Address data within geographic information systems (GIS) is used as reference data to link personal and administrative information, thus making it possible to locate and deliver goods and services to eligible persons. Preferably, every country must develop and maintain a single national address database (NAD) to eliminate data redundancy and provide a common point of reference across the board. In South Africa, the challenge is that there are separate address databases, which are developed and maintained by various public and private organizations – with little or no cooperation on data sharing. Currently, the establishment of a Committee for Spatial Information (CSI) which is tasked with the implementation of the South African Spatial Data Infrastructure (SASDI) and the publication of the South African Address Standard (SANS 1883) offer organizations an opportunity to collaborate towards the creation of a single address dataset. This research posits that the implementation of a successful data sharing initiative depends on the understanding of motivators and barriers of organizations participating in it. The research applied the case study method – with a semi-structured questionnaire – to assess the issues that motivate or obstruct GIS data sharing among three address organizations in South Africa. The results identified significant motivators that underlie the data sharing activities, e.g. reduced cost of data collection, improved data quality; and equally identified significant barriers that make organizations reluctant to enter into a data sharing initiative, e.g. data copyright and ownership, high staff-turnover, and lack of financial and technical resources. Although the case studies focused on address data in South Africa, the research findings can equally apply to other spatial datasets and are relevant for the successful implementation of the South African Spatial Data Infrastructure (SASDI). / Dissertation (MIT)--University of Pretoria, 2012. / Computer Science / Unrestricted

Corn (Zea mays L.) and cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) are globally important crops for food, feed, fuel, and industrial feedstocks. In Eastern Virginia, achieving optimal yields is challenging due to unpredictable environmental conditions which impact overall crop growth and nutrient use efficiency. More data are needed on adaptative corn management strategies that focus on increasing nutrient use efficiencies and crop yields (i.e., 4R nutrient management, biostimulants, and in-season crop protection chemicals). With less than 5% of Virginia's corn and cotton fields irrigated, increased irrigation adoption could stabilize/increase crop production outcomes in this region. Three studies were conducted to evaluate these management strategies with the following objectives: 1. To compare standard farmer practices with the Adaptive Corn Management System (ACMS) using a treatment omission/addition approach. 2. To analyze subsurface drip irrigation (SDI) effects on corn grain yield under different seeding and nitrogen (N) application rates in drought-prone soils of Eastern Virginia. 3. To evaluate SDI strategies in cotton, assessing the effects of dripline spacing, plant growth regulator (PGR) rates, irrigation strategies, N rates, and variety on yield. The first study integrated irrigation, in-season nutrient supplementation (soil and foliar applied), foliar fungicides, and biostimulants to enhance corn yields. Field trials conducted across five Virginia locations (2022 to 2023) with irrigated and non-irrigated sites showed yield improvements with supplemental nutrients, biostimulants, and fungicides in 4 of 10 experiments. The yield increase resulting from irrigation in intensive and standard management strategies ranged from -3 to 61%, averaging 8.9 and 34% for intensive and standard management practices, respectively. The second study (2022-2024) evaluated six SDI management strategies, four seeding rates (59,280 to 103,740 plants ha-1), and four N application rates (133 to 333 kg N ha⁻¹). Main effects of irrigation, seeding, and N rates significantly impacted yields. Irrigation and N interactions were significant across years for grain yield. Corn grain yield was greater by 102% with irrigation in 2022 compared to only 13%, and 51% in 2023 and 2024. Averaged over the three years the 0.91 m dripline and 0.91 m with volumetric water content (VWC) sensors increased revenue by $985 and $885 ha-1, respectively, above non-irrigated. Grain yield increased up to a seeding rate of 88,920 plants ha-1 and N rates up to 267 kg N ha-1. The third study utilized two experim¬¬¬¬¬ents evaluating SDI management