Doctorat en sciences sociales, politiques et économiques / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

Fondée sur trois séjours d’enquête ethnographique, cette recherche propose une analyse du système social de communautés rurales non indiennes de l'Amazonie péruvienne. Durant les années 1920, après l'effondrement de l'économie du caoutchouc et afin d'échapper à la domination des patrons latifundistas, un petit nombre de familles décident d'aller s’installer sur la partie haute de la rivière Momón (Alto Momón), un sous-affluent de l’Amazone, à proximité d’Iquitos. Sans aucune concertation préalable, en occupant l’espace alors dépeuplé de l’Alto Momón, ces « pionniers » saisissent l’opportunité d’inaugurer un mode de vie singulier combinant l'autosubsistance, l'échange marchand urbain et le travail saisonnier d'extraction du bois. Dans cette configuration, en étant à la fois proches du marché d’Iquitos mais relativement autonomes par rapport aux contraintes structurelles de la société capitaliste, les habitants de l’Alto Momón vont élaborer et rendre pérenne un système social alternatif aussi bien de l'univers urbain que de celui des autochtones amérindiens proches. Si au départ, ces nouveaux occupants n'entretiennent entre eux que de simples rapports de voisinage, aujourd’hui, près d’un siècle plus tard, ils se sont organisés en communautés acéphales et égalitaristes fondées sur un usage communautaire original des modes de communication (en langue espagnole). La thèse présente la genèse historique de ces communautés pour décrire et analyser ensuite leurs institutions et leurs pratiques matérielles. / This research, based on three ethnographic fieldtrips, analyses the social system of rural non-Indian communities in Peruvian Amazonia. During the 1920s, a few families decided to settle down on the higher part of the Momón river (Alto Momón), a sub-affluent of the Amazone, close to Iquitos, after the collapse of the rubber industry. Those “pioneers” occupied depopulated Alto Momón, without preliminary consultation, and took the opportunity to create a specific life style, which combines subsistence farming, urban economic exchanges and seasonal work for wood extraction. With this specific configuration (being close to the Iquitos market but relatively autonomous from the structural constraints of capitalism) the dwellers of Alto Momón created an alternative social system, which they managed to reproduce in the long run. This system departs both from the urban world and from the neighboring autochthonous Amerindian communities. At first, those new dwellers were only neighbors, but one century later, they are organized as acephalous and egalitarian communities, with an original communitarian use of communication (in the Spanish language). This dissertation presents the historical genesis of those communities, and then describes and analyses their institutions and material practices.

La recherche en anthropologie biodémographique effectuée sur un échantillon de la population rurale de Châteauponsac et des villages proches (Haute-Vienne) des XVIIIe et XXe siècles a permis d’analyser les changements survenus pour ces pays. Les données ont été tirées des registres d’état civil qui sont complets et permettent donc d’évaluer les modifications de la population de manière continue. Les analyses des mariages, c'est-à-dire les comportements sociaux et démographiques de la population (en particulier, choix conjugaux, métiers des conjoints, etc), ont pour but de compléter les données sociales et culturelles par celles de nature biodémographique et biologique (âge de la femme à son premier enfant, intervalle intergénésique, nombre de mariages complets, etc). Le calcul de endogamie, exogamie et consanguinité ont mis en évidence les caractéristiques importantes de ces populations.A partir des différents actes de naissance, de mariage et de décès, il a été ensuite procédé à la reconstruction des familles, tâche importante pour comprendre les problèmes liés à la nature intrinsèque de toute la communauté.Les recherches ont révélé le degré d’ouverture de la population examinée, laquelle est caractérisée par une endogamie de “vallée”, bien qu’il ne s’agisse pas d’une population de montagne. Mes études ont mis en évidence cet aspect et ont également analysé les effets de la transition démographique, le passage de l’ancien régime à la société moderne et les mouvements migratoires. Une interprétation plus exhaustive des résultats des études anthropologiques a été obtenue par l’intégration avec des données historique et par l’analyse des aspects géographiques et socioculturels. / The anthropological research worked out on a sample of rural population in Châteauponsac and in the nearby villages ( Haute Vienne) in XVIII and XX centuries has allowed us to analyze the changes occurred in these countries. The data have been taken from the civil state archives which are exhaustive and have allowed us to assess these changes in a continuous way. The data of marriages, which means the social and demographical behavior of the population complete social and cultural data with the bio-demographical and biological data ( age of women at their first child, intrinsic interval, etc). The calculation of endogamy, exogamy and consanguinity have highlighted the important features of these populations. Starting from these different birth, marriages and death records, we have reconstructed the families, which is an important task to understand the problems related to the nature of the whole community. The research have revealed the opening of the population which is characterized by a valley endogamy, although it is a mountain population. My studies have highlighted this aspect and have also analyzed the effects of the demographical transition, the shift from ancient to modern society and migratory flood. A more comprehensive interpretation of results of anthropological studies have been worked out through the integration with the historical data and through the analysis of geographical and socio-cultural data.

