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O novo monômero-ligante 3-imidapiridina-exo-7-oxabiciclo[2.2.1]-hept-5-eno-2,3-dicarboxilato (oxaNBE(3imdpy)) foi sintetizado e caracterizado por análise elementar (CHN), FTIR, difração de Raios-X e RMN (1H e 13C). Trata-se de um ligante monodentado com uma unidade de piridina apta a se coordenar a um centro metálico por uma extremidade da molécula, enquanto que a outra extremidade possui uma olefina cíclica que pode ser polimerizada via metátese por abertura do anel. Foram realizados estudos adicionais com monômeros-ligantes similares apresentando duas unidades de piridina por composto (oxaNBE(3amdpy)2 e NBE(3amdpy)2). Foi também sintetizado o monômero oxaNBE(imdPh). O composto oxaNBE(3imdpy) reagiu com o complexo cis-[Ru(H2O)2(phen)2], obtido in situ a partir do cis-[RuCl2(phen)2] em uma mistura 1:1 EtOH/H2O, onde phen é 1,10-fenantrolina, formando o novo complexo cis-[Ru(phen)2(oxaNBE(3imdpy)2](PF6)2. Esse complexo foi caracterizado por análise elementar (CHN), FTIR, RMN (1H; 13C; COSY; NOE), voltametria cíclica, espectrofotometria UV-vis, cálculos computacionais ab initio e investigou-se fotólise contínua e luminescência. Observou-se um único par redox por voltametria cíclica nos solventes MeOH (E1/2 = 0,63 V vs Ag/AgCl) e DMF (E1/2 = 0,72 V vs Ag/AgCl). Os espectros eletrônicos em MeOH, DMF, CH3CN, CH2Cl2 e CHCl3 apresentaram absorções típicas de complexos polipiridínicos de rutênio na regiâo de 440-500 nm que foram atribuídas a transferências de carga do metal para o ligante (MLCT) do Ru(4d) para a phen. A influência do meio sobre o comportamento em solução mediante fotólise foram avaliadas. Os espectros de absorção na região do UV-vis exibem perfis espectrais semelhantes em MeOH, CH2Cl2, CHCl3 e CH3CN, não obtendo-se correlações lineares com os parâmetros característicos dos solventes. Observou-se que os espectros eletrônicos na ausência ou presença de luz ambiente em MeOH, CH2Cl2 e CH3CN não apresentaram mudanças significativas, exceto para CHCl3. Fotólises a 450 nm indicaram mudanças espectrais nos solventes CHCl3 e CH2Cl2. Os espectros de emissão (excitação em 450 nm) do complexo não mostraram diferenças nos diferentes meios. O monômero-ligante oxaNBE(3imdpy) e o similar monômero oxaNBE(imdPh) formaram polímeros em presença de catalisadores de rutênio por 16 horas à temperatura ambiente, não ocorrendo o mesmo com o metalo-monômero cis-[Ru(phen)2(oxaNBE(3imdpy)2](PF6)2. Os monômeros-ligantes oxaNBE(3amdpy)2 e NBE(3amdpy)2oxaNBE(3amdpy)2 não formaram polímeros, bem como seus respectivos complexos. / The novel monomer-ligand 3-imidepyridine-exo-7-oxabicycle[2.2.1]-hept-5-ene-2,3-dicarboxylate (oxaNBE(3imdpy)) was synthesized and characterized by elemental analysis (CHN), FTIR, X-ray diffraction and NMR (1H e 13C). It is a monodentate compound with a pyridine ligand able to be coordinated to a metal center via one side of the molecule, while the other side has a cyclic olefin that can undergo ring-opening metathesis polymerization. Additional studies were carried out using similar monomers featuring two pyridine units per molecule (oxaNBE(3amdpy)2 and NBE(3amdpy)2). It was also synthesized the monomer oxaNBE(imdPh). The compound oxaNBE(3imdpy) reacted with cis-[Ru(H2O)2(phen)2], obtained in situ from cis-[RuCl2(phen)2] in 1:1 EtOH/H2O mixture, where phen is 1,10-phenanthroline, given cis-[Ru(phen)2(oxaNBE(3imdpy)2](PF6)2. This novel complex was characterized by elemental analysis (CHN), FTIR, NMR (1H; 13C; COSY; NOE), cyclic voltammetry, UV-vis spectrophotometry, quantum mechanical calculations, continuous photolysis and luminescence. The complex showed a single redox process in the cyclic voltammogram either in MeOH (E1/2 = 0.63 V) or DMF (E1/2 = 0.72 V vs Ag/AgCl) as solvent. The electronic spectra in MeOH, DMF, CH3CN, CH2Cl2 and CHCl3 showed typical absorptions of polypyridinic-ruthenium complexes in 440-500 nm range that were attributed to metal to ligand charge transfers (MLCT) from Ru(4d) to phen. The influence of the solvent on the complex behavior at room temperature as a function of time and under photolysis was studied. The UV-vis spectra showed similar spectral profiles in MeOH, CH2Cl2, CHCl3 and CH3CN, without linear clear correlations with characteristic parameters from the solvents. It was observed that the electronic spectra either in absence or presence of ambient light in MeOH, CH2Cl2 and CH3CN did not show significant spectral changes, except for CHCl3. The photolysis at 450 nm indicated changes in CHCl3 and CH2Cl2. The emission spectrum (excitation at 450 nm) of the complex did not show differences in different solvents. The monomer-ligand oxaNBE(3imdpy) and the similar monomer oxaNBE(imdPh) were polymerized in presence of ruthenium-based catalysts for 16 h at room temperature, contrary to the metal-monomer cis-[Ru(phen)2(oxaNBE(3imdpy)2](PF6)2. The monomer-ligands oxaNBE(3amdpy)2 and NBE(3amdpy)2 did not form polymers, as well as the related complex, under similar conditions.