strategies in cotton from 2019 - 2021. Experiment 1 of the third study tested three irrigation systems with various dripline spacings (0.91 m, 1.82 m, non-irrigated), four PGR rates (0%, 100%, 150%, 200% of current Virginia recommendations, and four cotton varieties. Experiment 2 examined three irrigation strategies (irrigation, fertigation, and non-irrigated), three N rates (89, 133, 178 kg ha-1), three PGR rates (0, 100 and 200%), and two cotton varieties. Results from experiment 1 showed that dripline spacing significantly influenced lint yields in 2 of 3 years. The PGR application rates significantly influenced lint yield in 2021 growing season only. Lint yield varied by variety in 3 of 3 years of the study. The 1.82 m dripline and 100% PGR rate produced the highest economic gains of $158 and $162 ha-1 respectively above check. In Experiment 2, the lint yield varied by irrigation all three years, while PGR rates, N application rates, and variety each influenced lint yield in 2 of 3 years. The highest rates of lint yield increase were achieved at 133 kg N ha-1. Irrigation implementation was more effective in increasing corn grain yields than cotton lint yields during the six-year study period. Corn grain yields were increased on average 60% with SDI compared to non-irrigated treatments over the three-year study. Inputs for adaptative corn management systems were not consistent for increasing grain yields. Although various PGR rates were evaluated, current PGR recommendations for cotton are sufficient with the varieties evaluated in maximizing lint yields. The current N applications for Virginia were in-line with those of the current study which identified 133 kg N ha-1. These studies provide the first data for corn and cotton management with SDI in Virginia and the Mid-Atlantic USA. / Doctor of Philosophy / Corn (Zea Mays L.) and cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) are essential crops globally, providing food, feed, fuel, and industrial materials. In the U.S., 36.7 million hectares of corn and 4.52 million hectares of cotton are grown annually, with Virginia cultivating 186,234 hectares of corn and 36,800 hectares of cotton. Most of these crops in Virginia are grown without irrigation on sandy soils with low nutrient and moisture retention coupled with regions non-uniform precipitation with heavy summer/fall rains which reduce nutrient efficiencies and destabilize yields. While practices like in-season nutrient application (4-R strategy), fungicides, and biostimulants can improve yields, they are not common practices in Virginia. For these practices to be part of adaptive corn management systems, their effectiveness under local conditions needs to be evaluated. The limitations to irrigation in Virginia are largely due to farmers reliance on high annual precipitations, and state restrictions on water withdrawals, desiring that any irrigation system to be adopted to be efficient and flexible for deficit irrigation. Making the SDI the better choice but for it to be adopted, more information is needed. Additionally, understanding how factors like irrigation, seeding rates, plant growth regulators (PGRs), and modern cotton varieties interact with nutrient management under the sub-surface drip irrigation (SDI) system is essential for improving productivity and sustainability of these crops. This research aimed to develop advanced corn and cotton production systems for Virginia by addressing these challenges and evaluating effective crop management strategies. 1) To compare standard farmer management practices (control) and intensive management (attempting to address common yield-limiting factors) with the ACMS using a treatment omission/addition experiment (study one). 2) To assess the impact of subsurface drip irrigation (SDI) strategies on corn grain yield in Virginia and analyze how different seeding and nitrogen (N) rates affect yield under different subsurface drip irrigation strategies in drought-prone soils of Eastern Virginia (study two). 