf46ada20da1accfcd9c7 (MD5) Dissertacao_SentimentoSubjetividadeRousseau.pdf: 808046 bytes, checksum: 89d1c76b65db755b76b6343794b32016 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013 / O objetivo desta dissertação é estabelecer as relações existentes entre Rousseau, Kant e os primeiros românticos alemães. A partir da perspectiva estabelecida pela Terceira Crítica, de Kant, nos voltaremos para as obras de Rousseau e do Romantismo (particularmente, as de Novalis e Schlegel) para extrair delas dois conceitos fundamentais, o de sentimento e o de subjetividade. Acreditamos, assim, poder esclarecer, por meio das próprias obras de Rousseau e dos primeiros românticos, o autêntico significado das noções de sentimento e de subjetividade, de modo a não só recuperar o verdadeiro valor filosófico de tais obras, mas, sobretudo, para mostrar o uso consciente delas na determinação de suas posturas frente ao pretenso “racionalismo” dominante no pensamento moderno. / The objective of this thesis is to establish the relationship between Rousseau, Kant and the early German Romantics. From the perspective established by the Third Critique, Kant, we will turn to the works of Rousseau and Romanticism( particularly those of Novalis and Schlegel) to extract these two fundamental concepts, and the feeling of subjectivity. We believe, therefore, to elucidate, through their own works of Rousseau and the early romantics, the true meaning of the notions of sentiment and subjectivity in order to not only recover the true value of such philosophical works, but mainly to show the conscious use of them in determining their positions against the alleged “rationalism” dominant in modern thought.

Ever since Homer told the tales of magnificent men and called these men heroes, the siren song of heroic achievement has been impossible to resist. By consistently acting in a manner that is above the capacity of normal human beings, a hero becomes a model of emulation and inspiration for ordinary, lesser mortals. This thesis traces the development of normative models of heroic thought and action in the work of Homer, Plato and Rousseau. It argues that models of heroism have evolved according to changing conceptions of the political institutions that comprise a polis and, in turn, notions of citizenship. Homer establishes the heroic ideal and offers an image of Man as Hero. The Homeric hero is a man of transparent action who is never incapacitated because he acts upon his instincts. Unrestrained by doubt, he soars above humanity and performs deeds that assure him of everlasting fame and glory. The Homeric hero is a warrior-prince who lives in the absence of a polis. He rules his community as a patriarch who places his personal quest for glory above the dictates of the common good. The Homeric hero is consequently limited in his ability to act as a model of emulation for those who live in a polis. In an historical period that gave rise to the polis as a desirable and unavoidable aspect of human life, Plato remodels heroic ideals. Thus Plato's ideals of heroism could survive and prosper alongside political structures and institutions guided by the demands of the common good. The philosophical hero exalted in the Platonic dialogues gains true knowledge, which enables him to excel at all activities he undertakes. The philosopher is impelled to channel his vast superiority into the realm of political leadership. Plato recasts the Hero as Citizen, an elite citizen who rules for the benefit of all. Plato's model of heroism, like Homer's, is premised on an anti-egalitarian, hierarchical conception of human worth. In the Social Contract, Rousseau aims to reconcile modern ideals of human equality with Homeric and Platonic hierarchical notions of heroic excellence. The Social Contract attempts to make all citizens equally heroic by insisting that men can only excel when they all participate equally in political sovereignty. Failing to reconcile heroism and equality, however, Rousseau chooses heroism and reverts firstly to aristocratic political formulas before finally abandoning politics altogether as a positive force for humanity. His work nevertheless inspired both a lasting notion of human equality that shaped the modern political landscape and evoked the romantic modern notion of an isolated individual, as epitomised by Rousseau himself, heroically climbing the peaks of human achievement. Rousseau's model of individual heroism effectively completes the cycle and returns the notion of heroism to where it begun with Homer, Man as Hero. The concept of the heroism, traced through these theorists, shows it to be a changing terrain yet consistent in its allure. / Thesis (Ph.D.)--School of History and Politics, 2004.