As diversas aplicações tecnológicas de nanopartículas magnéticas (NPM) vêm intensificando o interesse por materiais com propriedades magnéticas diferenciadas, como magnetização de saturação (MS) intensificada e comportamento superparamagnético. Embora MNP metálicas de Fe, Co e bimetálicas de FeCo e FePt possuam altos valores de MS, sua baixa estabilidade química dificulta aplicações em escala nanométrica. Neste trabalho foram sintetizadas NPM de Fe, Co, FeCo e FePt com alta estabilidade química e rigoroso controle morfológico. NPM de óxido metálicos (Fe e Co) também foram obtidas. Dois métodos de síntese foram empregados. Usando método baseado em sistemas nanoheterogêneos (sistemas micelares ou de microemulsão inversa), foram sintetizadas NPM de Fe3O4 e Co metálico. Foram empregados surfactantes cátion-substituídos: dodecil sulfato de ferro(III) (FeDS) e dodecil sulfato de cobalto(II) (CoDS). Para a síntese das NPM, foram estudados e determinados a concentração micelar crítica do FeDS em 1-octanol (cmc = 0,90 mmol L-1) e o diagrama de fases pseudoternário para o sistema n-heptano/CoDS/n-butanol/H2O. NPM esferoidais de magnetita com3,4 nm de diâmetro e comportamento quase-paramagnético foram obtidas usando sistemas micelares de FeDS em 1-octanol. Já as NPM de Co obtidas via microemulsão inversa, apesar da larga distribuição de tamanho e baixa MS, são quimicamente estáveis e superparamagnéticas. O segundo método é baseado na decomposição térmica de complexos metálicos, pelo qual foram preparadas NPM esféricas de FePt e de óxidos metálicos (Fe3O4, FeXO1-X, (Co,Fe)XO1-X e CoFe2O4) com morfologia controlada e estabilidade química. O método não mostrou a mesma efetividade na síntese de NPM de FeAg e FeCo: a liga FeAg não foi obtida enquanto que NPM de FeCo com estabilidade química foram obtidas sem controle morfológico. NPM de Fe e FeCo foram preparadas a partir da redução térmica de NPM de Fe3O4 e CoFe2O4, as quais foram previamente recobertas com sílica. A sílica previne a sinterização inter-partículas, além de proporcionar caráter hidrofílico e biocompatibilidade ao material. As amostras reduzidas apresentaram aumento dos valores de MS (entre 21,3 e 163,9%), o qual é diretamente proporcional às dimensões das NPM. O recobrimento com sílica foi realizado via hidrólise de tetraetilortosilicato (TEOS) em sistema de microemulsão inversa. A espessura da camada de sílica foi controlada variando-se o tempo de reação e as concentrações de TEOS e de NPM, sendo então proposto um mecanismo do processo de recobrimento. Algumas amostras receberam um recobrimento adicional de TiO2 na fase anatase, para o qual foi empregado etilenoglicol como solvente e ligante para formação de glicolato de Ti como precursor. A espessura da camada de TiO2 (2-12 nm) é controlada variando as quantidades relativas entre NPM e o precursor de Ti. Ensaios de hipertermia magnética foram realizados para as amostras recobertas com sílica. Ensaios de hipertermia magnéticas mostram grande aumento da taxa de aquecimento das amostras após a redução térmica, mesmo para dispersões diluídas de NPM (0,6 a 4,5 mg mL-1). Taxas de aquecimento entre 0,3 e 3,0oC min-1 e SAR entre 37,2 e 96,3 W g-1. foram obtidos. A atividade fotocatalítica das amostras recobertas foram próximas à da fase anatase pura, com a vantagem de possuir um núcleo magnético que permite a recuperação do catalisador pela simples aplicação de campos magnéticos externos. Os resultados preliminares dos ensaios de hipertermia magnética e fotocatálise indicam um forte potencial dos materiais aqui relatados para aplicações em biomedicina e em fotocatálise. / The most diverse technological applications of magnetic nanoparticles (MNP) have intensifiedthe interest for materials with different magnetic properties such as enhanced saturationmagnetization (MS) and superparamagnetic behavior. Despite the high MS values of metalparticles of Fe, Co, FeCo and FePt, their low chemical stability hinders most applications at thenanoscale. This thesis reports the synthesis of metallic Fe and Co and bimetallic FeCo and FePtMNP with high chemical stability and strict morphological control. MNP of iron oxide and mixediron-cobalt oxide were also synthesized. Two methods were employed. The first method, basedon nanoheterogeneous systems (micellar or reverse microemulsion systems), was used toprepare magnetite and metallic Co NPM. The