3) a) To evaluate the effects of different dripline spacings and plant growth regulator (PGR) rates on the growth and yield of various cotton varieties, 3) b) Assess the influence of different irrigation strategies, N rates, PGR rates, and modern upland cotton varieties on yield and quality (study three). The first study found that adding biostimulants, foliar fungicides additional phosphorus and potassium and additional sidedress nitrogen variably increased corn grain yield in 3 out of 10. The significant differences between standard and intensive management were observed in 3 of 10 experiments. Addition of extra P and K, sidedress N, and biologicals to the standard management under the non-irrigated conditions resulted in a 15% relative yield increase compared to the irrigated conditions. On average, irrigation increased grain yields by 8.9% under intensive management and 34% under standard management, with yield improvements ranging from -3% to 38% and 14% to 61%, respectively, over non-irrigated fields. In the second study, grain yield was significantly influenced by main effect of irrigation, nitrogen, and seeding rates with notable interactions between irrigation and nitrogen across the years (2022-2024) at P≤ 0.1. The highest impact of irrigation was observed in 2022 with yield increase up to102% over non-irrigated compared to only 13%, and 51% in 2023 and 2024 respectively. Over the three years of this study, the grain yield gains were greatest when a 0.91 m dripline spacing was used which averaged 4,106 kg ha-1 above non-irrigated yielding an economic gain of $985 ha-1. Results from study one of the third experiment which evaluated the effects of upland cotton cultivars, irrigation, and PGR rates on lint yield, showed significant differences in lint yield due to variety across three years. Irrigation influenced lint yield in 2 of 3 years (2020 and 2021), while PGR rates caused yield variation only in 2021. Averaged over three years, the highest yields gains were observed using a 1.82 m dripline, and 100% PGR rate, yielding $158 and $162 in economic gains above the respective checks. In the second experiment of the third study, lint yield varied by irrigation treatments in all the three years, while PGR, N application and variety, each influenced lint yield only 2 of the 3 years of the study. The highest increase in yield due to N application rates was attained at 133 kg N ha-1 with no statistically significant results observed at 279 kg N ha-1 when compared to 133 kg N ha-1. With the exception of interaction between irrigation and variety in experiment 1 (2021), and PGR rates and N rates in experiment 2 (2021), no other significant interactions were observed for lint yield. The findings from the study one showed that balanced N, P, and K supplementation, alongside biostimulants and fungicides could maximize corn yields in dynamic farming conditions. Irrigation was the major driver to yield advancement. The results from the second and third study showed that subsurface drip irrigation (SDI), particularly with a 0.91- m dripline spacing, can significantly improve corn yield, while 1.82 m dripline can enhance the cotton yield in Virginia and the mid-Atlantic. It was not economical to increase the PGR application rates beyond the 100% PGR rate of the recommended Virginia Cooperative Extension (VCE). Additionally, optimized irrigation, PGR management, and precise nitrogen application are key to achieving high yields in modern cotton varieties, ensuring efficient and resilient production systems.

Le taux de prévalence des troubles anxieux est très élevé chez les adolescents avec un Trouble Envahissant du Développement Sans Déficience Intellectuelle (TED-SDI). Hypothèse : Les troubles anxieux sont liés à la reconnaissance des expressions faciales émotionnelles dans les TED-SDI. Objectifs : 1) Etudier les liens entre la présence de troubles anxieux et la reconnaissance des expressions faciales émotionnelles auprès d’adolescents avec TED-SDI, en comparant leurs performances de reconnaissance des expressions faciales émotionnelles selon qu’ils aient ou non des troubles anxieux. 2) Vérifier si ces liens sont spécifiques aux TED-SDI, en comparant les performances à un groupe contrôle anxieux sans TED. 3) Caractériser les troubles anxieux dans les TED-SDI. Méthode : Il s'agit d'une étude transversale, descriptive et comparative d'une population de 46 adolescents avec TED-SDI âgés de 11 à 18 ans dont 20 ont des troubles anxieux. Ces derniers ont été comparés à 20 sujets contrôle du même âge ayant des troubles anxieux sans TED. Résultats : Dans la population avec TED, des liens sont mis en évidence entre la présence de troubles anxieux et l'altération de la reconnaissance des expressions de Colère et Tristesse. Il existe une corrélation spécifique aux TED-SDI entre l'augmentation du niveau d’anxiété sociale et l'amélioration de la reconnaissance de la Peur. Conclusion : Cette étude confirme l’existence de liens entre les troubles anxieux et la reconnaissance des expressions faciales émotionnelles dans les TED-SDI. Des pistes de réflexion sur l’évaluation et le développement de nouvelles prises en charge des troubles anxieux dans cette population sont proposées. / Previous studies reported a high prevalence of anxiety in adolescents with Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD) without intellectual disability. Hypothesis: There is an association between anxiety disorders and facial emotional expressionrecognition in this population. Objectives: 1) to explore the relationship between anxiety disorders and facial emotional expression recognition in adolescents with ASD without intellectual disability and in a control group of adolescents without ASD. 2) to examine the specificity of this relation to ASD in comparing their performance in facial emotion recognition to that of a control group with anxiety disorder without ASD. 3) to characterize anxiety disorders in ASD without intellectual disability.Methods: Our study is cross-sectional, descriptive and comparative. Forty-six adolescents with ASD without intellectual disability aged between 11 and 18 years participated in the study. Among them, 20 had an anxiety disorder and were compared with 20 controls of the same age, with anxiety disorder without ASD. Results: In adolescents with ASD, anxiety disorders were related to impairments in recognition of the emotions like Anger and Sadness. Moreover, we found a significant correlation between the level ofsocial anxiety and improvement in Fear recognition that was specific to ASD.Conclusion and future directions: This study supports the hypothesis that anxiety disorders are relatedto facial emotion recognition in adolescents with ASD without intellectual disability. Clinicalimplications concerning the assessment of anxiety comorbidities in this population and the lack ofadapted treatments are discussed.

Os dados espaciais têm sido utilizados para o monitoramento ambiental de consequências de acidentes com produtos químicos no transporte de produtos perigosos. A Infraestrutura de Dados Espaciais (IDE), que foi criada para a disponibilização e uso de dados espaciais, esbarra na ausência de políticas para dar suporte a essa realização. O objetivo principal deste trabalho é explorar o uso da teoria de Análise de Rede Social (ARS) para diagnosticar a articulação entre as organizações do setor, e discutir as políticas e acordos institucionais vigentes e criar um esquema conceitual de uma IDE para gerenciamento de acidentes relacionados ao Transporte Rodoviário de Produtos Perigosos (TRPP). Neste contexto, esta pesquisa identificou as instituições que tratam do tema TRPP, para que informações sobre o interesse no uso e compartilhamento de dados espaciais através de uma IDE pudessem ser coletadas através de entrevistas, e desta forma, consolidadas. As entrevistas foram aplicadas de forma presencial em 39 instituições. A aplicação da teoria Análise de Rede Social (ARS) pôde diagnosticar o fluxo dos dados entre as instituições através da representação gráfica das redes de disponibilização e utilização de dados espaciais entre as organizações participantes. A partir de então, foram analisados e discutidos os acordos vigentes para compartilhamento de dados espaciais. Os resultados compilados permitiram propor um esquema conceitual de uma IDE para apoio a desastres envolvendo o TRPP, para, então, prover a elaboração de metodologia para o suporte ao diagnóstico da articulação entre os diversos atores de uma IDE. A finalidade é a possível a formulação de políticas para disponibilização de dados espaciais para tomada de decisões preventivas e de enfrentamento de desastres. Os resultados indicaram que as 39 instituições compartilham dados espaciais entre si, ainda que nem sempre por acordos formais preestabelecidos. Constatou-se ainda que há um grande anseio por parte das instituições que fazem o gerenciamento de acidentes envolvendo o TRPP para que haja mecanismos legais para compartilhamento de dados estruturantes para planejamento territorial - para que o uso desses dados possa auxiliar na preparação, prevenção, gerenciamento e socorro imediato aos incidentes que envolvem o TRPP. / Spatial data have been used for environmental monitoring of chemical accidents on the road transportation of dangerous goods. The Spatial Data Infrastructure (SDI) has been created to availability and use of spatial data, however, it emphasizes that there are no policies to support this realization. The main aim of this work is to create a conceptual scheme of a Spatial Data Infrastructure (SDI) for management of transport of Dangerous Goods by road, focusing on the political context. It was identified the institutions that deal with the subject of road transportation of hazardous materials, Moreover the interviews could be consolidated. The interviews were administered by face, in 39 institutions. Interview data were ran in software UCINET, 2000 to obtain metrics related