A reatividade dos complexos do tipo [RuCl2(PPh3)2(amina)], onde a amina = 3,5-dimetilpiperidina (complexo 1) ou piperidina (complexo 2), foi investigada na polimerização via metátese por abertura de anel (ROMP) de norborneno (NBE) e norbornadieno (NBD), na presença de etildiazoacetato (EDA), como fonte de carbeno, em CHCl3. O objetivo foi observar a combinação dos efeitos eletrônicos e estéricos da PPh3 com uma amina como ligantes ancilares na reatividade em ROMP. Os resultados com o complexo 1 foram comparados aos resultados obtidos com o complexo 2. Na ROMP de NBE, o complexo 1 proporcionou um rendimento de 70% de poliNBE (Mn = 8,3 &times; 104 g/mol; IPD = 2,03), enquanto o complexo 2 promoveu reação quantitativa (Mn = 1,2 x 105 g/mol; IPD = 1,90) com razões molares [NBE]/[Ru] = 5000 e [EDA]/[Ru] = 48 e 1,1 &micro;mol de Ru por 5 min a 25 &deg;C. Os poliNBEs apresentaram um &sigma;c = 0,38, determinado por RMN de 13C{1H} e uma Tg = 37 &deg;C, determinada através das análises de DSC e DMTA. Na ROMP de NBD com o complexo 1 obteve-se rendimento quantitativo, com IPD = 2,62 com razão molar [NBD]/[Ru] = 5000 por 20 min a 25 &deg;C, enquanto que a reação com o complexo 2 resultou em um rendimento de 55%, com IPD = 2,16 nas mesmas condições. Concluiu-se que a presença dos dois grupos metila no anel piperidina no complexo 1 proporcionou um aumento no período de indução para produzir a espécie metal carbeno, o que justifica os menores rendimentos na ROMP de NBE quando comparado com o complexo 2. No entanto, o maior sinergismo eletrônico amina&rarr;Ru&rarr;monômero contribuiu para uma melhor ativação de olefinas mais difíceis de serem polimerizadas como o NBD, como ocorre no caso com o complexo 1.<br />Poli[NBE]-co-[NBD] foram obtidos via ROMP com os complexos 1 e 2 como iniciadores. As reações de copolimerização foram realizadas utilizando uma quantidade fixa de NBE ([NBE]/[Ru] = 5000) com diferentes concentrações de NBD ([NBD]/[Ru] = 500, 1000, 1500 e 2000) em CHCl3, iniciadas com EDA à temperatura ambiente. A presença de NBD nas cadeias de poliNBE foi caracterizada por RMN de 1H e de 13C{1H} para todos os casos onde a quantidade de NBD foi variada, suportando a formação de poli[NBD]-co-[NBD]. Considerando que a microestrutura do poli[NBD]-co-[NBD] não foi influenciada pela quantidade de NBD nem pelo tipo de iniciador, os valores de Mn e de IPD foram otimizados quando se aumentou a concentração de NBD no meio reacional. O aumento da quantidade de NBD propiciou um aumento na densidade de entrecruzamento resultando em um aumento na Tg e no módulo de armazenamento (E\'). A análise morfológica da superfície dos polímeros por MEV mostrou uma estrutura altamente porosa para os poliNBEs sintetizados e indicou uma diminuição no tamanho desses poros para os poli[NBD]-co-[NBD] isolados, alcançando uma superfície totalmente lisa com a composição [NBE]5000[NBD]2000, para ambos os catalisadores. / The reactivity of the new complex [RuCl2(PPh3)2(3,5-Me2piperidine)], complex 1, was investigated for ring opening metathesis polymerization (ROMP) of norbornene (NBE) and norbornadiene (NBD) in the presence of ethyl diazoacetate (EDA) in CHCl3. The aim is to observe the combination of PPh3 and an amine as ancillary ligands in the reactivity for ROMP. Thus, the results with the complex 1 were compared to the results obtained when the amine is piperidine (complex 2). Reaction with the complex 1 provides 70% yield of isolated polyNBE (Mn = 8.3 &times; 104 g/mol; PDI = 2.03), whereas the complex 2 provides quantitative reaction (Mn = 1.2 &times; 105 g/mol; PDI = 1.90) with [NBE]/[Ru] = 5000, [EDA]/[Ru] = 48 and 1.1 &micro;mol of Ru for 5 min at 25 &deg;C. The resulting polymers showed a &sigma;c = 0,38, determined by 13C NMR, and Tg =37 &deg;C, determined by DSC and DMTA. For ROMP of NBD, the complex 1 showed quantitative yield with PDI = 2.62 when [NBD]/[Ru] = 5000 for 20 min at 25 &deg;C, whereas the reaction with the complex 2 reached 55% with PDI = 2.16 in the same conditions. It is concluded that the presence of the two methyl groups in the piperidine ring provides an increase in the induction period to produce the Ru-carbene species justifying better polyNBE results with the complex 2, and a greater amine&rarr;Ru&rarr;monomer synergism which contributed to the best activation of olefin with greater difficulty of being polymerized as NBD, as in the case with the complex 1.<br />Copolymers of NBE with NBD were obtained via ROMP with the complexes 1 and 2 as initiators. The copolymerizations reactions were performed using a fixed quantity of NBE ([NBE]/[Ru] = 5000) with different concentrations of NBD ([NBD]/[Ru] = 500, 1000, 1500 and 2000) in CHCl3, initiated with EDA at room temperature. The presence of NBD in the polyNBE chains was characterized by 1H and 13C NMR. Whereas the copolymer microstructure was influenced neither by the NBD quantity nor by the initiator type, the Mn and PDI values were improved when increasing the NBD quantity in the medium. When raising the NBD amount, DMA results indicated increased cross-linking with increasing Tg and E\' storage modulus, as well as the fact that SEM micrographs indicated decreased pore sizes in the porous isolated copolymers.

