Methane is a potent greenhouse gas with a global warming potential 21 times that of carbon dioxide. Globally, ruminants are the main anthropogenic contributors to methane release to the atmosphere. Methane is produced in the gastrointestinal tract of ruminants, mostly within the rumen by methanogenic archaea. However, methane production represents a loss of 2 to 12% of dietary gross energy for the animal, which could otherwise be available for growth or milk production. Therefore, mitigation of methane production by ruminants could produce both economic and environmental benefits, with more sustainable and energy efficient livestock, and offering a promising way of slowing global warming. Despite extensive research undertaken to find ways of reducing methane emissions from ruminants, progress has been relatively limited. Furthermore, there is still a lack of studies linking rumen microbiology and ruminant nutrition and production. The central purpose of this research was to investigate feed additives to reduce methane emissions and to understand associated changes that occur in the rumen microbiota. For the first experiment (Chapter 2), biochar was evaluated as an antimethanogenic compound for beef cattle. The in vitro gas production technique was used to study the effects of biochar on rumen fermentation and methane production. Overall, methane production was reduced by 5% by the addition of biochar compounds (10 g/kg of substrate). The observed reduction in methane produced was not associated with a change in volatile fatty acid profile suggesting biochar primarily inhibited fermentation. Ammonia concentration was significantly reduced with biochar inclusion. Because different biochars had different effects on methane production, further investigation of relationships between the physicochemical properties of biochars and antimethanogenic effects are necessary. However, due to the small reduction in methane production recorded, research with biochar was discontinued. Encapsulated nitrate was then explored as an antimethanogenic additive and as an alternative non-protein nitrogen source to urea (Chapter 3). The effect of using encapsulated nitrate as a replacement for urea or dietary protein, plus the addition of inorganic sulphur, on enteric methane emissions, nutrient digestibility, nitrogen utilization and microbial protein synthesis from crossbred beef steers were studied. In addition, nitrate toxicity and eating behaviour were investigated. The inclusion of encapsulated nitrate reduced methane production compared to urea and a true protein source, with no adverse effects on rumen fermentation or nitrogen metabolism and no effects with the inclusion of elemental sulphur. The level of addition of encapsulated nitrate (14.3 g nitrate /kg DM) and the time of adaptation chosen for this study (14 days) were adequate to avoid nitrate toxicity. Finally, the effects of adding nitrate inclusion to different basal diets on rumen microbial populations and relationships of these populations with methane production were investigated (Chapter 4). The V4 hypervariable regions of the bacterial and archaea 16S rRNA genes were amplified and sequenced. Effects on microbial population induced by nitrate were dependant on the basal diet but nitrate altered specific archaeal and bacterial OTUs consistently between studies. A direct and strong correlation between some archaea taxonomic groups and OTUs with methane production was observed.

Submitted by Socorro Pontes (socorrop@ufersa.edu.br) on 2017-02-22T15:48:56Z No. of bitstreams: 1 KhaledSDAF_DISSERT.pdf: 1652583 bytes, checksum: 6b68b9459cfef1773aadaf9370dcd0dd (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-02-22T15:48:57Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 KhaledSDAF_DISSERT.pdf: 1652583 bytes, checksum: 6b68b9459cfef1773aadaf9370dcd0dd (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-08-25 / By theincreasing of pathogenic microorganisms resistance´s to drugs due to the indiscriminate use of antibiotics, there is the concern to seek alternative therapies. The diversity of medicinal plants known in the Caatinga is high and getting in the community suggests a strong correlation between the using and traditional knowledge of these plants. During breastfeeding, the umbilical stump becomes gateway to pathogens that can cause infection and subsequent death of the animals. The objective is to characterize the technological and social aspects of decoction use as an antiseptic of the inner bark of cashew (Anacardium occidentale) and bush plum (Ximeniaamericana) in the umbilical stump of sheep and goats in settlements of Mossoró / RN with producers of the “Associação de Criadores de Caprinos do Oeste Potiguar e Região de Mossoró –ASCCOM”. Statistical analysis (in vitro) was used a completely randomized arrangement, considering as treatments the concentrations of 100%, 50%, 25%, 12,5% and iodine and chlorhexidine as a positive control with three replicates in the analysis of inhibition of bacterial growth halo, with its analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by the application of the Tukey test at 5% probability. In the in vivo analysis, the application of decoctions happened once daily for 6 days and were collected swabs of navels and sent to the Veterinary Microbiology Laboratory of UFERSA, this was used Kruskal-Wallis test at 5% probability in comparison of treatments with iodine glycerin, decoction of the bark of A. occidentaleand