to centrality measures. The application of the theory of Social Network Analysis (ARS) could recognize the flow of data between institutions through the enrolled institutions. Furthermore, it was analyzed the network availability and use aspects of spatial data sharing between the organizations. Besides, the compiled results allowed to propose a conceptual scheme of a SDI to support technological disasters with road transportation of hazardous materials throw the SNA theory applied to investigation of spatial data sharing between different stakeholders to make prevention and risk management of the sector. Therefore, the analysis of the theory of Social Network Analysis (ARS) found that 39 (thirty-nine) institutions share spatial data between themselves, but not always in formal agreements previously established. It was further observed that there is a great desire on the part of the institutions that make the management of the accidents of this kind of transportation mode, so there are legal frameworks for data sharing for land cover uses, as a result the use of such data can be shared between different stakeholders to assist the preparedness, mitigation, response and recovery from incidents related to road dangerous goods transportation.

As zonas costeiras são áreas complexas que contemplam ambientes terrestres e marinhos que, além de possuírem enorme riqueza ambiental, também são áreas atrativas aos seres humanos por oferecer alimentos, lazer, negócios, transporte, entre outros. Algumas dificuldades de gerenciamento ocorrem pela complexidade, conflito de interesses e pelo fato de não haver padronização no levantamento de dados e disponibilização para a comunidade científica, órgãos públicos, etc. O uso de geotecnologias pode auxiliar na organização, padronização e compartilhamento destas informações em Atlas Web além de apoiar no planejamento e tomada de decisão pois agregam, em um único ambiente, diversos dados provenientes de fontes distintas. A construção de um modelo de dados espacial voltado à área ambiental, para ser utilizada em Infraestrutura de Dados Espaciais (IDE) é exemplificada a partir da modelagem de um bioindicador, Macrobentos, de qualidade de sedimentos. Este trabalho apresenta as etapas necessárias para a construção de modelo de dados espacial de Macrobentos e emprega a Região Metropolitana da Baixada Santista como referência, além de ilustrar e discutir as principais dificuldades para organizar os dados não padronizados. Conclui-se que a estruturação do conhecimento quando se trabalha com dados ambientais em um modelo é essencial para sua posterior integração em IDE. Constatou-se no processo de modelagem que questões metodológicas relativas ao processo de coleta podem dificultar ou até mesmo inviabilizar a integração de dados provenientes de diferentes estudos. A construção de um modelo de dados espacial e sua posterior publicação via Geoportal, como o apresentado neste estudo, poderá ser utilizado como referência para novas pesquisas com objetivos semelhantes. / Coastal zones are complex areas that include marine and terrestrial environments. Besides its huge environmental importance, they also attract humans because they provide food, recreation, business, transportation, among others. Some difficulties to manage these areas are related with their complexity, diversity of interests and the absence of standardization to collect and share data to scientific community, public agencies, among others. The use of geo-technologies can be used in the organization, standardization and sharing of this information through Atlas Web and assists planning and decision making issues because it aggregates different files from distinct sources. The construction of a spatial database integrating the environmental business, to be used on Spatial Data Infrastructure (SDI) is illustrated by a bioindicator, Macrobenthos, that indicates the quality of the sediments. This research shows the required steps to build Macrobenthos spatial database based on Santos Metropolitan Region as a reference. Besides, it tries to illustrate the problems related to organize non standardized data. It can be concluded, when working with environmental data, that the structuring of knowledge in a conceptual model is essential for their subsequent integration into the SDI. During the modeling process it can be noticed that methodological issues related to the collection process may obstruct or make impracticable the data integration from different studies of the same area. The development of a database model and its subsequent publication in a Geoportal can be used as a reference for further research with similar goals.