We have studied the electrostatic and other interactions of the inorganic, hexavalent dye Ruthenium Red (RR) with phospholipid vesicles composed of phosphatidylcholine (PC) and phosphatidylserine (PS) or phosphatidylinositol (Pl) in various mixtures and concentrations. Experiments were based on spectrophotometric absorption measurements which compared RR concentrations in the presence and in the absence of liposomes at different dye concentrations. Multilamellar liposomes were obtained by handshaken preparations. Five freeze-and-thaw cycles of the lipid-RR suspension produced an ion equilibrium distribution at the membrane-water interface. Results are given in terms of the Gouy-Chapman-Stem adsorption theory with the linear partition coefficient and a newly introduced effective ion valency as parameters. Data on the time stability of RR solutions and their interaction with laboratory equipment are given. Furthermore, we characterize the freeze-and-thawing process and present an electron micrograph of liposomes. Two main results were found. First, the Gouy-Chapman-Stem theory correctly describes adsorption of a hexavalent ion to charged phospholipid vesicles if an effective valency is introduced. The effective valency accounts for the finite size of the ions and the repulsion between the ions. Values ranged between 2.9 and 4.1. Effective valencies decrease with increasing membrane surface charge density and are independent of the lipid concentration. Second, Ruthenium Red adsorbs to phospholipids and the adsorption is strongly related to the surface charge density of the membrane. Vesicles made from a mixture of PC and PI adsorb significantly less than vesicles made from a mixture of PC and PS. The second result is of special interest for molecular biology since biological membranes consist to a large extent of phospholipids. Sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) membranes are discussed as an example. Liposomes (PC:PS 20: 1) with surface charge densities comparable to SR membranes adsorb a maximum of about 9±3nmol RR per mg lipid.

In this thesis, I present a model system for carbohydrate interactions with single-crystalline Ru surfaces. Geometric and electronic properties of copper phthalocyanine (CuPc) on top of graphene on hexagonal Ru(0001), rectangular Ru(10-10) and vicinal Ru(1,1,-2,10) surfaces have been studied. First, the Fermi surfaces and band structures of the three Ru surfaces were investigated by high-resolution angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy. The experimental data and theoretical calculations allow to derive detailed information about the momentum-resolved electronic structure. The results can be used as a reference to understand the chemical and catalytic properties of Ru surfaces. Second, graphene layers were prepared on the three different Ru surfaces. Using low-energy electron diffraction and scanning tunneling microscopy, it was found that graphene can be grown in well-ordered structures on all three surfaces, hexagonal Ru(0001), rectangular Ru(10-10) and vicinal Ru(1,1,-2,10), although they have different surface symmetries. Evidence for a strong interaction between graphene and Ru surfaces is a 1.3-1.7e V increase in the graphene pi-bands binding energy with respect to free-standing graphene sheets. This energy variation is due to the hybridization between the graphene pi bands and the Ru 4d electrons, while the lattice mismatch does not play an important role in the bonding between graphene and Ru surfaces. Finally, the geometric and electronic structures of CuPc on Ru(10-10), graphene/Ru(10-10), and graphene/Ru(0001) have been studied in detail. CuPc molecules can be grown well-ordered on Ru(10-10) but not on Ru(0001). The growth of CuPc on graphene/Ru(10-10) and Ru(0001) is dominated by the Moire pattern of graphene. CuPc molecules form well-ordered structures with rectangular unit cells on graphene/Ru(10-10) and Ru(0001). The distance of adjacent CuPc molecules is 1.5 and 1.3 nm on graphene/Ru(0001) and 1.54 and 1.37 nm on graphene/Ru(10-10). This indicates that the molecule-substrate interaction dominates over the intermolecular interaction for CuPc molecules on graphene/Ru(10-10) and graphene/Ru(0001). / In dieser Arbeit stelle ich ein Modellsystem