Esta tese tem como objetivo contribuir para o conhecimento e desenvolvimento das células solares sensibilizadas por corantes, através da elaboração de novas espécies supramoleculares e de estudos fundamentais de caracterização do filme de TiO2-P25 e da interface TiO2-Corante pela técnica de microscopia Raman confocal. Os estudos de microcopia Raman confocal da distribuição das fases cristalinas rutilo e anatase em filmes de TiO2-P25 (Degussa) mostraram que a fase rutilo está presente em agregados de diferentes tamanhos (de 250 nm a 3 µm) distribuídos na fase anatase e que estes agregados permaneceram mesmo após os processos de preparação da suspensão coloidal. Na presença do corante N3, verificou-se que a irradiação com laser em 532 nm, usando potência acima de 25 mW cm-2, provoca a absorção e posterior combustão do filme interfacial, com drásticas mudanças na morfologia visualizadas por microscopia Raman confocal, revelando a ocorrência da transformação de anatase em rutilo na região de incidência do feixe de laser. Outro ponto investigado nesta tese, foi a síntese e aplicação de novos sensibilizadores supramoleculares em células solares sensibilizadas por corante (DSC), visando diminuir os processos de recombinação e melhor aproveitamento do espectro solar através da estabilização do corante foto-oxidado e da transferência vetorial de elétron/energia. Além dos trabalhos com novas porfirinas supramoleculares, reproduzidas no apêndice, esta tese apresenta um estudo detalhado de uma série, formada por três espécies diméricas, constituídas pelas unidades [Ru(dcbH2)Cl]+ e [Ru(dmb)2Cl]+, unidas por ligantes ponte com dimensões lineares crescentes, isto é: bpy, bpe e bpeb (dcbH2= ácido-2,2\'-bipiridina-4,4\'-dicarboxílico, dmb= 4,4\'-dimetil-2,2\'- bipiridina, bpy= 4,4\'-bipiridina, bpe= trans-1,2-bis(4-piridil)-etileno e bpeb= trans-1,4- bis[2-(piridil)etenil]-benzeno). O rendimento global das DSCs correspondentes cresceram com o aumento do tamanho da ponte, passando de 2,78 % para o corante dim-Ru-bpy, para 2,89 e 3,25 % nos corantes dim-Ru-bpe e dim-Rbpeb, respectivamente. Foi observado que os valores de Jsc e η têm correlação linear com a distância de separação do buraco e da superfície do eletrodo de TiO2, ratificando que o processo de retardação da recombinação de carga, causado pelo aumento da ponte, é um fator muito importante para esta classe de compostos. Os resultados de IPCE mostraram que a unidade [Ru(dmb)2Cl(P)]+ também é responsável pela fotoinjeção de elétrons no TiO2. Assim, a excitação de qualquer uma das unidades, sempre acaba formando a espécie TiO2(e-)-Ru-Ru(h+) no filme interfacial. Os resultados confirmam as expectativas esperadas no planejamento energético vetorial, no qual o HOMO foi centrado na unidade distante da superfície e o LUMO ficou sobre a dcbH2 diretamente ancorada no superfície do TiO2. / This thesis encompasses our efforts to improve the knowledge and contribute to the development of dye-sensitized solar cells, by focusing on supramolecular design of new dyes and on critical aspects of the morphology of the TiO2-P25 and TiO2-Dye interfaces, as probed by confocal Raman microscopy. According to Raman imaging of the crystalline phase distribution of TiO2-P25 (Degussa) rutile was present as aggregates of different sizes (from 250 nm to 3 µm) dispersed in the 25 nm anatase powder, persisting even after applying criterious procedures for generating uniform colloidal suspensions. In addition, the irradiation of TiO2-P25 films containing adsorbed N3 dye, using a 532 nm laser (power over to 25 mW cm-2) led to the absorption and instantaneous combustion of the dye, promoting drastic local changes associated with the anatase to rutile conversion. The design and application of new supramolecular sensitizers in DSC has also been pursued, aiming an improvement of efficiency by slowing down the electron-hole recombination process, while enhancing the light harvesting effects in the visible range by means of vectorial electron/energy transfer. Studies concerning another efficient supramolecular porphyrin dye, have also been performed and published (Appendix). As the main subject, a series of dimeric species have been reported. They were based on the [Ru(dcbH2)Cl]+ and [Ru(dmb)2Cl]+ units connected by linear bridging ligands of increasing lengths, such as: bpy, bpe and bpeb (dcbH2= 2,2\'-bipyridine-4,4\'-dicarboxylic acid, dmb= 4,4\'-dimethyl-2,2\'-bipyridine, bpy= 4,4\'-bipyridine, bpe= trans-1,2-bis(4- pyridyl)-ethylene e bpeb= trans-1,4-bis[2-(4-pyridyl)ethenyl]-benzene). The overall yield of the corresponding DSCs increased with the bridging ligand length, from 2.78 % for dim-Ru-bpy, to 2.89 % and 3.25 % for dim-Ru-bpe and dim-Ru-bpeb, respectively. The electrochemical parameters associated with the short circuit current exhibited a linear correlation with the hole separation distance between the TiO2 electrode and the binuclear dye terminal, confirming that the retardation of charge recombination through the increasing distance is indeed a relevant factor for this series of compounds. The IPCE results indicated that the [Ru(dmb)2Cl(P)]+ unit is also involved in electron transfer, such that the dye excitation always leads the TiO2(e-)-Ru-Ru(h+) species. This conclusion confirmed the success of the supramolecular design and vectorial transfer strategy, in which the HOMO center was placed far away from the surface, but in communication with the LUMO center located at the dcbH2 group anchored on TiO2.