Embora a juventude possua papel fundamental no processo de desenvolvimento rural, sua posição é subalterna, deixando de receber o devido reconhecimento. Neste sentido, estudar as percepções e os projetos dos jovens, filhos de produtores rurais, é pertinente, em especial aqueles inseridos no cultivo de tabaco, uma vez que esta produção agrícola está presente em diversos municípios do estado do Rio Grande do Sul e em muitos destes, com significativa relevância econômica. Neste sentido, o presente estudo busca responder a seguinte questão: Como os jovens percebem o cultivo de tabaco e de que forma eles tem projetado suas vidas no meio rural? O recorte empírico limita-se ao município de Arroio do Tigre, no Vale do Rio Pardo, estado do Rio Grande do Sul, em função da importância que o cultivo de tabaco representa para economia local. O objetivo principal do estudo é investigar as percepções dos jovens acerca do cultivo de tabaco, buscando analisar a relação desta atividade com os seus projetos de vida no meio rural, e os objetivos específicos são: a) identificar quem são os atores, na arena de Arroio do Tigre, que participam do debate em relação à juventude rural, produção de tabaco e à diversificação produtiva; b) caracterizar os jovens, a partir do perfil social e econômico; c) analisar as percepções dos jovens acerca do cultivo de tabaco; d) desvelar os principais projetos dos jovens e verificar a influência das relações sociais locais na sua constituição; e, e) identificar as principais políticas públicas dirigidas aos jovens e averiguar a contribuição delas às percepções e projetos. Tendo em vista a heterogeneidade do meio rural e a capacidade de agência dos jovens, o aporte teórico-analítico utilizado no estudo foi à perspectiva orientada ao ator (POA), que surgiu na década de 1970, criticando as perspectivas estruturalistas e a falta de reconhecimento do papel dos atores sociais A pesquisa utilizou metodologia qualitativa, a partir de algumas técnicas etnográficas. As técnicas escolhidas para a coleta e obtenção de dados foram: estudo documental, bibliográfico e coleta de dados primários e secundários. Realizou-se uma dinâmica grupal com 14 jovens rurais e 18 entrevistas com jovens, filhos de produtores de tabaco que estão projetando as suas vidas no meio rural. Também se realizou 14 entrevistas e conversas informais com agentes de desenvolvimento e líderes locais. Fez-se ainda o uso da observação participantes sendo as informações anotadas num caderno de campo. Como principais resultados visualizaram-se que as problemáticas do universo jovens são pouco discutidas na arena local, o cultivo de tabaco não é predominante nos projetos de vida dos jovens e percebe-se a falta de ações e políticas específicas para os jovens rurais seja na esfera municipal, estadual e federal. / Beside that the youth has vital role in shaping the rural development, their importance is neglected and lacks due recognition. Consequently, studying the perceptions and projects related to youth, rural farmer’s children, particularly those who are tobacco producers. This agricultural activity is present in several municipalities in the state of Rio Grande do Sul and has a key important in rural economic. In this background, this study focus to address the following questions; how youth relies on the tobacco cultivation and how it had shaped their life style in rural areas? The study was carried out in the municipality of Arroio doTigre, in the Vale do Rio Pardo, Rio Grande do Sul. Keeping in view the importance of the tobacco cultivation to the local economy, the main objective of the study was to investigate the youth perceptions about tobacco farming and to monitor the relationship of this farming activity to frame their life standards in rural areas. The specific objectives include: a) to investigate who are the key stakeholder in the arena Arroio do Tigre, participating in debate focusing on rural youth and tobacco production and it’s production diversification; b) to characterize the youth from the social and economic point of view; c) to analyze the perceptions of youth about tobacco farming; d) to explore the principal projects of the youth and verify the influence of local social relations on its formation and e) to analyze the major public policies addressing the youth issues and to monitor its importance to fulfill their expectations and goals. Keeping in view the heterogeneity of rural areas and the capacity of the youth agency, the theoretical-analytical approach was used in the study and was oriented to the actor (POA), which emerged in the 1970s perspective, criticizing the structuralism perspective and neglecting the role of social stakeholders. The research used qualitative methodology beside from some ethnographic techniques. To acquire and collect data the techniques include, documentary study, bibliography, and collection of primary and secondary data. We made a dynamic group by choosing 14 young rural representatives, 18 interviews with rural youth and children of tobacco growers who are sustaining their lives in rural areas. We also conducted 14 interviews and informal discussions with development agents and local leadership, yet we also used the information which was recorded from public participation during field visits. The results suggested that the youth problems are seldom discussed at the local scale, the tobacco cultivation did not uplifted the rural life standards and do not fulfill the rural youth ambitions. Our findings further highlighted that there were no specific actions plans and policies are set for improvement of rural youth on the municipality, state and national scale.