X. americana., to observe the growth of bacterial colonies forming units. For the statistical analysis of data collected in the questionnaires it was used descriptive statistics. The results obtained for the presence of microorganisms such as Actinomycesspp., Acinetobacterspp., Aeromonasspp., Bacillus coagulans, Corynebacteriumsp., Citrobactersp., Escherichia coli, Enterobactersp., Pasteurella sp., Stomatococcusspp. Staphylococcusspp. and Xanthomonas maltophilia. The decoctions of A. occidentaleand X.americanapresented a great antiseptic action in vitroand in vivo. Most respondents had the age over of forty years old and had knowledge about the use of medicinal plants, had incomplete primary education and form of income was livestock. It was observed that Xamericana.is the most widely used plant. The main therapeutic indication is for wounds, the most used part of the inner bark and tea was, however, used orally or topically. A. occidentaleand knew X. Americanas herbal and had onfalopatia inthe cattle.The minority conductedtreatment with medicinal plants, although they believe in the use of medicinal plants efficiency. Most producers affirmed that the knowledge of the use of medicinal plants was passed on through family were traditional knowledge and conservation by maintaining the nature reserve. The inner bark of the cashew action prevents onfaloflebite. We can conclude that the plants A. occidentaleand X.americanaare an alternative as antiseptics, as well as the use of traditional knowledge about plants are a reality in the rural settlements of Mossoró / RN / Com aumento da resistência de micro-organismos patogênicos às drogas e uso indiscriminado de antimicrobianos, surge a preocupação para procurar alternativas terapêuticas. A diversidade de plantas medicinais conhecida na Caatinga é elevada e sua obtenção na comunidade sugere uma forte correlação entre uso e o conhecimento tradicional dessas plantas. Durante a amamentação, o coto umbilical se torna porta de entrada para patógenos que podem causar infecção e posterior óbito dos animais. Objetiva-se caracterizar os aspectos tecnológicos e sociais do uso do decócto como antisséptico da entrecasca do cajueiro (Anacardium occidentale) e da ameixa do mato (Ximenia americana) no coto umbilical de ovinos e caprinos em assentamentos de Mossoró/ RN, com produtores da Associação de criadores de caprinos do oeste potiguar e região de Mossoró – ASCCOM. Para análise estatística (in vitro) foi utilizado o delineamento inteiramente casualisado, considerando-se como tratamentos as concentrações de 100%, 50%, 25%, 12,5% e iodo e clorexidine como controle positivo, com três repetições na análise da inibição do halo de crescimento bacteriano, com respectiva análise de variância (ANOVA) seguida da aplicação do teste de Tukey ao nível de 5% de probabilidade. Na análise in vivo, a aplicação dos decóctos aconteceu uma vez ao dia, durante 6 dias e foram colhidos suabes dos umbigos e enviado ao laboratório de Microbiologia Veterinária da UFERSA, neste, foi utilizado teste de Kruskal-Wallis, ao nível de 5% de probabilidade, na comparação dos tratamentos com iodo, glicerina, decócto da entrecasca do A. occidentale e X. americana, para observação do crescimento das unidades formadoras de colônias bacterianas. Para análise estatística dos dados coletados nos questionários, utilizou-se estatística descritiva. Como resultados obteve-se a presença de micro-organismos como Actinomyces spp., Acinetobacter spp., Aeromonas sp., Bacillus coagulans, Corynebacterium sp., Citrobacter sp., Escherichia coli, Enterobacter sp., Pasteurella sp., Stomatococcus spp. Staphylococcus spp. e Xanthomonas maltophilia. Os decóctos de A. occidentale e X. americana apresentaram ótima ação antisséptica in vitro e in vivo. A maioria dos entrevistados apresentaram idade superior a quarenta anos e tinham conhecimento sobre a utilização de plantas medicinais, apresentavam ensino fundamental incompleto e a forma de renda era pecuária. Foi observado que a X. americana é a planta mais utilizada. A principal indicação terapêutica foi para feridas, a parte mais utilizada a entrecasca e a forma foi o chá, contudo, utilizada por via oral ou tópica. Conheciam A. occidentale e X. americana como fitoterápico e tiveram onfalopatia no rebanho. A minoria realizou tratamento com plantas medicinais, embora acreditem na eficiência do uso das plantas medicinais. A maioria dos produtores afirmaram que o conhecimento do uso de plantas medicinais era repassado através do conhecimento tradicional familiar e faziam a conservação através da manutenção da reserva natural. A ação de entrecasca do cajueiro previne a onfaloflebite. Podemos concluir que as plantas A. occidentale e X. americana são uma alternativa como antissépticos, bem como o uso o conhecimento tradicional sobre as plantas são uma realidade nos assentamentos rurais de Mossoró/ RN / 2017-02-22