method applies cation-substituted surfactants:iron(III) dodecyl sulfate iron (FeDS) and cobalt(II) dodecyl sulfate (CoDS). Before the MNPsyntheses, it were studied e determined the critical micelle concentration of FeDS in 1-octanol(cmc = 0.90 mmol L-1) and the pseudo-ternary phase diagram of n-heptane/CoDS/nbutanol/H2O. Spheroidal MNP of magnetite with 3.4 nm in diameter and quasi-paramagneticbehavior were prepared in octanolic FeDS micellar systems. Despite their broad sizedistribution and low MS, metallic Co MNP were produced in reverse microemulsions withchemical stability and superparamagnetic behavior. The second synthesis method, based onthermal decomposition of metal complexes, was employed to prepare spherical FePt and metaloxides (Fe3O4, FeXO1-X, (Co, Fe)XO1-X and CoFe2O4) MNP. Strict morphological control and highchemical stability were reached. Such method does not show the same effectiveness tosynthesize FeAg and FeCo MNP: the FeAg bimetallic alloy was not obtained while FeCo MNPwith chemical stability and compositional control were prepared with no morphological control.Fe and FeCo MNP were produced by thermal reduction of silica-coated Fe3O4 and CoFe2O4 MPN. The coating, beyond to prevent inter-particle sintering, provides biocompatibility andhydrophilic character. The reduced samples showed a significant increase in MS values(between 21.3 and 163.9%), which is directly proportional to MNP size. The silica coating wasaccomplished by tetraethylorthosilicate (TEOS) hydrolysis in reverse microemulsions. Thethickness of the silica layer is controlled by varying the reaction time and concentration of TEOSand NPM. The observations during coating process allowed to propose its probable mechanism.An additional coating of TiO2 (anatase phase) was performed onto silica layer for somesamples. Anatase coating was achieved by using ethylene glycol as both solvent and ligand toproduce an intermediate complex Ti precursor. The variation of the relative amounts of NPMand the Ti precursor allows to control the thickness of the anatase layer between 2 and 12 nm. Assays of magnetic hyperthermia were performed for silica-coated samples. The heating rate of the reduced samples increases after thermal reduction, even for dilute MNP dispersions (0.6 to4.5 mg mL-1). Heating rates between 0.3 and 3.0o C min-1 and SAR in the range of 37.2 96.3 Wg-1 were obtained. The photocatalytic activities of pure anatase particles and TiO2 -coated MNPwere close, but the magnetic samples has the advantage of being recovered from reactionmedia by applying the external magnetic fields. The preliminary results of magnetichyperthermia and photocatalysis assays indicate such materials have strong potential forapplications in biomedicine and photocatalysis.

Eutrophication has long been an environmental problem and the effects from fertilizingarable land is a known source. The degree of phosphorus saturation (DPS)and easily soluble phosphorus (P) are different variables used in different countriesto try to predict the leaching of P from soils. The purpose of this master thesiswas to investigate what variable can be used as a predictor for leached P from soilsand to investigate what extent P leaching from the topsoil can be readsorbed inthe subsoil. The extraction method used for DPS was the Swedish standard lactateextraction and for easily soluble P were distilled water, CaCl2-solution and artificialrainwater with recipe from SMHI used. Three different soils in Sweden were used,two arable soils with different chemical properties and one forest soil. The soilswere filtered (2 mm) and put into columns since the texture was of interest ratherthan the structure. CaCl2-solution was used to saturate the samples and artificialrainwater was used for irrigation. The results showed that easily soluble P is areasonable indicator for leached P and that the subsoil affects the total leachingof P. However, no significant correlation was found between DPS and leached P,indicating that it may not be a suitable indicator of leaching. On the other hand,DPS can be seen as a reasonable indicator for easily soluble P since the correlationtest showed almost significant correlation. The results also showed that the electricconductivity in the leachate correlates to the leached P for the arable soils. For amore reliable result, more soils should be analyzed during more days.