Orientador: Nádia Farage / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Filosofia e Ciências Humanas / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-26T12:04:25Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Krasucki_LucasBerliner_M.pdf: 718955 bytes, checksum: d39493a37d3a04c08785c7b4c27ed0c3 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014 / Resumo: Este projeto visa uma análise da apropriação diferencial de técnicas e narrativas agroflorestais por agricultores familiares da Barra do Turvo, no Vale do Ribeira, São Paulo. Reunidos, atualmente, em torno da associação Cooperafloresta, esses agricultores tiveram contato com diversos ativistas, pesquisadores e cientistas, entre eles um dos sistematizadores do conceito de agrofloresta, Ernst Götsch, em 1996. A pesquisa buscará, portanto, compreender, do ponto de vista desses agricultores e agricultoras, os aspectos econômicos, sociais e simbólicos que permeiam a prática do cultivo de florestas, e de que forma tal prática se constitui e se insere num diálogo entre ciência e tradição, entre transnacionalidade e localidade, entre cultura letrada e cultura oral. Trata-se, portanto, de focalizar a imbricação do conhecimento tradicional e da ciência alternativa oferecida pela agroecologia, com ênfase na produção intelectual de pesquisadores das agroflorestas, nas representações da população local sobre a natureza ¿ vegetais, animais, solos e outros aspectos ¿, buscando mapear suas convergências, dilemas e eventuais conflitos / Abstract: This project aims to analyze different ways family farmers appropriate agroforestry techniques and narratives at Barra do Turvo, in Vale do Ribeira, state of São Paulo. Over time, these farmers that presently form the association Cooperfloresta have been in contact with many activists, researchers and scientists, including Ernst Götsch, himself one of the main systematizers of the agroforestry concept, whom they met in 1996. It is our goal to understand, from the point of view of these farmers, the economic, social and symbolic aspects of the practical cultivation of forests, and in what way this practice constitutes itself through, and is included in, a dialogue between science and tradition, transnationalism and locality, learned culture and oral culture. To this end, we focus on the interconnections between traditional knowledge and the alternative science put forward by agroecology, with special emphasis on the intellectual work of agroforestry researchers, and the local people's representations of nature - plants, animals, soil and other aspects - while striving to chart their convergence, dilemmas or possible conflicts / Mestrado / Antropologia Social / Mestre em Antropologia Social