DUARTE, Labib Santos. Determinação das frações protéicas e de carboidratos e estimativa do valor energético e da digestão intestinal da proteína de forrageiras e resíduos gerados no nordeste brasileiro. 2008. 63 f. : Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal do Ceará, Centro de Ciências Agrárias, Departamento de Zootecnia, Fortaleza-CE, 2008 / Submitted by Nádja Goes (nmoraissoares@gmail.com) on 2016-08-03T12:10:10Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2008_dis_lsduarte.pdf: 485965 bytes, checksum: 5813dcc8472e7d16b75c5faf44e57456 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Nádja Goes (nmoraissoares@gmail.com) on 2016-08-03T12:10:26Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 2008_dis_lsduarte.pdf: 485965 bytes, checksum: 5813dcc8472e7d16b75c5faf44e57456 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-03T12:10:26Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2008_dis_lsduarte.pdf: 485965 bytes, checksum: 5813dcc8472e7d16b75c5faf44e57456 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008 / The objective of this research was to characterize the protein and carbohydrate fractions,estimate energy values and evaluate the intestinal digestibility protein of algaroba (Prosopis juliflora), canafístula (Pithecellobium multiflorum), flor-de-seda (Calotropis procera), jitirana (Ipomea sp.), juazeiro (Ziziphus joazeiro), mata-pasto (Senna obtusifolia) and sabiá (Mimosa caesalpiniaefolia Benth), palma gigante (Opuntia ficus indica) and xique-xique (Cereus gounellei) and the agroindustry byproducts from pineapple (Ananas comosus L.), barbados cherry (Malpighia emarginata), cashew (Anacardium occidentale), coconut (Cocos nucifera L.), melon (Cucumis melo), passion fruit (Passiflora eduli), grape (Vitis labrusca) and anatto seeds (Bixa orellana L.). To obtain the carbohydrates fractions, according with Cornell Net Carbohydrate and Protein System (CNCPS) system, were calculated the total carbohydrates, their fractions B2, C and the soluble components in neutral detergent. It was determinated the potentially degradable (B2) and undegradable (C)fractions of the neutral detergent fiber, corrected for ashes and protein. The non-protein nitrogenous compounds, soluble and insoluble nitrogen in borate-phosphate buffer, nitrogenous protein insoluble in neutral and acid detergent were analyzed for the determination of the nitrogen fractions. To estimate Total Digestible Nutrients (TDN) had been used the equations proposals by National Research Council - NRC (2001). The feeds were incubated in rumen during 16 hours to determine the rumen-undegradable protein (RUDP), then the residue was incubated with pepsin solution during 1 hour, and pancreatic solution during 24 hours at 38°C, whose residues were analyzed for total nitrogen. The Malpighia emarginata and Cucumis melo showed substantial nitrogen content in fraction C which would reduce the disponibility of nitrogen for the rumen microorganisms and its host. The evaluated forages showed higher proportions of nitrogen in fractions A and B2, providing nitrogen for the rumen microorganisms. The percentage of fraction C in Malpighia emarginata and Cucumis melo at the expense of the B2 fraction would entail greater effect of ruminal fill and decreased availability of energy, for its characteristic of indigestibility along the gastrointestinal tract, when being tested for feeding animals. In the evaluated forages had been observed values of A+B1 fraction from 35.26 to 73.37%, for B2 fraction, from 3.87% to 28.45% and for C fraction from 17.34 to 40.63%. The fractions, A, B1, B2, B3 and C of nitrogenous compounds had presented variation from 9.84 to 42.33%; 1.58 to 11.47%; 48.63 to 80.10%; 0.70 to 6.13% and 0.43 to 2.86%, respectively. The byproducts carbohydrate fractions analyzed varied from 19.35 to 58.52%; 9.95 to 61.44% and 15.35 to 70.06, for A+B1, B2 and C, respectively. In turn, the nitrogenous compounds varied from 5.01 to 33.02%; from 1.69 to 15.23%; from 2.26 to 75.60%; from 1.53 to 40.26% and from 0.08 to 43.84% for fractions, A, B1 B2, B3 and C, respectively. The forages TDN values varied from 48.30 to 65.42%, while of by-products it varied from 31.41 to 128.9%. The estimate of RUDP in the forages ranged from 13.37% to 83.6%, and the byproducts RUDP ranged from 39,14 to 89.06%. The intestinal digestion of RUDP ranged from 26.09 to 80.68%, %, while for byproducts varied of 22,26 76.82%. The Mimosa caesalpiniaefolia Benth was the forage that presented better ID and better RUDPd, and the Calotropis procera, presented lowest values for these variables. For byproducts, the Cucumis melo presented the biggest value for DI, while the Cocos nucifera L. presented the lowest values for DI and RUDPd / Objetivou-se com o presente estudo caracterizar as frações de carboidratos e proteína e estimar o valor energético e a digestibilidade intestinal da proteína não-degradada no rúmen de alimentos por intermédio da técnica de três estágios da algaroba (Prosopis juliflora), da canafístula (Pithecellobium multiflorum), da flor-de-seda (Calotropis procera), da jitirana (Ipomea sp.), do juazeiro (Zizyphus joazeiro), do mata-pasto (Senna obtusifolia), do sabiá (Mimosa caesalpiniaefolia), da palma gigante (Opuntia fícus indica) e do xique-xique (Cereus gounellei) e dos subprodutos do abacaxi (Ananas comosus), da acerola (Malpighia emarginata), do caju (Anacardium occidentale), do coco (Cocos nucifera), do melão (Cucumis melo), do maracujá (Passiflora eduli), da uva (Vitis labrusca) e do urucum (Bixa orellana). Para obtenção do fracionamento dos carboidratos, de acordo com o sistema CNCPS, foram calculados os carboidratos totais, as suas frações B2, C e os componentes solúveis em detergente neutro. Foram determinadas as frações potencialmente degradável (B2) e não-degradável (C) da fibra em detergente neutro, corrigida para cinzas e proteína. Para determinação das frações nitrogenadas, foram analisados os compostos nitrogenados não-protéicos, nitrogênio solúvel e insolúvel em tampão borato-fosfato e nitrogênio protéico insolúvel em