für die Wechselwirkungen von Kohlenwasserstoffen mit ein kristallinen Rutheniumoberflächen vor. Die geometrischen und elektronischen Eigenschaften von Kupfer-Phthalocyanin (CuPc) als Deckschicht über Graphen auf hexagonalen Ru(0001)-, rechteckigen Ru(10-10)- und vicinalen Ru(1,1,-2,10)-Oberflächen wurden untersucht. Zunächst wurden die Fermioberflächen und Bandstrukturen der drei Rutheniumoberflächen mittels hochauflösender winkelaufgelöster Photoemissions spektroskopie ermittelt. Die experimentellen Daten und theoretischen Berechnungen erlauben es, detaillierte Informationen zur impulsaufgelösten elektronischen Struktur abzuleiten. Die Ergebnisse können als Referenz für ein besseres Verständnis der chemischen und katalytischen Eigenschaften von Rutheniumoberflächen dienen. Als nächstes wurden Graphenschichten auf den drei verschiedenen Rutheniumoberflächen hergestellt. Bei Messungen der Beugung niederenergetischer Elektronen an den Oberflächen sowie mittels Rastertunnelmikroskopie stellte sich heraus, dass Graphen hoch geordnete Strukturen auf allen drei Oberflächen, hexagonalem Ru(0001), rechteckigem Ru(10-10) und vicinalem Ru(1,1,-2,10), bildet, obwohl diese unterschiedliche Symmetrien aufweisen. Ein Hinweis auf eine starke Wechselwirkung zwischen Graphen und den Rutheniumoberflächen ist der Anstieg der Bindungsenergie der Graphen-pi-Bänder um 1.3-1.7 eV im Vergleich zu freistehenden Graphenschichten. Diese Änderung der Energie beruht auf der Hybridisierung zwischen den Graphen-pi-Bändern und den 4d-Elektronen des Rutheniums, wohingegen der Gitterversatz keine große Rolle bei der Bindung zwischen Graphen und Rutheniumoberflächen spielt. Abschließend wurden die geometrischen und elektronischen Strukturen von CuPc auf Ru(10-10), Graphen/Ru(10-10) und Graphen/Ru(0001) im Detail untersucht. CuPc-Moleküle konnten mit hoher Ordnung auf Ru(10-10) abgelagert werden, nicht jedoch auf Ru(0001). Das Wachstum von CuPc auf Graphen/Ru(10-10) und Ru(0001) wird durch die Moirestruktur des Graphens bestimmt. CuPc-Moleküle bilden hoch geordnete Strukturen mit rechteckigen Elementarzellen auf Graphen/Ru(10-10) und Ru(0001). Der Abstand benachbarter CuPc-Moleküle beträgt 1.5 und 1.3 nm auf Graphen/Ru(0001) sowie 1.54 und 1.37 nm auf Graphen/Ru(10-10). Dies weist darauf hin, dass die Molekül-Substrat-Wechselwirkung bei CuPc-Molekülen auf Graphen/Ru(10-10) und Graphen/Ru(0001) stärker ist als die intermolekulare Wechselwirkung zwischen den CuPc-Molekülen.

Die regioselektive Funktionalisierung von Bio(makro)molekülen erfordert Reaktionen, die mit einem biologischen System weder interagieren noch interferieren. Bestimmte funktionelle Gruppen, wie Azide oder Alkine, sind unter physiologischen Bedingungen inert, kommen nicht in der Natur vor, lassen sich selektiv miteinander verknüpfen und sind nicht-toxisch gegenüber Zellen und Organismen. Für die Einführung metallbasierter Funktionalitäten in solche Zielstrukturen stellen Click-Reaktionen daher einen schnellen Zugang dar, wobei Reaktionen, die ohne Zusatz von Katalysator und bei Raumtemperatur ablaufen von besonderem Interesse sind. Das Ziel der vorliegenden Arbeit war es daher die „iClick“-Reaktion von Ruthenium-Azid-Komplexen der allgemeinen Formel [Ru(N3)(aren)(N-N)]+ mit bidentaten Stickstoffliganden sowie Rhodium-Azid-Komplexen der allgemeinen Formel [Rh(Cp*)(N3)(bpyR,R)]+ mit unterschiedlich substituierten 2,2‘-Bipyridin-Coliganden (R = OCH3, H, COOCH3) gegenüber elektronenarmen Alkinen zu untersuchen. Röntgenstrukturanalysen der resultierenden Triazolat-Komplexe sollten den Koordinationsmodus bestätigten, da die Produkte der Click-Reaktionen prinzipiell als zwei verschiedene Regioisomere auftreten können. Die [Rh(Cp*)(N3)(bpyR,R)]CF3SO3-Komplexe mit 2,2‘-Bipyridin (bpy), dem elektronenziehenden Ligand 4,4‘-Bis(methoxycarbonyl)-2,2′-bipyridin (bpyCOOCH3,COOCH3) sowie dem elektronenschiebenden Ligand 4,4’-Dimethoxy-2,2‘-bipyridin (bpyOCH3,OCH3) wurden aus den entsprechenden Rhodium-Chlorido-Komplexen durch Fällung des Halogenids mit Silbertrifluormethansulfonat und anschließender Umsetzung mit Natriumazid hergestellt. In Lösung waren diese Verbindungen jedoch nur begrenzt stabil, wobei der Komplex mit bpyOCH3,OCH3 am wenigsten empfindlich war, während [Rh(Cp*)(N3)(bpyCOOCH3,COOCH3)]CF3SO3 