<div>Nowadays, electrical motors are widely used in the automotive industry because of their high efficiency and lossless characteristics. One downside is that the system is complicated to control and it requires more complex control strategies. Moreover, compared to other motors, electrical motors produce less torque, which limits its capability.</div><div><br></div><div>Therefore, in this thesis, an air-gapless electric motor is presented. Instead of having a static air gaps between the rotor and the stator, the gap changes dynamically creating contact which generates higher torques. A SIMULINK simulation method is used for this motor in order to show the systems dynamic behaviors.</div><div><br></div><div>Five blocks are used in the system: the block to nd phase currents, the block to find phase torque, the block to find self-inductance, the block to obtain mechanical speed of the motor and the block to simulate the saturation effect. These blocks are developed based on the analytical relationships between components, which are shown in Chapter two.</div><div><br></div><div>Moreover, saturation effect in the iron cores is taken into consideration in this thesis due to the fact that it always effects the shape of the magnetic eld curves. And four different materials are discussed and compared in Chapter three. The findings in this chapter is that carbon steel and silicon steel serve as better materials of the rotor in the air-gapless motor than soft ferrite and nickel steel because they tend to have higher torques under same levels of the currents and they have larger torque stability regions.</div><div><br></div><div><div>As for Chapter four, a current control strategy is proposed with an inverter, this could simulate the current controller in a real application. Trial and error PID controller tuning method is discussed in Chapter four.</div></div>

OBJETIVO: Diversos estudos demonstraram que pacientes com Esclerose Sistêmica possuem capacidade aeróbia reduzida. É relevante avaliar se o exercício aeróbio é seguro e eficaz para estes pacientes. MÉTODO: Sete pacientes com Esclerose Sistêmica e sete controles saudáveis participaram de um programa de oito semanas, que consistiu em atividade aeróbia de intensidade moderada duas vezes por semana. RESULTADOS: Pacientes e controles apresentaram aumento significativo no pico de consumo de oxigênio, e foram capazes de executar uma intensidade de exercício significativamente maior em relação ao pré-teste. O grupo Esclerose Sistêmica demonstrou aumento na saturação de oxigênio no pico do exercício. O escore de Rodnan foi similar antes e após a intervenção, e as úlceras digitais e o fenômeno de Raynaud permaneceram estáveis. CONCLUSÃO: O exercício aeróbio foi seguro e eficaz para pacientes com Esclerose Sistêmica, portanto, aumentar a capacidade aeróbia é uma meta possível no tratamento desta doença. / OBJECTIVES: Several studies have established that Systemic Sclerosis patients have a reduced exercise capacity. It is relevant to evaluate whether aerobic exercise consists in a safe and effective intervention for these patients. METHODS: Seven Systemic Sclerosis patients and seven healthy sedentary controls were enrolled in an eight-week program consisting of moderate intensity aerobic exercise twice a week. RESULTS: Systemic Sclerosis patients and controls had a significant improvement in their peak oxygen consumption and were able to perform a significantly higher exercise intensity when compared to baseline. Systemic sclerosis group improved peak exercise oxygen saturation. Rodnan score was similar before and after the intervention. Digital ulcers and Raynauds phenomenon remained stable. CONCLUSIONS: Aerobic exercise was safe and effective in patients with Systemic Sclerosis, therefore increasing aerobic capacity is a feasible goal in the management of this disease.