Esta tese tem como objetivo contribuir para o conhecimento e desenvolvimento das células solares sensibilizadas por corantes, através da elaboração de novas espécies supramoleculares e de estudos fundamentais de caracterização do filme de TiO2-P25 e da interface TiO2-Corante pela técnica de microscopia Raman confocal. Os estudos de microcopia Raman confocal da distribuição das fases cristalinas rutilo e anatase em filmes de TiO2-P25 (Degussa) mostraram que a fase rutilo está presente em agregados de diferentes tamanhos (de 250 nm a 3 µm) distribuídos na fase anatase e que estes agregados permaneceram mesmo após os processos de preparação da suspensão coloidal. Na presença do corante N3, verificou-se que a irradiação com laser em 532 nm, usando potência acima de 25 mW cm-2, provoca a absorção e posterior combustão do filme interfacial, com drásticas mudanças na morfologia visualizadas por microscopia Raman confocal, revelando a ocorrência da transformação de anatase em rutilo na região de incidência do feixe de laser. Outro ponto investigado nesta tese, foi a síntese e aplicação de novos sensibilizadores supramoleculares em células solares sensibilizadas por corante (DSC), visando diminuir os processos de recombinação e melhor aproveitamento do espectro solar através da estabilização do corante foto-oxidado e da transferência vetorial de elétron/energia. Além dos trabalhos com novas porfirinas supramoleculares, reproduzidas no apêndice, esta tese apresenta um estudo detalhado de uma série, formada por três espécies diméricas, constituídas pelas unidades [Ru(dcbH2)Cl]+ e [Ru(dmb)2Cl]+, unidas por ligantes ponte com dimensões lineares crescentes, isto é: bpy, bpe e bpeb (dcbH2= ácido-2,2\'-bipiridina-4,4\'-dicarboxílico, dmb= 4,4\'-dimetil-2,2\'- bipiridina, bpy= 4,4\'-bipiridina, bpe= trans-1,2-bis(4-piridil)-etileno e bpeb= trans-1,4- bis[2-(piridil)etenil]-benzeno). O rendimento global das DSCs correspondentes cresceram com o aumento do tamanho da ponte, passando de 2,78 % para o corante dim-Ru-bpy, para 2,89 e 3,25 % nos corantes dim-Ru-bpe e dim-Rbpeb, respectivamente. Foi observado que os valores de Jsc e η têm correlação linear com a distância de separação do buraco e da superfície do eletrodo de TiO2, ratificando que o processo de retardação da recombinação de carga, causado pelo aumento da ponte, é um fator muito importante para esta classe de compostos. Os resultados de IPCE mostraram que a unidade [Ru(dmb)2Cl(P)]+ também é responsável pela fotoinjeção de elétrons no TiO2. Assim, a excitação de qualquer uma das unidades, sempre acaba formando a espécie TiO2(e-)-Ru-Ru(h+) no filme interfacial. Os resultados confirmam as expectativas esperadas no planejamento energético vetorial, no qual o HOMO foi centrado na unidade distante da superfície e o LUMO ficou sobre a dcbH2 diretamente ancorada no superfície do TiO2. / This thesis encompasses our efforts to improve the knowledge and contribute to the development of dye-sensitized solar cells, by focusing on supramolecular design of new dyes and on critical aspects of the morphology of the TiO2-P25 and TiO2-Dye interfaces, as probed by confocal Raman microscopy. According to Raman imaging of the crystalline phase distribution of TiO2-P25 (Degussa) rutile was present as aggregates of different sizes (from 250 nm to 3 µm) dispersed in the 25 nm anatase powder, persisting even after applying criterious procedures for generating uniform colloidal suspensions. In addition, the irradiation of TiO2-P25 films containing adsorbed N3 dye, using a 532 nm laser (power over to 25 mW cm-2) led to the absorption and instantaneous combustion of the dye, promoting drastic local changes associated with the anatase to rutile conversion. The design and application of new supramolecular sensitizers in DSC has also been pursued, aiming an improvement of efficiency by slowing down the electron-hole recombination process, while enhancing the light harvesting effects in the visible range by means of vectorial electron/energy transfer. Studies concerning another efficient supramolecular porphyrin dye, have also been performed and published (Appendix). As the main subject, a series of dimeric species have been reported. They were based on the [Ru(dcbH2)Cl]+ and [Ru(dmb)2Cl]+ units connected by linear bridging ligands of increasing lengths, such as: bpy, bpe and bpeb (dcbH2= 2,2\'-bipyridine-4,4\'-dicarboxylic acid, dmb= 4,4\'-dimethyl-2,2\'-bipyridine, bpy= 4,4\'-bipyridine, bpe= trans-1,2-bis(4- pyridyl)-ethylene e bpeb= trans-1,4-bis[2-(4-pyridyl)ethenyl]-benzene). The overall yield of the corresponding DSCs increased with the bridging ligand length, from 2.78 % for dim-Ru-bpy, to 2.89 % and 3.25 % for dim-Ru-bpe and dim-Ru-bpeb, respectively. The electrochemical parameters associated with the short circuit current exhibited a linear correlation with the hole separation distance between the TiO2 electrode and the binuclear dye terminal, confirming that the retardation of charge recombination through the increasing distance is indeed a relevant factor for this series of compounds. The IPCE results indicated that the [Ru(dmb)2Cl(P)]+ unit is also involved in electron transfer, such that the dye excitation always leads the TiO2(e-)-Ru-Ru(h+) species. This conclusion confirmed the success of the supramolecular design and vectorial transfer strategy, in which the HOMO center was placed far away from the surface, but in communication with the LUMO center located at the dcbH2 group anchored on TiO2.