aufgrund der sehr schnellen Zersetzung nicht isoliert werden konnte. Die „iClick“-Reaktion der Rhodium-Azid-Komplexe mit 4,4,4-Trifluorobut-2-insäureethylester ergab dann aber die stabilen Triazolat-Komplexe [Rh(Cp*)(triazolatCF3,COOEt)(bpyR,R)]CF3SO3 in sehr guter Ausbeute. Die Ruthenium-Azid-Komplexe [Ru(N3)(N-N)(p­cym)]PF6 mit N-N = bpy, bpyCOOCH3,COOCH3, bpyOCH3,OCH3, Bipyrimidin (bpym) sowie Dipyrido[3,2­a:2',3'­c]phenazin (dppz) wurden ausgehend von den jeweiligen Ruthenium-Chlorido-Komplexen durch Fällung des Halogenid-Liganden mit Silbertrifluormethansulfonat und anschließender Umsetzung mit Natriumazid in guter bis moderater Ausbeute hergestellt. Um den Einfluss des Aren-Liganden zu untersuchen wurde außerdem der entsprechende Hexamethylbenzol-Komplex [Ru(N3)(bpy)(hmb)]CF3SO3 in moderater Ausbeute hergestellt. Alle [Ru(N3)(aren)(N-N)]X-Komplexe mit X = PF6- oder CF3SO3- wurden mittels 1H, 13C NMR- und IR-Spektroskopie, CHN-Analyse sowie ESI-Massenspektrometrie charakterisiert. Die „iClick“-Reaktion dieser Komplexe erfolgte mit 4,4,4-Trifluorobut-2-insäureethylester und teilweise auch mit Dimethylacetylendicaboxylat (DMAD) in sehr guter bis guter Ausbeute. Außerdem konnten für die Röntgenstrukturanalyse taugliche Einkristalle von [Ru(triazolatCF3,COOEt)(bpy)(hmb)]CF3SO3 und [Ru(triazolatCF3,COOEt)(bpyCOOCH3,COOCH3)(p­cym)]PF6 erhalten werden, die die N2-Koordination des Triazolat-Liganden an das Zentralatom bestätigten. Um diese als metallbasierte Marker einsetzen zu können, müssen die resultierenden Triazolat-Komplexe bei biologisch relevanten pH-Werten und gegenüber Ligandenaustausch, zum Beispiel mit den Aminosäureseitenketten von Proteinen, stabil sein. Durch HPLC-Untersuchungen an [Ru(triazolatCF3,COOEt)(bpy)(hmb)]CF3SO3 wurde gezeigt, dass dieser Komplex in wässriger Lösung über einen pH-Bereich von 1 bis 8 bei Raumtemperatur mindestens 24 h stabil ist. Außerdem konnte eine weitgehende Stabilität gegenüber Ligandenaustausch mit den Seitenketten der Aminosäuren L­Cystein, L-Histidin, L­Methionin und L-Glutaminsäure bei 37 °C über mindestens 72 h festgestellt werden. Insbesondere die Geschwindigkeit der „iClick“-Reaktion ist in einem biologischen Kontext von Bedeutung, da die Konjugationsreaktionen schneller ablaufen müssen als interessierende biologische Prozesse. Mittels HPLC und IR-Spektroskopie wurde für die „iClick“-Reaktion der Rutheniumazid-Komplexe [Ru(N3)(bpyR,R)(p-cym)]PF6 mit R = OCH3, H oder COOCH3 sowie [Ru(N3)(bpy)(hmb)]CF3SO3 mit einem Überschuss an 4,4,4-Trifluorobut-2-insäureethylester Geschwindigkeitskonstanten pseudoerster Ordnung im Bereich von 1 ­ 3*10-3 s-1 bestimmt. Außerdem war es mittels IR-Spektroskopie in Lösung möglich die Geschwindigkeits-konstante pseudoerster Ordnung für die „iClick“-Reaktion der Rhodiumazid-Verbindungen [Rh(Cp*)(N3)(bpyR,R)]CF3SO3 mit R = OCH3, H oder COOCH3 und 4,4,4-Trifluorobut-2-insäureethylester zu 2 ­ 4*10-3 s-1 zu ermitteln. Insgesamt zeigte sich, dass Komplexe mit elektronenreichen Coliganden schneller mit 4,4,4-Trifluorobut-2-insäureethylester reagieren als solche mit elektronenärmeren Liganden. Auch war die Geschwindigkeitskonstante für die Reaktion der Rhodium-Komplexe höher als für die Rutheniumverbindungen. Die Geschwindigkeitskonstanten zweiter Ordnung wurden aus der 19F NMR-spektroskopischen Untersuchung der Reaktion von 4,4,4-Trifluorobut-2-insäureethylester und [Ru(N3)(bpyR,R) (p-cym)]PF6 mit R = OCH3, H oder COOCH3 sowie [Ru(N3)(bpy)(hmb)]CF3SO3 bei 20 °C bestimmt. Bei annähernd gleichem Verhältnis von Alkin und Rutheniumazid-Komplexen wurden Geschwindigkeitskonstanten im Bereich von 1 - 2*10-2 L mol-1 s-1 erhalten. Diese sind größer als die der Staudinger-Ligation, aber kleiner als die der spannungsinduzierten Azid-Alkin Cycloaddition. Prinzipiell sollte damit also eine biologische Anwendung möglich sein. Außerdem wurde die Aktivierungsenergie der Reaktion von [Ru(N3)(bpy)(p­cym)]PF6 mit 4,4,4-Trifluorobut-2-insäureethylester aus der Untersuchung der Temperaturabhängigkeit im Bereich von -20 °C bis +20 °C mit VT-NMR zu 46.1 kJ mol-1 bestimmt. In den 19F NMR-Spektren des Reaktionsgemisches zeigte sich bei -20 °C neben dem Signal des N2-koordinierten Triazolats außerdem ein weiteres, das dem N1-Isomer zuzuordnen ist, welches bei