detergente neutro e em detergente ácido. Para a estimação dos Nutrientes Digestíveis Totais (NDT) foram utilizadas as equações propostas pelo NRC (2001). Para a determinação da digestibilidade intestinal da proteína não-degradada no rúmen, os alimentos foram inicialmente incubados no rúmen de fêmea bovina fistulada, por 16 horas para determinação da Proteína não-degradada no rúmen (PNDR), sendo o resíduo submetido à digestão com solução de pepsina durante 1 hora, e solução de pancreatina a 38°C durante 24 horas, cujos resíduos foram analisados para nitrogênio total. Acerola e melão apresentaram substancial conteúdo nitrogenado na fração C o que reduziria a disponibilidade de N tanto para microrganismos do rúmen quanto para o hospedeiro. As forrageiras estudadas apresentaram maiores proporções do nitrogênio nas frações A e B2, consequentemente disponibilizando nitrogênio para bactérias fermentadoras de carboidratos fibrosos. O percentual de fração C na acerola e no melão em detrimento da fração B2 acarretaria maior efeito de repleção ruminal e diminuição da disponibilidade energética, por sua característica de indigestibilidade ao longo do trato gastrointestinal, quando submetidos a ensaios de alimentação para animais. Nas forrageiras nativas e nas adaptadas ao clima da região Nordeste foram observados valores de fração A + B1 de 35,26 a 73,37%, para fração B2, de 3,87% a 28,45% e para fração C de 17,34 e 40,63%. As frações A, B1, B2, B3 e C dos compostos nitrogenados apresentaram variação de 9,84 a 42,33 %; 1,58 a 11,47%; 48,63 a 80,10%; 0,70 a 6,13% e 0,43 a 2,86%, respectivamente. As frações de carboidratos dos subprodutos analisados variaram de 19,35 a 58,52%; 9,95 a 61,44% e 15,35 a 70,06 para A+B1, B2 e C, respectivamente; enquanto para os compostos nitrogenados variaram de 5,01 a 33,02%; 1,69 a 15,23%; 2,26 a 75,60%; 1,53 a 40,26% e 0,08 a 43,84% para frações A, B1 B2, B3 e C, respectivamente. O NDT estimado das forrageiras variou de 48,30 a 65,42%, enquanto o dos subprodutos variou de 31,41 a 128,90%. A estimativa da PNDR das forragens variou de 13,37 a 83,6%, e dos subprodutos variou de 39,14 a 89,06%. A digestibilidade intestinal da PNDR das forragens variou de 26,09 a 80,68%, enquanto para os subprodutos variou de 22,26 a 76,82%. O sabiá foi a forrageira que apresentou a maior DI e o maior teor de PNDRd, e a flor-de-seda os menores valores; enquanto para os subprodutos, o melão apresentou o maior valor para DI, entretanto o caju forneceu maior teor de PNDRd, enquanto o coco apresentou os mais baixos valores para DI e PNDRd

This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of microbial feed additives Megasphaera elsdenii NCIMB 41125 and Saccharomyces cerevisiae 1026, individually and combined on rumen pH,ammonia-N and volatile fatty acids (VFAs) fermentation. An in vitro batch fermentation was conducted using rumen fluid from two early lactating Holstein cow donor fed the TMR for lactating cows which was evaluated under two diets, differing in concentrate to forage ratio. The diets were high concentrate, a 60:40 concentrate to forage ratio diet (HC) and low concentrate, a 40:60 (LC) concentrate to forage ratio diet. The treatments were; Control (diet with no additives), Me (diet with M. elsdenii NCIMB 41125 10mm (108 CFU/ml)), LY (diet with live yeast, S. cerevisiae 1026), and Me+LY (diet with mixture of M. elsdenii and S. cerevisiae). The average rumen pH was 5.8 and ammonia nitrogen was not affected by Me and LY supplemented separately or in combination (Me+LY) in both low and high concentrate diets. Total VFAs were increased with the addition of LY alone and in combination Me+LY+Me) in high concentrate diet only but the addition of Me had no effect in both diets. Acetate, lactate and A: Pr were decreased (P<0.05) by all the treatments (Me and LY alone and in combination) on both diets, except in high concentrate diet where the addition of Me tended to decrease (P<0.07) acetate and had no effect on lactate. Propionate was increased by all the treatments in low concentrate diet and tended toincrease (P<0.08) by addition of Me and Me+LY in high concentrate diet. In a low concentrate diet, butyrate was increased by LY but tended to be decreased by Me, however, all the treatments lacked effects on high concentrate diet. Live yeast appears to act differently compared to Me by showing two times more effects on high than low concentrate diets.This in vitro study showed that both Me and LY had a tendency to modify rumen fermentation and that might indicate their potential to mitigate the metabolic challenges and improve energy status of Holstein dairy cows during the transition and early lactation period. However, there is a need for further research that will include in vivo study. / Agriculture, Animal Health and Human Ecology / M.Sc. (Agriculture)