Fundamentale Voraussetzung für alle professionellen Kartendienste ist die Möglichkeit zur Kontrolle der grafischen Präsentation. Aus diesem Grund besteht ein starker Bedarf an der visuellen Darstellung von Geodaten. Diese transformiert rohe Informationen in wichtige und entscheidungstragende Werkzeuge. Der Feature Portrayal Service (FPS) hat die Aufgabe, diese Anforderungen umzusetzen und damit wesentlich zur kartographischen Interoperabilität in Geodateninfrastrukturen beizutragen. Der Dienst entstammt dem internationalen Standard SLD 1.1.0 (Styled Layer Descriptor). Es handelt sich um einen Darstellungsdienst, der die interoperable Nutzung von Vektor-Daten, also von so genannten Features, ermöglicht. Dieser spezielle Web Map Service hat die Aufgabe, Geodaten von beliebigen Web Feature Services sowie rohe GML-Daten in einer gewünschten grafischen Ausprägung zu präsentieren. Dabei ist der jeweilige Nutzer in der Lage, eigene Darstellungen zu definieren und auf einen beliebigen Datenbestand anzuwenden. Datenquellen, Darstellungsvorschriften und der Feature Portrayal Service selbst sind insofern unabhängig voneinander, dass diese drei Komponenten auf verschiedenen und voneinander unabhängigen Servern liegen können. Diese Art der Implementierung bezeichnet man als Component WMS.

This Master thesis is written in the field of collaborative planning aiming to challenge the collaborative approach on it applicability, especially in the context of the Global South. As a case study it looks on the urban poor community participatory practice, the so called 're-blocking' in Cape Town – an example of insitu informal settlement upgrading. It questions not only to what extent re-blocking displays a successful approach of collaborative planing but also whether it can lead to more inclusive cities in South Africa. The field data was gained through qualitative semi-structured interviews, observations and an analysis of national housing policy documents. The findings evaluate re-blocking as a successful example of collaborative planning in the sense that local communities are truly involved in the process and have a lot of decision making power. Also, re- blocking can be replicable to other cities in South Africa. Yet it faces several risks in community mobilisation and communication and can only be operated on a small scale. Therefore, the thesis concludes that re-blocking itself may not lead to inclusive cities, however as an example of community participation it may change the mindset of the South African society and (local) government towards informal community inclusion.

As zonas costeiras são áreas complexas que contemplam ambientes terrestres e marinhos que, além de possuírem enorme riqueza ambiental, também são áreas atrativas aos seres humanos por oferecer alimentos, lazer, negócios, transporte, entre outros. Algumas dificuldades de gerenciamento ocorrem pela complexidade, conflito de interesses e pelo fato de não haver padronização no levantamento de dados e disponibilização para a comunidade científica, órgãos públicos, etc. O uso de geotecnologias pode auxiliar na organização, padronização e compartilhamento destas informações em Atlas Web além de apoiar no planejamento e tomada de decisão pois agregam, em um único ambiente, diversos dados provenientes de fontes distintas. A construção de um modelo de dados espacial voltado à área ambiental, para ser utilizada em Infraestrutura de Dados Espaciais (IDE) é exemplificada a partir da modelagem de um bioindicador, Macrobentos, de qualidade de sedimentos. Este trabalho apresenta as etapas necessárias para a construção de modelo de dados espacial de Macrobentos e emprega a Região Metropolitana da Baixada Santista como referência, além de ilustrar e discutir as principais dificuldades para organizar os dados não padronizados. Conclui-se que a estruturação do conhecimento quando se trabalha com dados ambientais em um modelo é essencial para sua posterior integração em IDE. Constatou-se no processo de modelagem que questões metodológicas relativas ao processo de coleta podem dificultar ou até mesmo inviabilizar a integração de dados provenientes de diferentes estudos. A construção de um modelo de dados espacial e sua posterior publicação via Geoportal, como o apresentado neste estudo, poderá ser utilizado como referência para novas pesquisas com objetivos semelhantes. / Coastal zones are complex