La maladie d'Alzheimer est caractérisée par la présence de dégénérescences neurofibrillaires et l'accumulation de plaques amyloïdes dans le cerveau. Ces plaques contiennent principalement un peptide nommé amyloïde-β (Aβ) sous forme agrégée. Le processus d'agrégation des peptides Aβ en plaques amyloïdes représente une étape clé dans l'apparition de la pathologie, la coordination du cuivre, et également du zinc, favorisant la formation d'espèces agrégées impliquées dans la neurotoxicité. Notre objectif consiste à concevoir des complexes bifonctionnels avec d'une part un analogue de la Thioflavine T (ThT) et d'autre part un complexe de Ru(II), ce travail de thèse s'articule donc selon ces deux axes. I- Nous nous sommes d'abord intéressés à l'interaction entre le peptide Aβ et la Thioflavine T (ThT), fluorophore classiquement utilisé pour étudier l'agrégation du peptide Aβ. Cette interaction a été étudiée principalement par spectroscopie RMN. Les résultats obtenus ont permis d'identifier le site d'interaction de la ThT au peptide Aβ. Par la suite, les effets de la ThT et du Zn(II) sur l'agrégation du peptide Aβ ont été évalués en combinant la RMN et la spectroscopie de fluorescence. A partir des données obtenues, nous avons montré que la ThT et le Zn(II) ne sont pas inertes sur la cinétique d'agrégation du peptide Aβ. Les résultats ont également révélé des différences importantes concernant les informations apportées par la fluorescence et la RMN. II- La coordination du cuivre et du zinc implique principalement les noyaux imidazoles des résidus histidines. Afin d'empêcher la coordination de ces ions métalliques aux peptides Aβ, une stratégie thérapeutique innovante consiste en l'utilisation de complexes platinoïdes comportant des sites labiles et capables de se lier aux résidus histidines du Aβ. En raison de la toxicité des complexes de Pt(II), nous avons envisagé la synthèse de complexes de Ru(II), principalement basés sur le motif fac-Ru(CO)32+. Différents complexes avec des ligands de type glycinate, hydroxyquinolinate et éthylenediamine ont été synthétisés. L'étude de leur interaction avec le peptide Aβ a été réalisée par différentes techniques spectroscopiques (RMN, RPE, fluorescence, spectrométrie de masse). Les résultats obtenus ont montré, en particulier, que les complexes sont capables d'inhiber l'agrégation du peptide Aβ induite par le zinc. / The Alzheimer's disease is characterized by the presence of neurofibrillary tangles and amyloid plaques in the brain. These plaques are formed by aggregated amyloid-β (Aβ) peptide. The Aβ aggregation represents a key event in the appearance of the pathology, copper and zinc coordination favoring the formation of aggregated species involved in the neurotoxicity. Our objective consists in designing bifonctional complexes with, on one hand, a Thioflavine T (ThT) analog and, on the other hand, a Ru(II) complex : this thesis is thus centered around these two axes. I- In this context, we first investigated the interaction between Aβ and ThT, which is a classical dye commonly used to study the aggregation process. This interaction was mainly studied by NMR spectroscopy. Our first results allowed us to identify the interaction site of the ThT with the Aβ peptide. Then, the ThT and Zn(II) effects on the aggregation process were assessed by NMR and fluorescence spectroscopy. From the obtained data, we showed that ThT and Zn (II) are involved in the aggregation kinetic. The results also revealed important differences concerning the information brought by fluorescence and NMR. II- Copper and zinc coordination mainly implies imidazole ring of the histidine residues. In order to prevent the coordination of these metallic ions to Aβ, an innovative therapeutic strategy consists of the use of platinoid complexes containing labile sites which are able to bind the Aβ histidine residues. Because of Pt(II) complexes toxicity, we envisaged the synthesis of Ru(II) complexes, mainly based on fac-Ru(CO)32+ motive. Different complexes with glycinate, hydroxyquinolinate or ethylenediamine ligand were synthesized. The study of their interaction with the Aβ peptide was realized by various spectroscopy techniques (RMN, RPE, fluorescence, mass spectrometry and demonstrated that the complexes are able to prevent the Aβ aggregation induced by zinc.