Master of Science / Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology / A. Sally Davis / Rift Valley fever virus (RVFV) is a mosquito-borne, zoonotic Phlebovirus that is a significant threat to ruminants and humans. RVFV is categorized as an overlap Select Agent by the Department of Health and Human Services and US Department of Agriculture. Therefore, the study of RVFV’s pathogenesis and the development of novel diagnostic tools for the prevention and control of outbreaks and virus spread is crucial. RVF is endemic to sub-Saharan Africa but has spread beyond the continent to the Arabian Peninsula indicating the competence of the virus to emerge in new areas. Thus, the high likelihood of RVF’s spread to other non- endemic countries also spurs the need for development and implementation of rapid diagnostic tests and surveillance programs. In the US, RVFV is a Select Agent, requiring BSL-3 enhanced containment practices for research work. First, we developed a method for the detection of RVFV RNA by reverse transcriptase real-time PCR (RT-qPCR) using non-infectious, formalin- fixed, paraffin-embedded tissues (FFPET). The results from FFPET RT-qPCR were compared to prior results for fresh-frozen tissues (FFT) RT-qPCR, as well as immunohistochemistry and histopathology completed on the same FFPET blocks. We developed a novel technique using a rapid and low cost magnetic bead extraction method for recovery of amplifiable RVFV RNA from FFPET. FFPET RT-qPCR can serve as an alternative tissue-based diagnostic test, which does not require a BSL-3 research facility. Second, we assessed the diagnostic accuracy and precision of a recombinant RVFV nucleoprotein based competitive ELISA (cELISA) assay to detect RVFV antibodies. The cELISA results were compared to the virus neutralization test, the gold standard serological assay for RVFV. This prototype cELISA is easy to implement, sensitive, specific, and safe test for the detection of antibodies to RVFV in diagnostic and surveillance applications. RVF is an important transboundary disease that should be monitored on a regular basis. The diagnostic tests developed and validated in this thesis could be used in endemic or non-endemic countries for the early detection of RVF and assist with the implementation of countermeasures against RVFV.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:31:08Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2010-12-17Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T18:41:46Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 neves_cc_dr_jabo.pdf: 2791304 bytes, checksum: 7af619b3158300bba96bd70e5b01b52a (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Neste trabalho foram utilizados 14 ovinos machos adultos, seis castrados e oito não castrados da raça Santa Inês com o peso médio de 32 kg. Foi realizado estudo macroscópico (topográfico e biométrico) e microscópico (histológico) das glândulas vesiculares e bulbouretrais com o objetivo de averiguar o comportamento dessas glândulas nos animais castrados e não castrados. Para o estudo macroscópico realizou-se a descrição destas duas glândulas, e avaliou-se a biometria após a dissecação e mensuração do peso, comprimento, altura e a largura das respectivas glândulas. Para a histologia foram obtidos fragmentos das respectivas glândulas os quais foram recortados, obteu-se cortes histológicos de cinco micrômetros sendo diafanizados em benzol e processados para inclusão do material em paraplast e corados com Hematoxilina-eosina e fotodocumentados em fotomicroscópio Olympus BX 50. Morfologicamente pode-se documentar que toda a sua topografia apresentou semelhança à espécie bovina, e na biometria evidenciouse medidas macroscópicas menores (p<0,05) das glândulas de ovinos castrados em relação aos não castrados, exceto para o peso vivo dos animais e peso relativo das glândulas vesiculares (p>0,05). Histologicamente verificou-se que a glândula vesicular é um tubo enrolado sobre si mesmo seccionado em diferentes posições. Separando-o há uma delgada camada de tecido conjuntivo frouxo. A mucosa é pregueada e o epitélio é prismático simples com células altas ricas. A lâmina própria possui fibras elásticas e está envolta por uma camada muscular lisa, constituída por duas lâminas: uma interna, de fibras circulares e outra externa, de fibras longitudinais. A camada adventícia é constituída por tecido conjuntivo frouxo. Os ductos excretores principais estão revestidos por epitélio prismático biestratificado... / In this project, 14 adult male sheep were used. six of them were castrated and eight non-castrated, and they were all Santa Ines breed, weighing 32kg in average. A macroscopic (topographic and biometric) and microscopic (histologic) study of the vesicular and bulbourethral glands was carried out with the aim of investigating the behavior of these glands in the castrated and non-castrated animals. For the macroscopic study, the description of these two glands was carried out, and the biometry after the dissecation, and weight, length, height and width measurement of the respective glands was evaluated. For the histology, fragments of these glands were obtained and cut. The obtained histological cuts of five micrometers were diaphanized in benzol and processed for the inclusion of the material in paraplast and stained with Hematoxylin and eosin and photo documented in photomicroscope Olympus BX 50. Morphologically, all its topography can be documented presenting similarity to the bovine species, and in the biometry it has evidenced smaller macroscopic measurements (p<0,05) comparing the glands of the castrated ovines and the non-castrated ones, except for the live weight of the animals and relative weight of the vesicular glands (p>0,05). Histologically, it has been verified that the vesicular gland is a tube coiled round itself sectioned at different positions. There is a thin layer of loose connective tissue separating it. The mucosa is wrinkled and the simple prismatic epithelium is composed of high cells that are rich. The blade itself has elastic fibers and is wrapped by a layer of smooth muscle, composed by two blades: an internal one, composed of circular fibers and an external one, composed of longitudinal fibers. The tunica adventitia is composed by loose connective tissue. The main excretory ducts are covered by bistratified prismatic epithelium... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)