Health disparities between the western, central and eastern regions of rural China, and the impact of national health improvement policies and programming were assessed. A total of 400 counties were randomly sampled. ANOVA and Logistic regression modeling were employed to estimate differences in health outcomes and determinants. Significant differences were found between the western, central and eastern rural regions in community infrastructure and health outcomes. From 2000 to 2010, health indicators in rural China were improved significantly, and the infant mortality rate (IMR), maternal mortality rate (MMR) and under 5 mortality rate (U5MR) had fallen by 62.79%, 71.74% and 61.92%, respectively. Central rural China had the greatest decrease in IMR (65.05%); whereas, western rural China had the greatest reduction in MMR (72.99%) but smallest reduction in U5MR (57.36%). Despite these improvements, Logistic regression analysis showed regional differences in key health outcome indicators (odds ratios): IMR (central: 2.13; western: 5.31), U5MR (central: 2.25; western: 5.69), MMR (central: 1.94; western: 3.31), and prevalence of infectious diseases (central: 1.62; western: 3.58). The community infrastructure and health outcomes of the western and central rural regions of China have been improved markedly during the first decade of the 21st century. However, health disparities still exist across the three regions. National efforts to increase per capita income, community empowerment and mobilization, community infrastructure, capacity of rural health facilities, and health literacy would be effective policy options to attain health equity.

Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI) / In 1973 the state of Indiana initiated a program to fluoridate the water in rural school systems to a concentration of 4.0 ppm. Today, the optimal concentration is 3.5 ppm. When it was initiated, school water fluoridation was a popular method of providing fluoride supplementation to children who didn't have access to community-fluoridated water. Today, only Indiana runs a school water fluoridation program, and the CDC has stated that continuation of these efforts should be based on caries risk, alternate preventive measures, and periodic evaluation of program effectiveness. The purpose of this study was to assess the efficacy of the Indiana school water fluoridation program in order to determine if children participating in the program develop less caries with no increased risk of fluorosis. Four hundred sixty students were examined from Northwestern Consolidated School Corporation in Shelby County (fluoridated school) and North Knox School Corporation in Knox County (non-fluoridated school). Three hundred ninety-one students were statistically evaluated, 204 from the fluoridated school and 187 from the non-fluoridated school. A thorough visual examination was conducted by the same examiner collecting data on DMFS, defs, and fluorosis in grades 1-6. DMFS scores were 28 percent less for fluoridated students compared with non-fluoridated students (0.95 versus 1.32). Although the effect of fluoridation status on caries in permanent teeth is not statistically significant, the author believes this difference may be clinically significant. Analysis of defs scores showed fluoridated students with 6 percent less defs than non-fluoridated students, although the results were not statistically significant. Only 3.92 percent of the students at the fluoridated school showed fluorosis, while 10.16 percent showed signs of mild fluorosis at the non-fluoridated school. Conclusion: While not statistically significant, children attending the school fluoridated with 3.5 ppm of fluoride developed less caries and suffered no increase of fluorosis compared with children attending schools not participating in the school fluoridation program. Further analysis is necessary through statewide blind examinations at numerous school systems to further assess the efficacy of the Indiana School Water Fluoridation Program.

No description available.