Notre recherche se divise en deux parties distinctes. La première est issue d’une collaboration avec le Laboratoire de Chimie Organique et Photochimie de l’ULB des Pr. A. Kirsch-De Mesmaeker et C. Moucheron. Les travaux de ce groupe consistent à utiliser des complexes de Ru(II) polyazaaromatiques comme drogues photoactivables ou comme agents de diagnostic dans des systèmes biologiques. Cependant à cause de leur grande hydrophilie, ces complexes de Ru(II) ne peuvent pas pénétrer les membranes cellulaires, ce qui complique leur utilisation comme drogues photoactivables. <p>Afin d’améliorer cette pénétration cellulaire, deux stratégies ont été développées dans le cadre de cette collaboration. La première consistait en la synthèse et l’étude de deux nouveaux complexes de Ru(II) possédant des N,N-ligands facilement fonctionnalisables :[Ru(TAP)2btz]2+ et [Ru(TAP)2pytz]²+. Les études électrochimiques et photophysiques ont montré que l’état ³MLCT de ces complexes était un excellent agent oxydant. Ces complexes pourraient donc photo-réagir avec une guanine pour former un photo-adduit. Néanmoins, une étude photophysique plus détaillée a montré que l’état excité du complexe [Ru(TAP)2pytz]²+ possédait une durée de vie plus longue que celui du [Ru(TAP)2btz]2+. Par ailleurs, le [Ru(TAP)2pytz]²+ est plus photostable dans l’eau que le [Ru(TAP)2btz]2+. Seul, le complexe de Ru(II) constitué de deux ligands TAP et d’un ligand pytz facilement fonctionnalisable pourrait donc être utilisé pour photo-réagir avec des biomolécules dans l’eau.<p>La deuxième stratégie concernait la synthèse et l’étude de complexes de Ru(II) à partir de ligands dérivés de calix[4 ou 6]arènes. Des stratégies de synthèses originales ont été mises au point pour greffer une unité phen ou pytz sur des calix[4 ou 6]arènes mono-fonctionnalisés. Par la suite, des antennes de reconnaissance cellulaire (sucres) ont été introduites sur les positions phénoliques restantes des calixarènes dans le but d’effectuer une vectorisation ciblée. Pour cela, l’alkylation des positions phénoliques par des groupes azido a été mise au point. Ces groupes azido ont alors été mis en réaction avec des sucres possédant une fonction alcyne afin d’obtenir des ligands multivalents. Après, une réaction de complexation avec les précurseurs métalliques de Ru(II), ces différents ligands ont conduit aux nouveaux complexes calix[4 ou 6]arène-Ru(II) désirés.<p>Les propriétés électrochimiques et photophysiques des différents complexes de Ru(II) ont ensuite été étudiées. L’état ³MLCT des différents complexes est un excellent agent oxydant. Cependant, l’étude des propriétés photophysiques a montré que seul le complexe [(TAP)2Rupytz’(diN3C6)2+ était un candidat potentiel pour photo-réagir avec des biomolécules. En effet, un quenching des durées de vie a été observé pour les complexes de Ru(II) possédant des groupes phénol. Il est probablement provoqué par un transfert d’électron intramoléculaire du phénol vers l’état excité du complexe. Un quenching de luminescence a également été observé avec le complexe [(TAP)2Ruphen’(trisN3C4)2+ qui est probablement dû à un TE intramoléculaire du complexe excité vers le groupe azido. Le complexe multivalent n’a pas pu être étudié dans le cadre de ce travail mais il devrait être intéressant pour photo-réagir avec une biomolécule. <p>La seconde partie de ce travail est le fruit d’une collaboration avec le Laboratoire de Matière Condensée et de Systèmes Electroactifs (équipe des Dr. P. Hapiot et C. Lagrost, UMR 6510, Université de RENNES 1) et avec le Pr. O. Reinaud (Laboratoire de Chimie et Biochimie pharmacologiques et toxicologiques, UMR 8610, Université Paris Descartes). <p>Our research is divided into two distinct parts. The first part was developed in collaboration with the Laboratory of Organic Chemistry and Photochemistry of the Professors Andrée De Mesmaeker and Cécile Moucheron (ULB). The research topic of this group consists in using polyazaaromatic Ru(II) complexes as potential drugs in anti-cancer therapy or as diagnostic agents in biological systems. However, because of their high hydrophilicity, these Ru(II) complexes can not penetrate cell membranes which prevents their use as photoreactive drugs.