Objetivou-se avaliar a influência da monensina sódica sobre o acúmulo hepático de cobre em ovinos. Haja vista, que ionóforos podem alterar a absorção, disponibilidade e distribuição tecidual de minerais em muitos tecidos do organismo. Foram utilizados 24 ovinos mestiços das raças Santa Inês x Dorper com média de três meses de idade e peso medio de 30 kg ao início do experimento, que receberam dieta basal calculada em 2,75% do peso corpóreo, sendo 50% de concentrado comercial (7,13 ppm de Cu) e 50% de feno de capim coast-cross (3,72 ppm de Cu) e 10 gramas de sal mineral (5,9 ppm de Cu). Os cordeiros foram distribuídos em quatro grupos distintos, sendo: Controle apenas dieta basal; Monensina (Mon) - dieta basal e 30 ppm de monensina sódica; Cobre (Cu) - dieta basal acrescida de 10 mg/kg P.V./dia de cobre, na forma de sulfato de cobre pentahidratado; e grupo Monensina+Cobre (MonCu) - dieta basal acrescida de 10 mg/kg P.V./dia de cobre e 30 ppm de monensina sódica. O período experimental teve duração de 14 semanas. Foram coletadas amostras de figado e bile no início por biópsia, e ao final do experimento por necropsia, para determinação de minerais, assim como amostras semanais de sangue para avaliação bioquímica, hematológica e mineral. Foi realizada análise estatística por meio de fatorial 2x2 considerando como fatores a inclusão ou não de cobre e monensina na dieta. Somente um animal apresentou quadro clínico de intoxicação cúprica acumulativa. As concentrações de cobre no fígado no início do experimento variaram entre 243,8 e 345,4 ppm não havendo diferença entre os grupos experimentais. As concentrações médias e desvios-padrão em ppm do cobre hepático ao final do experimento foram 3.363 ± 576 para o grupo MonCu; 2560 ± 524 para o grupo Cu; 562 ± 168 para o grupo Mon e 253 ± 131 para o grupo Controle. Ao final do estudo a concentração de cobre hepático foi influenciada pela suplementação com cobre (P = 0,0001) e monensina (P = 0,0003). Os grupos suplementados com cobre tiveram redução dos teores de ferro hepático (P = 0,0287) e aumento das concentrações de cobre na bile. A avaliação bioquimica demonstrou elevação da atividade sérica da GGT e AST (P < 0,05) nos grupos Cu e MonCu a partir da décima primeira semana do experimento em relação aos grupos Controle e Mon. O aumento da atividade destas enzimas foram influenciadas pela suplementação de cobre (P = 0,0340), enquanto os grupos suplementados com monensina apresentaram menores valores de creatinina quinase. Os resultados obtidos permitem concluir que a monensina interfere positivamente com o acúmulo hepático de cobre sendo que a sumplentação deste aditivo pode predispor a quadros de intoxicações cúprica em ovinos. / The aim of this study was to verify if monensin can change the accumulation of cooper in the liver of sheep, in view of ionophores can alter the absorption, availability, tiissue distribution of many minerals in the body. Twenty four crossbred Dorper X Santa Inês lambs wiht mean age of 3 months and wheitgh 30 kg at the begining of trial recived a basal diete calculated by 2,75% of body wheigth of 50% concentrade (7,13 ppm of Cu) and 50% cost-cross hay (3,72 ppm of Cu) and 10 g of mineral salt (5,9 ppm of Cu). Lambs were randomly distributed in four groups: Control: basal diet, Mon Group reciving basal diet plus 30 mg of monensin; Cu group: basal diet plus 10 mg Cu B.W of CuSO4.5H2O solution; Group CuMon: basal diet plus 30 mg of monensin and 10 mg of Cu B.W. The exeperimental period lasted for fourteen weeks. Liver samples were obtined by liver biopsy initially and at the end by necropsy when lambs were slaughterd. Blood samples were obtained weekly for determination of biochemical, hematological and mineral. Statistical analysis using a 2x2 factorial was conducted considering the factors copper and monensin in the diet and the interaction between them to evaluate the hepatic copper at the beginning and at the end of the study. Only one of animal of group MonCu exhibit clinical sings of copper toxicosis. Copper concentrations in the liver at the beginning of the experiment ranged between 243,8 and 345,4 ppm with no difference between experimental groups. Mean concentrations and standard deviations in ppm of hepatic copper at the end of the experiment were 3,363 ± 576 for MonCu group; 2560 ± 524 for Cu group; 562 ± 168 for the Mon group and 2538 ± 131 for the control group. At the end of the study liver concentrations and total hepatic copper accumulation were influenced both by the amount of dietary copper (P = 0.0001) and of monensin (P = 0.0003). The groups supplemented with copper had reduced levels of hepatic iron (P = 0.0287) and increased concentrations of copper in the bile. The biochemical evaluation demonstrated elevated serum AST and GGT activity (P <0.05) with Cu and MonCu from the eleventh week of the experiment compared to the control groups and Mon. The increased activity of these enzymes were influenced by copper supplementation (P = 0.0340), while group monensin had lower values of creatinine kinase. The results indicate that monensin interferes positively with hepatic copper accumulation and supplementation of this additive can predispose cupric poisoning in sheep.