Erwärmen jedoch wieder verschwand. In einer DFT-Rechnung wurde die Geometrie von [Ru(N3)(bpy)(hmb)]CF3SO3 optimiert. Dabei zeigte sich, dass nur etwa 25 – 30% aller Trajektorien angreifender Alkinmolekülen einen Zugang zum Azid ermöglichen, sodass die Reaktionsgeschwindigkeit um etwa einen Faktor vier niedriger liegen sollte als für nicht oder nur wenig abgeschirmte Organoazid-Verbindungen. Die „iClick“-Reaktion der hier untersuchten Metall-Azid-Komplexe mit elektronenarmen Alkinen zeigt also bereits jetzt Reaktionsgeschwindigkeiten vergleichbar etablierter Biokonjugationsreaktionen. In Zukunft sollte daher das Potential anderer Metall-Azid-Bausteine untersucht und auch das Alkin variiert werden. / The regioselective functionalization of bio(macro)molecules requires reactions which do not interact or interfere with biological systems. Certain functional groups such as azides or alkynes are inert under physiological conditions, do not occur naturally, can selectively react with each other and are non-toxic to cells and organisms. To introduce metal-based functionalities in biological target structures, click reactions enable a fast access. In particular those which take place without catalyst and at room temperature are of special interest. Thus, the aim of the present thesis was to investigate the “iClick” reaction of ruthenium azide complexes [Ru(N3)(arene)(N-N)]+ with bidentate nitrogen ligands and also that of rhodium azide complexes [Rh(Cp*)(N3)(bpyR,R)]+ with different 4,4’-substituted 2,2‘-bipyridin coligands with R = OCH3, H or COOCH3 towards electron-deficient alkynes. X-ray studies on ruthenium triazolate complexes were to establish the coordination mode, since the triazolate productes derived from click chemistry can result in two different regioisomers. The [Rh(Cp*)(N3)(bpyR,R)]CF3SO3 complexes with 2,2-bipyridine (bpy), electron-withdrawing ligand 4,4‘-bis(methoxycarbonyl)-2,2′-bipyridine (bpyCOOCH3,COOCH3) and also electron-donating ligand 4,4’-dimethoxy-2,2‘-bipyridine (bpyOCH3,OCH3) were synthesised from the corresponding rhodium chloride complexes by abstraction of the halide using silver trifluoromethanesulfonate followed by introduction of the azide ligand with sodium azide. However, these complexes have only limited stability in solution. The compound with bipyOCH3,OCH3 is the most stable, while [Rh(Cp*)(N3)(bpyCOOCH3,COOCH3)]CF3SO3 could not be isolated due to the fast decomposion. Still, the “iClick” reaction of rhodium azide complexes with 4,4,4-trifluoro-2-butynoic acid ethyl ester allowed isolation of the triazolate complexes [Rh(Cp*)(triazolateCF3,COOEt)(bpyR,R)]CF3SO3 in very good yield. The corresponding ruthenium azide complexes [Ru(N3)(N-N)(p¬cym)]PF6 with N-N = bpy, bpyCOOCH3,COOCH3, bpyOCH3,OCH3, bipyrimidine (bpym) and dipyrido[3,2¬a:2',3'-c]phenazine (dppz) were also synthesised in a moderate to good yield from the corresponding ruthenium chloride complexes by halide abstraction using silver trifluoromethanesulfonate followed by introduction of azide ligand with sodium azide. To investigate the effect of the arene, the hexamethylbenzene complex [Ru(N3)(bipy)(hmb)]CF3SO3 was also synthesised in a moderate yield. All [Ru(N3)(arene)(N¬N)]X complexes with X = PF6- or CF3SO3- were characterised by 1H, 13C NMR and IR spectroscopy, CHN analysis and ESI mass spectrometry. The “iClick” reaction of these complexes with 4,4,4-trifluoro-2-butynoic acid ethyl ester and in some cases with dimethyl acetylenedicarboxylate (DMAD) proceeded in good to excellent yield. Furthermore, single crystals suitable for X-ray structure analysis were obtained for the triazolate complexes [Ru(triazolateCF3,COOEt)(bpy)(hmb)]CF3SO3 and [Ru(triazolateCF3,COOEt)(bpyCOOCH3,COOCH3)(p¬cym)]PF6 and confirmed the N2 coordination of the triazolate to the metal center. To use these triazolate complexes as metal-based markers, they have to be stable at biologically relevant pH and towards ligand exchange, for example with amino acid side chains in proteins. Thus, HPLC studies on [Ru(triazolateCF3,COOEt)(bpy)(hmb)]CF3SO3 demonstrated the stability in a pH range of 1 to 8 for at least 24 h at room temperature. In addition, the stability towards ligand exchange with functional groups of amino acid side chains in L-cysteine, L-histidine, L-methionine