<p>In order to enhance the cellular uptake, two strategies have been developed in the frame of this collaboration. The first one has consisted in the synthesis and study of two new Ru(II) complexes from N,N-ligands that can be readily functionalized: [Ru(TAP)2btz]2+ and [Ru(TAP)2pytz]²+. The photophysical and electrochemical studies have shown that both complexes behave as excellent oxidizing agents in their ³MLCT state. Thus, these complexes could photo-react with a guanine to form a photo-adduct. However, a more detailed examination of the photophysical parameters has shown that the excited state lifetimes of the complex [Ru(TAP)2pytz]²+ is longer than that of [Ru(TAP)2btz]2+. Moreover, the [Ru(TAP)2pytz]²+ is more photostable in water than the [Ru(TAP)2btz]2+. So, the Ru(II) complex obtained by the combination of two TAP ligands and one functionalized pytz ligand is an attractive photoreagent for biomolecules.<p>The second strategy has involved the synthesis and study of Ru(II) complexes from ligands based on calix[4 or 6]arenes. Original strategies have been developed to graft one phen or pytz unit on mono-functionalized calix[4 or 6]arenes. Subsequently, cellular recognition subunits (sugars) were introduced on the phenolic positions of calixarenes in order to perform a targeted vectorization. For this, the alkylation of phenolic positions by azido groups has been developed. These azido groups were then reacted with alkyne-glycoside to obtain multivalent ligands. After a complexation reaction with Ru(II) precursors, these ligands have led to new calix [4 or 6] arene-Ru(II) complexes. <p>Then, the photophysical and electrochemical properties of the different Ru(II) complexes were studied. The various complexes are sufficiently oxydizing in their ³MLCT. However, the study of their photophysical properties has shown that only the complex [(TAP)2Rupytz'(diN3C6)2+ could be a potential candidate to photo-react with biomolecules. Indeed, a quenching of lifetimes has been observed for the Ru(II) complexes with phenolic groups. It is probably due to an intramolecular electron transfer from the phenolic groups to the excited state of the complex. A luminescence quenching was also observed with the complex [(TAP)2Ruphen'(trisN3C4)]2+ probably because of an intramolecular electron transfer from the excited complex to the azido group. The multivalent complex has not been studied but it should be a valuable candidate to photo-react with a biomolecule. <p>The second part of this work is the result of a collaboration with the Laboratory of Condensed Matter and Electroactive Systems (Doctors Philippe Hapiot and Corinne Lagrost team, UMR 6510, Université de Rennes 1) and With the Professor Olivia Reinaud (Laboratory of Chimie et Biochimie pharmacologiques et toxicologiques, UMR 8610, Université Paris Descartes). / Doctorat en Sciences / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

Electron transfer, ET, and proton-coupled electron transfer, PCET, reactions are central to biological reactions involving catalysis, energy conversion and energy storage. The movement of electrons and protons in either a sequential or concerted manner are coupled in a series of elementary reaction steps in respiration and photosynthesis to harvest and convert energy consumed in foodstuffs or by absorption of light into high energy chemi-cal bonds in the form of ATP. These electron transfer processes may be modulated by conformational dynamics within the protein matrix or at the protein-protein interface, the energetics of which are still not well understood. Photoacoustic calorimetry is an estab-lished method of obtaining time-resolved reaction enthalpy and volume changes on the nanosecond to microsecond timescale. Photoacoustic calorimetry is used here to probe 1) the energetics and volume changes for ET between the self-assembled anionic uroporphy-rin:cytochrome c complex and the role of the observed volume changes in modulating ET within the complex, 2) the enthalpy and volume change for the excited state PCET reac-tion of a tyramine functionalized ruthenium(II) bis-(2,2'-bipyridine)(4-carboxy-4'-methyl-2,2'-bipyrine) meant to be a model for the tyrosine PCET chemistry carried out by cyto-chrome c oxidase and photosystem II, 3) the enthalpy and volume changes related to car-bon monoxide and tryptophan migration in heme tryptophan catabolic enzyme indoleam-ine 2,3-dioxygenase.