O fósforo (P) é responsável por funções essenciais nos ruminantes, tais como transporte de energia, formação dos fosfolipídeos e efeito tampão no rumem. A falta desse mineral pode prejudicar o apetite e conseqüentemente causar a perda de peso. Entretanto, o seu fornecimento em excesso leva a perda por excreção que pode causar poluição quando o P alcança as águas de rios e mananciais. O objetivo desse trabalho foi utilizar a modelagem matemática como ferramenta para o estudo do metabolismo e cinética do P em ruminantes. Dezesseis ovinos machos jovens foram alimentados com dietas contendo diferentes fontes de cálcio (Ca) e níveis semelhantes de P e Ca. Após adapatação às dietas os animais receberam uma injeção única contendo 7,4 MBq de 32P e 7,4 MBq de 45Ca. As coletas de fezes, urina e sangue foram feitas diariamente durante sete dias para análise desses minerais. Depois de sacrificar os animais, foram coletadas amostras de tecidos moles (rins, fígado, coração e músculo) e ossos para análise do P e do Ca. Num primeiro trabalho, os dados obtidos foram utilizados para revisar o modelo Vitti, e dados referentes ao P do fitato foram adicionados ao modelo. Os resultados referentes aos fluxos obtidos entre os ossos e o plasma (23,8 e 22,9 g/d) foram maiores do que os fluxos entre os tecidos e o plasma (3,35 e 2,83 g/d), refletindo a maior precisão do modelo revisado. As predições do modelo quanto à absorção e excreção do P do fitato poderão ser utilizadas em estudos futuros relativos ao seu metabolismo em ruminantes. No segundo trabalho, os tratamentos contendo as diferentes fontes de cálcio (calcário, feno de alfafa, polpa cítrica e farinha de conchas de ostras) foram comparados através da análise estatística dos fluxos obtidos de dois modelos: Vitti revisado (VD) e modelo Fernandez revisado por Lopes (FL). Os resultados referentes à presença de Ca líquido nos ossos estão de acordo entre os modelos VD e FL, no entanto o modelo VD apresentou maior valor de retenção líquida de Ca nos tecidos. Ambos os modelos mostraram o mesmo padrão para os fluxos de P, assim como para as retenções líquidas de P nos ossos e tecidos. Os modelos refletiram de maneira semelhante o metabolismo do P. No terceiro trabalho, o modelo VD foi utilizado para avaliar o efeito de diferentes níveis de suplementação de P na dieta sobre o metabolismo do P em ovinos em crescimento (0; 1,5; 3,0; 4,5 g de P/animal/dia correspondendo aos tratamentos T1, T2, T3 e T4 respectivamente). O maior valor para o P absorvido nos ossos foi obtido pelos animais do T4 que excretaram os maiores níveis de P nas fezes. O T3 forneceu o melhor nível de P para essa categoria de animal, pois o P absorvido nos ossos e tecidos indicou que a absorção total de P foi adequada. Como conclusão final dos três trabalhos realizados, pode-se afirmar que o modelo VD é uma importante ferramenta para ser utilizada no estudo do metabolismo do P em ruminantes / The phosphorus (P) is responsible for essential functions in ruminants as such energy transportation, phospholipids formation and buffer effect on rumen. The lack of this mineral can impair appetite therefore causing loss of weigh. However the excess of P provided leads to losses through excretion that can cause pollution when it reaches river and stream water. The objective of this work was to apply mathematical modeling as a tool to study P metabolism and kinetics in ruminants. Sixteen young male sheep were fed with diets containing sources of Ca and similar levels of P and Ca. After adaptation to diets the animals received a single injection of 7,4 MBq of 32P and 7,4 MBq of 45Ca. Collections of feces, urine and blood were made daily for 7 days for further P and Ca analyses. After animals were sacrificed, samples were collected from soft tissue (kidney, liver, heart and muscle) and bone for P and Ca analyses. In the first paper, the obtained data was used to revise Vitti model, and data from phytate P were added to the model. The results concerned to the fluxes obtained between bone and plasma (23,8 and 22,9 g/d) were greater than the fluxes between tissue and plasma (3,35 and 2,83 g/d) reflecting the better precision from the revised model. The model prediction for phytate P absorption and excretion can be further used in studies related do phytate P metabolism in ruminants. In the second paper, the treatments containing different Ca sources (limestone, alfalfa hay, citrus pulp and oyster shell meal) were compared using statiscal analyses from the fluxes obtained from two models: Vitti model revised (VD model) and Fernandez model revised by Lopes (FL model). The results concerned to the presence of net Ca in bone are in agreement between the two models; however the net Ca retention in tissue was greater for VD model. Both models showed the same pattern for P fluxes, as well as for net P retention in bone and tissue. The models reflected P metabolism in the same way. In the third paper, the Vitti model revised was used to assess the effect of different levels of P supplementation (0; 1,5; 3,0 and 4,5 g P/animal/ day corresponding to T1, T2, T3 and T4 respectively) upon P metabolism in growing sheep. The higher value for P absorbed in bone was obtained by animals from T4 that also excreted the greater levels of P in feces. The T3 provided the best P level for this animal category because P absorbed in bone and tissue indicated that total P absorption was adequate. As final conclusion from the accomplished work, it can be claimed that the revised Vitti model is an important tool to be used to study P metabolism in ruminants