and L-glutamic acid was studied over 72 h at 37 °C and essentially no ligand exchange was observed. The rate constant of the “iClick” reaction is important for its use in bioconjugation since the labeling reactions have to be faster than the biological processes of interests. Pseudo-first order rate constants were determined in the range of 1 ¬ 3×10-3 s-1 for the “iClick” reaction of [Ru(N3)(bpyR,R) (p¬cym)]PF6 with R = OCH3, H or COOCH3 and also [Ru(N3)(bpy)(hmb)]CF3SO3 with an excess of 4,4,4-trifluoro-2-butynoic acid ethyl ester by HPLC and IR spectroscopy. Using solution IR spectroscopy, pseudo-first order rate constants for the “iClick” reaction of [Rh(Cp*)(N3)(bpyR,R)]CF3SO3, R = OCH3, H or COOCH3 and an excess of 4,4,4-trifluoro-2-butynoic acid ethyl ester were also determined to be 2 ¬ 4×10-3 s-1. These experiments show that complexes with electron-rich coligands react faster than those with electron-deficient ligands. Furthermore, rate constants were higher for the rhodium versus ruthenium azide complexes. Second order rate constants were determined by 19F NMR spectroscopy investigation of the reaction of 4,4,4-trifluoro-2-butynoic acid ethyl ester with [Ru(N3)(bpyR,R)(p-cym)]PF6 with R = OCH3, H or COOCH3 as well as [Ru(N3)(bpy)(hmb)]CF3SO3 at 20 °C. The alkyne was used at approximately the same molar amount as the ruthenium azide complexes and rate constants were obtained in the range of 1 - 2×10-2 L mol-1 s-1. These are higher than those reported for the Staudinger ligation but lower than those of the strain-promoted alkyne-azide cycloaddition. Thus, the method appears to be suitable for biolabeling applications. Furthermore, the activation energy of the reaction of [Ru(N3)(bpy)(p-cym)]PF6 with 4,4,4-trifluoro-2-butynoic acid ethyl ester was determined as 46.1 kJ mol-1 by variable-temperature NMR studies at -20 to +20 °C. 19F NMR spectra recordet at -20 °C showed one additional signal for the N1-coordinated triazolate in addition to the N2-coordinated one which however disappeared upon warming to room temperature. Using DFT methods, the geometry of [Ru(N3)(bpy)(hmb)]CF3SO3 was optimized und showed that only about 25 – 30% of all possible trajectories enable access to the azide group for attacking alkyne molecules. Therefore, the reaction is expected to be slower than that of less-shielded organoazide compounds by a factor of four. Thus, the “iClick” reaction of the metal azide complexes evaluated with electron-deficient alkynes shows rate constants comparable to established bioconjugation reactions. In future work, the potential of additional metal azide building blocks should be investigated, and the influence of other alkyne coupling partners studied.

Der erste Teil der vorliegenden Arbeit befasst sich mit der Darstellung neuer achiraler und chiraler kationischer Ruthenium-Bis(phosphan)-Thiozimtaldehyd-Komplexe. Die Umsetzung der chiralen Hydrogensulfid-Komplexe mit unterschiedlich substituierten Zimtaldehyden in Anwesenheit von Trifluoressigsäure führt zu den chiralen Thiozimtaldehyd-Komplexen. Im zweiten Teil dieser Arbeit wird gezeigt, dass Thiozimtaldehyd-Komplexe bereitwillig Hetero-Diels-Alder-Reaktionen eingehen. Derartige Reaktionen können mit freien Vertretern dieser Spezies aufgrund deren Instabilität nur schwierig durchgeführt werden. Der dritte Teil der vorliegenden Arbeit befasst sich mit Cycloadditionsreaktionen der Thiozimtaldehyd-Komplexe mit 1,3-dipolaren Reagenzien. In einem weiteren Teil dieser Arbeit wird die Abspaltung der Thioether-Liganden vom Komplexfragment untersucht. / The first part of the present work deals with the synthesis of new achiral and chiral cationic Ru-bis(phosphane)-thiocinnamaldehyde complexes. The reaction of the chiral hydrogensulfido complexes with various substituted cinnamaldehydes in the presence of trifluoroacetic acid gives the chiral thiocinnamaldehyde complexes. In the second part of this work it is demonstrated that the thiocinnamaldehyde complexes readily undergo hetero-Diels-Alder-reactions. The third part of this work deals with cycloaddition reactions of thiocinnamaldehyde complexes with 1,3 dipolar molecules. In a further part of this work the elimination reactions of the thiopyran ligands from the complex fragments are examined.