This thesis work is based on an investigation of intermediates involved in various metal mediated catalytic reactions such as hydrogenation, hydroboration, functionalization of methane etc. An intermediate dictates the energetics of the catalytic cycle of these reactions. Therefore, it is important to study such types of intermediates in order to design a better catalyst. These intermediates are called σ-complexes in which a σ-bond is coordinated to the metal center at some stage of the reaction coordinate. These species are rarely stable at ambient conditions which create difficulties in exploring their chemistry. Our aim is to study the effect of ancillary ligands on the coordination properties of a σ-bond ligand. We chose two different classes of σ-complexes – one contains a B–H σ-bond as a ligand, i.e., σ-borane complex and another contains a H–H σ-bond as a ligand, i.e., σ-dihydrogen complex. Both M–H–B and M–H2 interactions are 3-center-2-electron coordination bonds comprised of two bonding components. One is σ-donation, which is present in both and another is π-back donation from the metal center, which is negligible in the σ-borane complexes contrary to the σ-dihydrogen complexes. The bonding characteristics of M–H–B and M–H2 interactions suggest that an electron deficient metal center is necessary to study the σ-borane complexes with reasonable stability. Thus, we selected an early transition metal, i.e., Cr(0) bearing arene and CO ancillary ligands, for studying the σ-borane complexes. On the other hand, the cis-dihydrogen/hydride and cis-dihydrogen chloride complexes were studied on a late transition metal center, i.e., Ru(II) bearing phosphine and N–N bidentate ligands. Ammonia-borane is known to be a potential hydrogen storage material. Therefore, we picked up the catalytic dehydrogenation reaction of this compound and intended to investigate the interaction between a metal center and the BH σ-bonds of amine-boranes. We characterized the σ-borane complexes [(η6-arene)Cr(CO)2(η1-H–BH2•NMe3)] (arene = fluorobenzene, benzene, and mesitylene), and observed an interesting correlation between the electronics and stability of these species. This was the first report of σ-borane systems possessing an η6-arene ligand. A prototype homobimetallic σ-borane complex, [(η6-C6H5CH2NMe2•BH2–HCr(CO)5)Cr(CO)3] was characterized using single crystal X-ray crystallography. An intramolecular σ-borane complex, (η1-(η6-C6H5CH2NMe2•BH2–H))Cr(CO)2 was found to possess an interesting chelation of the η6-arene, and BH coordination sites of its amine-borane moiety with the Cr(0) center. These σ-borane complexes showed an interesting dynamics in the binding interface between the metal center and the borane ligand. Free energy of activation (ΔG#) for this process was estimated to be 30-40 kJ/mol. To explore certain σ-dihydrogen complexes we investigated the chemistry of cis-dihydrogen/hydride complexes of Ru(II) bearing phosphine and N-N bidentate ligands cis,trans-[RuH(η2-H2)(PPh3)2(N-N)][OTf] (N-N = 2, 2′-bipyridyl, 2, 2′-bipyrimidine) in detail. In those cases, we established that the adjacent hydride ligand has large influence on the dihydrogen coordination. The η2-H2 and hydride ligands showed a single 1H NMR spectral signal due to fast site exchange among each other. We established the mechanism and calculated the free energy of activation (ΔG# = 8-13 kJ/mol) of this dynamics. These complexes were found to be stable at ambient conditions although, a labile dihydrogen ligand is present in the coordination sphere of the metal center. In fact, we could obtain the single crystals of cis,trans-[RuH(η2-H2)(PPh3)2(bpy)][OTf]. The molecular structure of a σ-complex in which a σ-bond (before it gets completely formed or broken) acts as a ligand is what fascinates this area in chemistry. A cis-dihydrogen chloride complex, cis,trans-[RuCl(η2-H2)(PPh3)2(bpm)][OTf] was characterized unambiguously using NMR spectroscopy. The H-H distance (dHH) for the η2-H2 ligand of these complexes were estimated to be 0.9-1.0 Å. We attempted to observe some σ-methane species spectroscopically at low temperatures. Unfortunately, these species were quite unstable for exhibiting the NMR spectral signals even at low temperatures. Nevertheless, we investigated the reactivity of cis,trans-[RuHX(PPh3)2(N-N)] (X = H, Cl; N-N = 2, 2′-bipyridyl, 2, 2′-bipyrimidine) towards a methylating agent, CH3OTf. This reaction resulted in methane evolution by the combination of the hydride ligand of a Ru(II) complex and the CH3+ moiety of CH3OTf. This reaction was carried out in a sealed tube inside a NMR probe at ~183 K and monitored for a long period of time; however, the methane bound metal species was not observed. Perhaps, the longevity of this class of σ-methane complex falls below the NMR time scale.