Nesta pesquisa foram estudadas morfologias e posições do relevo que apresentam solos e depósitos com regimes hídricos caracterizados pela saturação temporária ou permanente, tendo os seguintes objetivos: (i) caracterização dos solos e depósitos presentes no setor inferior de vertentes e em fundos de vale, incluindo planícies fluviais, com ênfase em suas propriedades hidromórficas; (ii) identificação de graus de hidromorfia nos solos e depósitos desses setores e morfologias, e representação de sua variabilidade espacial; (iii) elaboração de proposições a respeito do regime de saturação hídrica nos setores estudados e de sua relação com os graus de hidromorfia identificados; (iv) elaboração de proposições sobre tendências espaciais hidrodinâmicas associadas à inundação fluvial nas áreas de planície. Sob o aspecto metodológico, a pesquisa foi desenvolvida de acordo com os princípios da abordagem geossistêmica, apresentando uma análise integrada que buscou identificar as inter-relações entre as variáveis pesquisadas. Para tal estudo, foram selecionados dois perfis transversais na Alta Bacia Hidrográfica do Rio Cotia, que abrangeram o setor inferior de vertentes e fundos de vale, um deles com planície fluvial. Ao longo desses perfis transversais foram realizados os seguintes levantamentos e procedimentos: (i) levantamento morfométrico e construção de gráficos dos perfis; (ii) descrição dos atributos morfológicos dos solos e depósitos; (iii) monitoramento dos níveis dágua do lençol freático ou lençol suspenso nos pontos de descrição. A caracterização e análise detalhadas das propriedades hidromórficas revelaram gradações de intensidade nas mesmas, e, a partir dessa base, desenvolveu-se uma proposta para classificação dos solos e depósitos segundo graus de hidromorfia. Foram construídas representações gráficas bidimensionais que ilustraram a sucessão vertical e lateral de horizontes pedogenéticos e camadas com diferentes graus de hidromorfia ao longo dos setores e morfologias estudadas. Desta maneira, foram identificadas tendências gerais no que se refere à distribuição espacial dos graus de hidromorfia e à relação desses graus com o regime de saturação hídrica. Um dos padrões identificados consistiu no aumento do grau de hidromorfia dos perfis verticais de solos e depósitos com o aumento da profundidade, que está associado a um maior tempo de duração das condições de saturação hídrica nos horizontes mais profundos. Também foram observadas diferenças significativas na intensidade das propriedades hidromórficas das vertentes, quando comparadas às áreas de fundos de vale, incluindo a planície fluvial. Neste sentido, foram identificados graus de hidromorfia mais baixos nos horizontes A e B dos pontos localizados nas vertentes, e graus mais elevados nos horizontes A e B dos pontos localizados nos fundos de vale. Essas diferenças na ocorrência dos graus de hidromorfia foram atribuídas a distintos regimes de saturação hídrica, sendo que, de maneira geral, os horizontes pedogenéticos e as camadas com graus de hidromorfia elevados estão sujeitos a condições de saturação hídrica de maior duração ou permanentes, quando comparados àqueles que possuem graus de hidromorfia mais baixos, nos quais os eventos de saturação hídrica tem menor duração e/ou ocorrem com menor frequência. Com relação às proposições referentes à inundação fluvial na planície estudada, foram identificadas morfologias que recebem preferencialmente os fluxos fluviais da inundação e apresentam taxas de deposição mais elevadas, e setores com taxas de deposição mais baixas nos quais a inundação é menos frequente e há predomínio da deposição de sedimentos finos. / In this research we studied morphologies and relief positions with soils and deposits with moisture regimes characterized by temporary or permanent water saturation, with the following objectives: (i) characterization of soils and deposits located in lower slope sectors and valley bottoms, with an emphasis on their hydromorphic properties; (ii) identification of degrees of hydromorphy in the soils and deposits of these sectors and morphologies, and representation of their spatial variability; (iii) development of propositions about the regime of water saturation in the studied areas and its relationship with the degrees of hydromorphy; (iv) development of propositions about the hydrodynamics of floods in the studied floodplain. Regarding the methodological aspect, the research was conducted according to the principles of the geosystemic approach, presenting an integrated analysis which considered the inter-relations among the studied variables. For this study, we selected two cross profiles in the Cotia Drainage Basin, comprising lower slope sectors and valley bottoms, including a floodplain. Along these cross profiles, the following surveys were conducted: (i) topographic survey and construction of cross section graphics; (ii) description of the morphological attributes of soils and deposits, including detailed description of their hydromorphic properties; (iii) monitoring the water levels of the water table and perched water tables in the sites of description. The detailed characterization and analysis of the hydromorphic properties revealed gradations of intensity in them, and, based primarily on this, we developed a proposal for classification the soils and deposits of the study area according to degrees of hydromorphy. We built two-dimensional graphical representations which illustrated vertical and lateral successions of pedogenetic horizons or layers with different degrees of hydromorphy. Thus, general trends were identified in respect to the spatial distribution of the degrees of hydromorphy and in respect to its relationship with the regime of water saturation. One of the patterns identified consisted in the increase of the degree of hydromorphy in the soil profiles with increasing depth, associated with a longer duration of water saturation conditions in the deeper horizons. It were also observed significant differences in the intensity of the hydromorphic properties of the slopes, when compared to the valley bottom areas, including the floodplain. In this regard, lower degrees of hydromorphy were identified in the A and B horizons in the slope sectors, and higher degrees in the A and B horizons in the valley bottom areas. Such differences in the degree of hydromorphy were ascribed to distinct regimes of water saturation, considering that, in general, the horizons and layers with higher degrees of hydromorphy are subject to water saturation conditions of longer duration, when compared to those classified according to lower degrees of hydromorphy, in which the water saturation events have shorter duration and/or have lower frequency. Concerning the propositions about the hydrodynamics of floods in the studied floodplain, we identified morphologies that preferentially receive the overflowing river flows and have higher deposition rates, and sectors with lower deposition rates, where flooding is less frequent and there is a predominance of fine sediments deposition.