Submitted by Mario BC (mario@bc.ufrpe.br) on 2016-08-03T12:08:22Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Tatiane Rodrigues da Silva.pdf: 904164 bytes, checksum: e0b2a02ffea31eda3f280d8b3c391bea (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-03T12:08:22Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Tatiane Rodrigues da Silva.pdf: 904164 bytes, checksum: e0b2a02ffea31eda3f280d8b3c391bea (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-08-04 / Mineral deficiencies are present throughout the country and represent a major loss factors in productivity creations of ruminants. The objective of this study was to review regarding mineral deficiencies, as well as a survey of clinical cases of copper deficiency in ruminants treated at the Veterinary Hospital of the Federal University of Campina Grande and characterize the status of trace elements in tissues of sheep and goats created in Paraiba semi-arid. Copper deficiency is initially identified in the state of Paraiba evaluated the database Clinic of Large Animal and Animal Pathology Laboratory of the Veterinary Hospital of the Federal University of Campina Grande in the year 1998 to the year 2011. During the survey data were highlighted in goats four delayed enzootic ataxia outbreaks and congenital copper deficiency case (swayback) in cattle and an outbreak of chronic diarrhea associated with hipocuprose. To trace the trace mineral profile was performed to determine the levels of copper, iron, molybdenum and zinc in samples of liver and serum of sheep and goats, raised and slaughtered in the backlands of Paraiba region, the dry and rainy seasons. The characterization of the trace mineral profile were identified in the serum of small ruminants, marginal copper deficiency and severe deficiency of iron and zinc. In hepatic dose found marginal deficiency of copper levels in both species and iron goats. The clinical presentations of copper deficiency in sheep and cattle and serum and liver marginal concentration of this element suggest that supplementation with copper is needed in grazing ruminants in the semiarid region of Paraíba. / As deficiências de minerais estão presentes em todo território nacional e representam um dos principais fatores de perda na produtividade em criações de ruminantes. O objetivo deste trabalho foi fazer uma revisão a respeito das deficiências de minerais, bem como um levantamento de casos clínicos de deficiência de cobre em ruminantes atendidos no Hospital Veterinário da Universidade Federal de Campina Grande e caracterizar o status de microminerais em tecidos de caprinos e ovinos criados no semiárido paraibano. Para identificação da ocorrência de deficiência de cobre no Estado da Paraíba avaliou-se o banco de dados do Ambulatório de Grandes Animais e do Laboratório de Patologia Animal do Hospital Veterinário da Universidade Federal de Campina Grande do ano de 1998 até o ano de 2011. Durante o levantamento de dados foram evidenciados em caprinos quatro surtos de ataxia enzoótica tardia e um caso de deficiência de cobre congênita (swayback) e em bovinos um surto de diarreia crônica associado a hipocuprose. Para traçar o perfil de microminerais foi realizada a determinação dos teores de cobre, ferro, molibidênio e zinco em amostras de fígado e soro de ovinos e caprinos, criados e abatidos na região do sertão paraibano, nas épocas seca e chuvosa. Na caracterização do perfil de microminerais foram identificadas na dosagem sérica de pequenos ruminantes, deficiência marginal de cobre e deficiência acentuada de ferro e zinco. Na dosagem hepática foram encontrados níveis de deficiência marginal de cobre nas duas espécies e ferro nos caprinos. As apresentações clínicas de carência de cobre em caprinos e bovinos e a concentração marginal sérica e hepática deste elemento sugerem que a suplementação com cobre é necessária em ruminantes em pastejo no semiárido da Paraíba.

Submitted by (edna.saturno@ufrpe.br) on 2016-10-14T15:16:10Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Kilder Henrique Guimaraes Alves.pdf: 610195 bytes, checksum: f77f942b9f6fec9c41704abdd022e4a2 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-10-14T15:16:11Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Kilder Henrique Guimaraes Alves.pdf: 610195 bytes, checksum: f77f942b9f6fec9c41704abdd022e4a2 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-10-08 / Ten Santa Inês lambs were used to study the effects of cumulative copper poisoning and the treatment with ammonium tetrathiomolybdate (TTM) on clinical profile, blood gas and oxidative metabolism. The lambs were drenched with increasing doses of copper sulfate until the onset of macroscopic hemoglobinuria. So the lambs were randomly distributed in two groups of five sheep each and treated (TTM) or not (C) with tetrathiomolybdate (3.4 mg/kg BW/ per day, for four days). All sheep C succumbed in four days of hemoglobinuria, while only one lamb died in the other group. The poisoning caused a typical clinical picture, creating major changes in various clinical parameters, together with determination of metabolic disorder, characterized by respiratory acidosis and metabolic alkalosis. With regard to the framework toxic oxidative metabolism caused intense formation of free radicals, showing a high serum malondialdehyde, reduction in the level of erythrocyte glutathione reduced, and increased the capacity anti-oxidant in plasma. High copper concentration in blood resulted in larger lipoperoxidation. The appropriate use of TTM in this status provided reduction in the formation of free radicals, increased the concentration of reduced erythrocyte glutathione, and also promoted gradual improvement of the clinical signs, clinical and gasometrical profile. / Para avaliar a influência da intoxicação cúprica cumulativa e do seu tratamento com tetratiomolibdato de amônia (TTM) no perfil clínico, hemogasométrico e metabolismo oxidativo, foram utilizados 10 cordeiros da raça Santa Inês que receberam doses crescentes de sulfato de cobre, até o surgimento de hemoglobinúria macroscópica. Neste momento foram distribuídos ao acaso cinco ovinos para cada um dos dois grupos; o primeiro foi mantido como controle (C) e o grupo subseqüente (TTM) tratado diariamente, no decorrer de quatro dias, com 3,4 mg TTM por kg de peso vivo. Todos os ovinos do grupo C sucumbiram no decorrer de quatro dias, enquanto que tal fato só ocorreu em um animal tratado com TTM. A intoxicação provocou um quadro clínico típico, gerando grandes alterações em diferentes parâmetros físicos, concomitantemente com determinação de distúrbio metabólico, caracterizado por acidose respiratória e alcalose metabólica. No tocante ao metabolismo oxidativo o quadro tóxico provocou intensa formação de radicais livres, representada por elevada concentração sérica de malondialdeído, redução no teor de glutationa reduzida eritrocitária, embora tenha aumentado a capacidade antioxidante no plasma. Quanto maior foi à concentração de cobre livre no sangue maior foi a lipoperoxidação. O uso adequado de TTM na intoxicação cúprica cumulativa em ovinos propiciou redução na formação de radicais livres, aumento da glutationa reduzida eritrocitária, melhora gradual do quadro clínico e dos sinais clínicos e hemogasométrico.