Graphene-based hybrid materials and transition metal complexes play an important role in the science of materials and catalysis, as well as in other technological fields, as highlighted in the literature. In this doctoral thesis new hybrid nanomaterials based on different transition metal complexes (mono- and multimetallic) anchored on the surface of graphene oxide or graphene oxide modified with organic groups have been developed. This doctoral memory constitutes a "classic" work from the point of view of content structure, which are distributed over seven chapters. In the first chapter, the general considerations and applications of graphene and associated hybrid materials are presented together with a classification of strategies of synthesis and chemical structure of graphene oxides under study. Next, the second chapter addresses the objectives of this research work focused on the study of hybrid nanomaterials based on transition metals and graphene. The third and fourth chapter focuses on the synthesis of delaminated graphene oxide by modifying the conventional Hummers method, which provides the laminar support on which donor oxygen and nitrogen groups are covalently anchored. These groups allow the coordinating or axial immobilization of a chiral Mn (III) -salen complex, to provide hybrid nanocatalysts directed to the enantioselective epoxidation of prochiral alkenes. In the fifth chapter of this specification, the chemical modification of graphene oxide is described by amidation and acylation reactions of the carboxylic groups and by the covalent anchoring of a ruthenium (II) organometallic complex. Hybrid nanomaterials are studied in the catalytic racemization of (S) -1-phenylethanol, and the multifunctional enzyme catalyst (CALB)-Ru-OG in the kinetic resolution of 1- phenylethanol. The sixth chapter focuses on the coordinating immobilization of hexanuclear molybdenum (II) nanoclusters with halogens in graphene oxide to provide nanohybrids that have been investigated in the field of photocatalysis and whose activity has been compared with that obtained under homogeneous conditions. Specifically, photoreduction of H2O to H2 and photooxidation of certain organic substrates has been approached, taking advantage of the photoluminescent properties of the molybdenum (II) clusters and the electronic properties of the graphite materials. The characterization of the molecular complexes and nanomaterials synthesized throughout chapters 3-6 of the present thesis is carried out using chemical and structural analysis techniques and spectroscopic, chromatographic, surface and image techniques. The last chapter, and not the least important, highlights the conclusions obtained in this research. / Los materiales híbridos basados en grafeno y complejos de metales de transición juegan un papel importante en la ciencia de materiales y catálisis, así como en otros campos tecnológicos, según se destaca en la literatura. En esta tesis doctoral se han desarrollado nuevos nanomateriales híbridos basados en complejos metálicos de transición de diferente índole (mono- y multimetálicos) anclados en la superficie del óxido de grafeno u óxido de grafeno modificado con grupos orgánicos. Esta memoria doctoral constituye un trabajo "clásico" desde el punto de vista de estructura de contenidos, los cuales se distribuyen a lo largo de siete capítulos. En el primer capítulo, se exponen las consideraciones generales y aplicaciones de los grafenos y de los materiales híbridos asociados, junto con una clasificación de estrategias de síntesis y estructura química de los óxidos de grafeno objeto de estudio. A continuación, el capítulo segundo aborda los objetivos del presente trabajo de investigación centrados en el estudio de nanomateriales híbridos basados en metales de transición y grafenos. El tercer y cuarto capítulo se centran en la síntesis de óxido de grafeno deslaminado modificando el método de Hummers convencional, que proporciona el soporte laminar sobre el que se anclan covalentemente grupos oxígeno y nitrógeno dadores. Estos grupos permiten la inmovilización coordinativa o axial de un complejo de Mn (III)-salen quiral, para proporcionar nanocatalizadores híbridos dirigidos a la epoxidación enantioselectiva de alquenos proquirales. En el quinto capítulo de esta memoria, se describe la modificación química del óxido de grafeno mediante reacciones de amidación y de acilación de los grupos carboxílicos, y mediante el anclaje covalente de un complejo organometálico de rutenio (II). Los nanomateriales híbridos se estudian en la racemización catalítica del (S)-1-feniletanol, y el catalizador multifuncional enzima (CALB)-Ru-OG en la resolución cinética del 1-feniletanol. El sexto capítulo, se centra en la inmovilización coordinativa de nanoclústeres hexanucleares de haluros de molibdeno (II) en óxido de grafeno, para proporcionar nanohíbridos que se han investigado en el campo de la fotocatálisis y cuya actividad se ha comparado con la obtenida en condiciones homogéneas. Concretamente, se ha abordado la fotorreducción de H2O a H2 y la fotooxidación de determinados sustratos orgánicos, aprovechando las propiedades fotoluminiscentes de los clústeres de molibdeno (II) y las propiedades electrónicas de los materiales grafénicos. La caracterización de los complejos moleculares y de los nanomateriales sintetizados a lo largo de los capítulos 3-6 de la presente tesis se lleva a cabo, mediante técnicas de análisis químico y estructural, espectroscópicas, cromatográficas, de superficie y de imagen El último capítulo y no por ello el menos importante, destaca las conclusiones obtenidas en este trabajo de investigación. / Els materials híbrids basats en grafè i complexos de metalls de transició juguen un paper important en la ciència de materials i catàlisi, així com en altres camps tecnològics, segons es destaca en la literatura. En aquesta tesi doctoral s'han desenvolupat nous nanomaterials híbrids basats en complexos metàl·lics de transició de diferent índole (mono- i multimetálicos) ancorats en la superfície de l'òxid de grafè o