La congestión vehicular se ha convertido en una constante en la vida citadina y Lima no es la excepción. Sin embargo, existen acciones que pueden ser implementadas para minimizar el tiempo que se pierde al circular por vías de alto tránsito, especialmente durante horas pico, como es el caso de la red constituida por las avenidas Faustino Sánchez Carrión. y La Marina, desde la Av. Gregorio Escobedo hasta la Av. Antonio José de Sucre. En ese contexto, el propósito del presente trabajo es brindar una alternativa de gestión de la oferta vial que contribuya con la optimización de los indicadores de medición del tráfico; entre ellos, el grado de saturación, el nivel de servicio de las intersecciones que forman parte de la investigación y las demoras por tiempo de espera. Para ello, se hace uso de Synchro 8, un software de simulación que sirve de soporte para la generación del modelo de solución, efectuado a nivel mesoscópico. Synchro es compatible con el Highway Capacity Manual - HCM 2000 y 2010; pero además, cuenta con una serie de herramientas que le permiten incorporar su propia técnica de análisis. En el caso de este proyecto, la evaluación del tráfico se desarrolla mediante la Metodología del Automóvil de HCM 2010; sin considerar el análisis de peatones ni ciclistas. Los resultados obtenidos demuestran que es posible optimizar el tráfico vehicular a través del uso correcto de simuladores de tránsito y no solo con intervenciones geométricas de gran escala o excesiva inversión en nueva infraestructura. / Traffic congestion has become a constant in city life, and Lima is not the exception. However, there are actions that can be implemented to minimize the time lost when traveling on high-traffic routes, especially during rush hours, such as the case of the road network formed by the Faustino Sánchez Carrión and La Marina avenues, from Gregorio Escobedo Ave. to Antonio José de Sucre Ave. In that context, the purpose of this project is to provide an alternative of road offer management which contributed to improving traffic measurement indicators; among them, saturation degree, intersections level of service that are part of the research, and delays due to waiting time. In doing so, Synchro 8 is used. This simulation software functions as a support for the solution model generation, which is performed at the mesoscopic level. Synchro is compatible with the Highway Capacity Manual - HCM 2000 and 2010; but also, it has a set of tools that allow it to incorporate its own analysis technique. In the case of this project, traffic evaluation is developed on the basis of vehicular operation system by means of the HCM 2010 Automobile Methodology; that is, the pedestrians and cyclists analysis are not taken into consideration. The results obtained show that it is possible to optimize vehicular traffic through the correct use of traffic simulators and not only through large-scale geometric interventions, or with excessive investment in new infrastructure. / Tesis

Nous introduisons un formalisme adéquat pour étudier les collisions hadroniques dans la limite de haute énergie en chromodynamique quantique (QCD), et la transition vers le régime de saturation. Dans ce formalisme, nous redérivons les résultats connus nécessaires pour présenter nos recherches personnelles, et nous calculons différentes sections efficaces dans le contexte de la diffraction dure et de la production de particules. Nous étudions la transition vers le régime de saturation dans le cadre de l'équation BK; en particulier, nous dérivons certaines propriétés de ses solutions. Nous appliquons nos résultats à la diffusion profondément inélastique et nous montrons que, dans le domaine d'énergie du collisionneur HERA, les prédictions de la QCD à haute énergie sont en bon accord avec les données. Nous considérons aussi la production de jets dans les collisions hadroniques et discutons des possibilités de tester la saturation au LHC.