Doctor of Philisophy (PhD) / Despite their early discovery, relatively few classes of ruthenium dinitrogen complexes are known. This work describes the successful coordination of dinitrogen to the electron-rich alkylphosphine cores [RuCl(dmpe)2]+ and [RuCl(depe)2]+ by chloride abstraction from both the cis and trans dichloro derivatives. One such complex, trans-[RuCl(N2)(dmpe)2](BArF24), possesses the most activated ruthenium νNN reported to date. A variety of chloride abstraction agents were tested on the cis and trans isomers of [RuCl2(P-P)2] (P-P = dmpe, depe) with the choice of abstracting agent, anion and solvent all found to significantly affect the outcome. Reaction with silver triflate and trimethylsilyl triflate was found to give dichlororuthenium(III) products, which could be readily reduced to the ruthenium(II) starting materials with common reducing agents, as well as by alcohols and hydrazine. The use of thallium triflate avoided oxidation and led to the formation of the crystallographically characterised polymeric incorporation product, [{trans-[RuCl2(dmpe)2]•Tl(OTf)}n] from trans-[RuCl2(dmpe)2] and the interesting chloride-bridged ruthenium dimer cis-[{Ru(depe)2}2(μ-Cl)2](OTf)2 from trans-[RuCl2(depe)2]. Anion exchange of the complex [{trans-[RuCl2(dmpe)2]•Tl(OTf)}n] with the non-coordinating anion tetrakis(3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)borate resulted in removal of thallium from the system and coordination of dinitrogen to give trans-[RuCl(N2)(dmpe)2](BArF24). Cis-[{Ru(depe)2}2(μ-Cl)2](OTf)2 was found to readily react with a variety of small ligands and gave products such as cis-[RuCl(CO)(depe)2](OTf), cis-[RuCl(NCMe)(depe)2](OTf), cis-[RuCl(CNtBu)(depe)2](OTf), cis-[RuCl(NH3)(depe)2](OTf), cis-[RuCl(N3)(depe)2], and trans-[RuCl(η2-H2)(depe)2](OTf). A preliminary X-ray single crystal structure analysis was conducted on the complex cis-[RuCl(CNtBu)(depe)2](OTf). The thallium(I) salt Tl(BArF24) was found to be an efficient chloride abstraction agent under mild conditions. Reactions with cis- and trans-[RuCl2(depe)2] and cis-[RuCl2(dmpe)2] furnished dinitrogen complexes of the form cis-[{RuCl(P-P)2}2(μ-N2)](BArF24)2, whilst reaction of trans-[RuCl2(dmpe)2] with Tl(BArF24) led to the stable five-coordinate complex trans-[RuCl(dmpe)2](BArF24). Vapour diffusion techniques applied to a solution of cis-[{RuCl(depe)2}2(μ-N2)](BArF24)2 gave rise to crystals of trans-[RuCl(N2)(depe)2](BArF24), on which preliminary X-ray molecular structure analysis was performed. Reactions of both cis-[{Ru(depe)2}2(μ-Cl)2](OTf)2 and trans-[RuCl2(dmpe)2] with high pressure (140 psi) dinitrogen at 140 150°C in methanol or tetrahydrofuran resulted in solvent carbonyl abstraction to afford trans-[RuCl(CO)(depe)2](OTf) and trans-[RuCl(CO)(dmpe)2](Cl) from the depe and dmpe complexes respectively. The molecular structure of trans-[RuCl(CO)(dmpe)2](Cl) was determined via single crystal X-ray structure analysis.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Hong Kong, 2006. / Title proper from title frame. Also available in printed format.

<p>The major part of this thesis describes the synthesis of enantiopure alcohols and diols by combining ruthenium-catalyzed redox reactions that lead to racemization or epimerization and lipase-catalyzed asymmetric trans-formations in one-pot.</p><p>A mechanistic study of the unexpected facile formation of <i>meso</i>-diacetate products found in enzyme-catalyzed acetylations of alkanediols with <i>Candida antarctica</i> lipase B (CALB) was first performed. By deuterium labeling it was found that the formation of <i>meso</i>-diacetates proceeds via different mechanisms for 2,4-pentanediol and 2,5-hexanediol. Whereas the first reacts via an intramolecular acyl migration, the latter proceeds via a direct, anomalous S-acylation of the alcohol. The acyl migration occurring in the 2,4-pentanediol monoacetate was taken advantage of in asymmetric transformations of substituted 1,3-diols by combining it with a ruthenium-catalyzed epimerization and an enzymatic transesterification using CALB. The in situ coupling of these three processes results in de-epimerization and deracemization of acyclic, unsymmetrical 1,3-diols and constitutes a novel dynamic kinetic asymmetric transformation (DYKAT) concept.</p><p>Racemization of secondary alcohols effected by a new ruthenium complex was combined in one-pot with an enzyme-catalyzed transesterification, leading to a chemoenzymatic dynamic kinetic resolution (DKR) operating at room temperature. Aromatic, aliphatic, heterocyclic and functionalized alcohols were subjected to the procedure. A mechanism for racemization by this ruthenium complex has been proposed and experimental indications for hydrogen transfer within the coordination sphere of ruthenium were found. The same ruthenium catalyst was used for epimerization in DYKAT of 1,2-diols, and a very similar complex was employed in isomerization of allylic alcohols to saturated ketones. The former method is a substrate extension of the above principle applied for DYKAT of 1,3-diols. The combination of a lipase and an organocatalyst was demonstrated by linking a lipase-catalyzed transesterification to a proline-mediated aldol reaction for the production of enantiopure (<i>S</i>)-<i>β</i>-hydroxy ketones and acetylated (<i>R</i>)-aldols.</p>