òxid de grafè modificat amb grups orgànics. Aquesta memòria doctoral constitueix un treball "clàssic" des del punt de vista d'estructura de continguts, els quals es distribueixen al llarg de set capítols. En el primer capítol, s'exposen les consideracions generals i aplicacions dels grafenos i dels materials híbrids associats, juntament amb una classificació d'estratègies de síntesi i estructura química dels òxids de grafè objecte d'estudi. A continuació, el capítol segon aborda els objectius del present treball d'investigació centrats en l'estudi de nanomaterials híbrids basats en metalls de transició i grafenos. El tercer i quart capítol se centren en la síntesi d'òxid de grafè deslaminat modificant el mètode de Hummers convencional, que proporciona el suport laminar sobre el qual s'ancoren covalentment grups oxigen i nitrogen donadors. Aquests grups permeten la immobilització coordinativa o axial d'un complex de Mn (III) -salen quiral, per proporcionar nanocatalitzadors híbrids dirigits a l'epoxidació enantioselectiva d'alquens proquirals. En el cinquè capítol d'aquesta memòria, es descriu la modificació química de l'òxid de grafè mitjançant reaccions de amidació i de acilació dels grups carboxílics, i mitjançant l'ancoratge covalent d'un complex organometàl·lic de ruteni (II). Els nanomaterials híbrids s'estudien a la racemització catalítica del (S) -1-feniletanol, i el catalitzador multifuncional enzim (CALB)-Ru-OG en la resolució cinètica de l'1-feniletanol. El sisè capítol, es centra en la immobilització coordinativa de nanoclústeres hexanuclears de molibdè (II) amb halògens en òxid de grafè, per proporcionar nanohíbrids que s'han investigat en el camp de la fotocatàlisi i l'activitat s'ha comparat amb l'obtinguda en condicions homogènies. Concretament, s'ha abordat la fotoreducció d'H2O a H2 i la fotooxidació de determinats substrats orgànics, aprofitant les propietats fotoluminiscents dels clústers de molibdè (II) i les propietats electròniques dels materials grafénics. La caracterització dels complexos moleculars i dels nanomaterials sintetitzats al llarg dels capítols 3-6 de la present tesi es du a terme, mitjançant tècniques d'anàlisi química i estructural, espectroscòpiques, cromatogràfiques, de superfície i d'imatge. L'últim capítol i no per això menys important, destaca les conclusions obtingudes en aquest treball de recerca. / Puche Panadero, M. (2017). Nanomateriales híbridos basados en complejos de metales de transición anclados sobre óxido de grafeno. Aplicaciones catalíticas [Tesis doctoral no publicada]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/86211 / TESIS

A l’Université Libre de Bruxelles, les complexes polyazaaromatiques du Ru(II) sont synthétisés et étudiés dans le cadre du développement d’outils de diagnostic de l’ADN, de drogues photo-activables, de nouveaux matériaux opto-électroniques … Certains de ces complexes possèdent une importante photoréactivité vis à vis de l’ADN ;elle résulte d’un transfert d’électron photo-induit entre une guanine, jouant le rôle de donneur, et le complexe dans un état excité 3MLCT. La photo-oxydation des acides aminés tryptophane et tyrosine a également été observée. La photo-oxydation de cibles biologiques peut conduire à la formation de photo-adduits covalents avec la guanine et avec le Trp. Ceci est à la base des travaux visant à développer des drogues photo-activables.\ / Doctorat en Sciences / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

Alkenes can undergo a variety of chemical reactions to form more complex molecules with a range of functional groups. This makes them useful starting materials for synthesizing a wide range of organic compounds. Chapter I provided an overview of the development history of alkenyl C−H bond activation. The early reactions of C−H compounds with metal complexes, as well as stoichiometric activation of the transition metal-activated C–H bond, were discussed. Then the first successful and efficient organometallic-catalyzed transformations of a C−H bond, the first transition metal-catalyzed vinylic C–H functionalization, and the first transition metal-catalyzed olefinic C–H functionalization under mild conditions were demonstrated. Finally, enantioselective vinylic C–H functionalization was discussed. In Chapter II, a method for enantioselective vinylic C(sp2)−H bond activation using a Ru(II) catalyst and a chiral transient directing group was developed. Chiral amine was also utilized to control the Z/E stereoselectivity. The method demonstrated a broad substrate scope with good yield, high Z/E ratio stereoselectivity, and excellent enantioselectivity. Its synthetic utility was demonstrated by the synthesis of key structural motifs of particularly useful natural products and pharmaceutical compounds. Additionally, a rare vinylic C−H bond activated ruthenic complex was isolated and determined by single-crystal X-ray diffraction. The methodology suggested in this work is expected to facilitate the further development of asymmetric vinylic C−H functionalization reactions. In Chapter III, a practical and efficient methodology for Ru(II)-catalyzed enantioselective alkenyl C–H bond functionalization of indole-substituted acrylaldehyde derivatives via the chiral transient directing group (CTDG) strategy to obtain optically active pyrrolo[1,2-a]indole derivatives was suggested. The methodology resulted in a series of optically active products with good yields (up to 80%), good stereoselectivity (up to 25.0:1 Z/E), and excellent enantioselectivity (up to 95% ee). Furthermore, synthetic transformations were explored. Chapter IV presented the first demonstration of a sequentially composed catalytic substitution reaction of alkenes for building multi-amido methylated derivatives while reserving the π- components. The process involved a simple Fe (III)-catalyst and bisamidomethane reagent, which directly and selectively transformed α-substituted styrenes into several biologically and pharmaceutically relevant N-heterocycles through tandem processes.

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