Cette thèse a pour but l'étude de la stabilité asymptotique locale des systèmes linéaires à temps discret dont les commandes sont soumises à des saturations. L'étude est développée à partir de deux représentations du système saturé en boucle fermée : par régions de saturation et par modèle polytopique. L'analyse de la stabilité du système saturé en boucle fermée ainsi que la synthèse de la loi de commande saturante avec l'objectif de garantir la stabilité d'un domaine d'états admissibles, sont basées sur le concept d'ensembles contractifs. Dans ce contexte, des résultats sont obtenus en considérant deux approches distinctes. La première approche considère des ensembles polyédraux. Des conditions pour la contractivité des trajectoires du système en boucle fermée dans un polyèdre sont étudiées : d'une part, des conditions nécessaires et suffisantes sont établies à partir de la représentation par régions de saturation et, d'autre part, des conditions suffisantes sont obtenues à partir de la représentation par modèle polytopique. Ces conditions permettent de formuler des algorithmes, basés sur des schémas de programmation linéaire, ayant pour objectif la détermination de régions polyédrales où la stabilité asymptotique locale du système en boucle fermée est garantie même si la commande sature. La deuxième approche considère des ensembles ellipsoïdaux et la représentation polytopique du système saturé. Des conditions suffisantes pour la contractivité d'ellipsoïdes par rapport au système saturé sont établies sous la forme d'inégalités matricielles linéaires (LMIs). A partir de ces conditions, un algorithme basé sur des schémas d'optimisation convexe est proposé pour la détermination d'approximations de la région d'attraction de l'origine à travers des ellipsoïdes contractifs. D'autre part, pour un ensemble donné de conditions initiales X0, des conditions sont formulées, également sous la forme de L MIs, pour permettre la détermination d'une loi de commande saturante garantissant la stabilité asymptotique vers l'origine de toutes les trajectoires initialisées dans X0.

Cette thèse concerne l'étude théorique et expérimentale des limitations de la puissance de sortie des lasers à cascade quantique (LCQ). Nous y exposons une modélisation globale de leurs propriétés électro-optiques. Le fonctionnement du laser est décrit en incluant la structure électronique, les mécanismes de diffusion responsables des transitions non radiatives des électrons et le couplage électron- photon de la cavité. Ce modèle nous a permis de reproduire avec succès l'ensemble des caractéristiques (courant et puissance optique en fonction de la tension appliquée) d'un LCQ sur un large domaine de température de fonctionnement. Dans un premier temps, ce modèle a été utilisé pour le calcul de la température électronique dans les LCQ. Il en ressort que la diffusion par des phonons-LO est le seul mécanisme avec lequel le gaz d'électrons peut transférer son énergie vers le réseau. Les mécanismes élastiques de diffusion sont des sources d'énergie pour le gaz d'électrons. Deux paramètres physiques permettent de décrire complètement le comportement de la température électronique dans le composant : la résistance thermique électronique de l'hétérostructure et le coefficient de couplage courant température électronique. Ensuite, l'étude du couplage des électrons avec les photons de la cavité montre que ce couplage peut modifier notablement la distribution électronique sur les niveaux énergétiques. Le gain de la zone active du laser diminue avec la densité de photons. Cet effet appelé saturation de gain joue un rôle important sur les performances des LCQ. La minimisation de cet effet peut augmenter la puissance maximale de sortie du laser d'un facteur deux. Cette étude nous a permis de proposer de nouveaux dessins de zone active ayant des performances améliorées. La fabrication de certaines de ces structures a permis de valider l'approche que nous avons suivie pour améliorer les performances de ce type de laser.

Les sols non saturés jouent un rôle important dans de nombreux domaines. En Génie Civil (stabilité des talus, fondations superficielles), en Ingénierie de l'environnement (transport de polluants par les eaux souterraines, enfouissement de déchets radioactifs), en Ingénierie des Réservoirs (subsidence suite aux pompages dans les champs pétroliers ou dans les nappes aquifères), etc. L'objet de la thèse est l'étude du comportement hydromécanique des sols fin non saturés, tels les limons et les argiles. Les phénomènes typiques du comportement de ces sols sont d'abord présentés avant d'aborder l'étude de leurs lois constitutives. Divers modèles sont passés en revue et un modèle unifié original est développé. Ensuite, une vaste gamme d'essais de laboratoire est analysée. Ils portent sur des sols saturés, quasi saturés et non saturés et concernent quatre matériaux: l'argile de Kruibeke, le limon de Gembloux, l'argile de Boom et la bentonite d'Almeria. Cette partie de la recherche conduit à une critique détaillée des procédures classiques d'essais de laboratoires sur les sols supposés saturés. Elle fournit également une base de données importante pour la calibration de la loi constitutive unifiée développée plus haut. Enfin, des simulations numériques, réalisées en aveugle, d'expériences n'ayant pas servi à la calibration permettent de valider ce modèle.