This study involved the design and testing of the Rural Urban Mortality Measurement (RUMM) technique. The technique generates independent estimates of rural and urban mortality for all age-groups by segregating death registration data into areas of similar characteristics to urban and rural areas. These areas are referred to as inferred urban and inferred rural populations in the study. In order to assess the reliability and validity of the RUMM technique, it was applied to the Philippine death registration data of 1975 and 1980, and to the 1980 death registration data . for Thailand and Peninsular Malaysia. This application followed several procedural stages involving evaluation and assessment of the reliability and completeness of death and population data. Application of the RUMM technique to Thailand and Peninsular Malaysia allowed the comparison of inferred urban arid inferred rural mortality estimates to the estimates generated for urban and rural areas. This is because Thailand and Peninsular Malaysia have rural and urban data on death registration. The assessment procedure which compared the closeness of the patterns and levels of mortality between inferred urban and urban areas, and between inferred rural and rural areas, showed no difference. The differences in survival ratios for each age-group and the mean differences were found to be close. to zero. This led to the conclusion that the mortality estimates for inferred urban and inferred rural populations are valid representations of· levels and patterns of mortality found in urban and rural areas. Therefore, in cases where rural and urban tabulations of deaths do not exist, RUMM technique provides a valid method for calculation of mortality estimates. This study also presented the strengths and weaknesses of the technique especially when applied to sub-national populations. Mainly, weaknesses result from using the Brass Growth Balance Equation to assess completeness of death registration. Substitution of alternative estimates of death registration completeness tends to strengthen the technique. Finally, this study showed the robustness of the RUMM technique as well as its non-dependence on any specific index of urbanization arid on any technique of assessing completeness-of death registration. / Ph. D.

lt;p align="justify"gt;Introdução: A saúde é considerada elemento essencial à vida das pessoas, e a doença representa uma ameaça a continuação da vida, sendo por isso evitada e temida. Os fenômenos de saúde e doença podem ser interpretados de diferentes formas, dependendo da ciência que os analisa e do contexto social, econômico, cultural e ambiental em que se expressam. Objetivo: No estudo realizado, procurou-se verificar as representações sociais de saúde e doença e sua relação com a perspectiva de gênero, a partir de usuários do Sistema Único de Saúde no município de Piedade de Caratinga/MG. Materiais e Métodos: Trata-se de um estudo de caso, onde a metodologia qualitativa foi adotada como principal forma de análise. Resultados: As práticas e representações dessas pessoas são fortemente influenciadas por informações obtidas através do corpo de conhecimento médico, com influência positivista e pela rede de informações formadas a partir do contexto social, cultural, econômico e histórico em que vivem. Conclusão: As mulheres aparecem como principais gestoras da saúde de suas famílias e tomam para si as tarefas e cuidados relativos à saúde e à doença, mesmo quando têm outras ocupações além do trabalho doméstico; quanto aos homens, adotam uma postura de afastamento, preocupam-se mais com assuntos relativos à subsistência familiar, neles a doença aparece como uma ameaça.lt;/pgt; / lt;p align="justify"gt; Introduction: The heath is looked upon as an indispensable element for the lives of the people, while disease appears as a threat for life continuation, thus it is avoided and feared. Health and disease phenomena may be interpreted in different forms, depending on the science that analyze them as well as the ambiental, cultural, economical and social context in which they occur. Objectives: In the study that was carried out aimed at verifying the social representation of health and disease and their relationship with the gender perspectives, starting with users of the Sistema Único de Saúde in Piedade de Caratinga municipality/MG. Methods: It deals with a case study where qualitative methodology has been used as the main form for analysis. Results: The uses and representation of those people are strongly influenced by the information coming from the staff members of medical knowledge, with positivist influence and for the information network coming from the historical, economical, cultural and social context in which they live. Conclusion: The women show up as the main managers of health care for their families and they take the tasks and cares related to health and disease into their own hands,even when they perform different tasks in addition to home works. As for the men, they adopt a distant posture and are much more concerned with the subjects relate to family subsistence, feeling disease as a menace.lt;/pgt;