areas that include marine and terrestrial environments. Besides its huge environmental importance, they also attract humans because they provide food, recreation, business, transportation, among others. Some difficulties to manage these areas are related with their complexity, diversity of interests and the absence of standardization to collect and share data to scientific community, public agencies, among others. The use of geo-technologies can be used in the organization, standardization and sharing of this information through Atlas Web and assists planning and decision making issues because it aggregates different files from distinct sources. The construction of a spatial database integrating the environmental business, to be used on Spatial Data Infrastructure (SDI) is illustrated by a bioindicator, Macrobenthos, that indicates the quality of the sediments. This research shows the required steps to build Macrobenthos spatial database based on Santos Metropolitan Region as a reference. Besides, it tries to illustrate the problems related to organize non standardized data. It can be concluded, when working with environmental data, that the structuring of knowledge in a conceptual model is essential for their subsequent integration into the SDI. During the modeling process it can be noticed that methodological issues related to the collection process may obstruct or make impracticable the data integration from different studies of the same area. The development of a database model and its subsequent publication in a Geoportal can be used as a reference for further research with similar goals.

Os dados espaciais têm sido utilizados para o monitoramento ambiental de consequências de acidentes com produtos químicos no transporte de produtos perigosos. A Infraestrutura de Dados Espaciais (IDE), que foi criada para a disponibilização e uso de dados espaciais, esbarra na ausência de políticas para dar suporte a essa realização. O objetivo principal deste trabalho é explorar o uso da teoria de Análise de Rede Social (ARS) para diagnosticar a articulação entre as organizações do setor, e discutir as políticas e acordos institucionais vigentes e criar um esquema conceitual de uma IDE para gerenciamento de acidentes relacionados ao Transporte Rodoviário de Produtos Perigosos (TRPP). Neste contexto, esta pesquisa identificou as instituições que tratam do tema TRPP, para que informações sobre o interesse no uso e compartilhamento de dados espaciais através de uma IDE pudessem ser coletadas através de entrevistas, e desta forma, consolidadas. As entrevistas foram aplicadas de forma presencial em 39 instituições. A aplicação da teoria Análise de Rede Social (ARS) pôde diagnosticar o fluxo dos dados entre as instituições através da representação gráfica das redes de disponibilização e utilização de dados espaciais entre as organizações participantes. A partir de então, foram analisados e discutidos os acordos vigentes para compartilhamento de dados espaciais. Os resultados compilados permitiram propor um esquema conceitual de uma IDE para apoio a desastres envolvendo o TRPP, para, então, prover a elaboração de metodologia para o suporte ao diagnóstico da articulação entre os diversos atores de uma IDE. A finalidade é a possível a formulação de políticas para disponibilização de dados espaciais para tomada de decisões preventivas e de enfrentamento de desastres. Os resultados indicaram que as 39 instituições compartilham dados espaciais entre si, ainda que nem sempre por acordos formais preestabelecidos. Constatou-se ainda que há um grande anseio por parte das instituições que fazem o gerenciamento de acidentes envolvendo o TRPP para que haja mecanismos legais para compartilhamento de dados estruturantes para planejamento territorial - para que o uso desses dados possa auxiliar na preparação, prevenção, gerenciamento e socorro imediato aos incidentes que envolvem o TRPP. / Spatial data have been used for environmental monitoring of chemical accidents on the road transportation of dangerous goods. The Spatial Data Infrastructure (SDI) has been created to availability and use of spatial data, however, it emphasizes that there are no policies to support this realization. The main aim of this work is to create a conceptual scheme of a Spatial Data Infrastructure (SDI) for management of transport of Dangerous Goods by road, focusing on the political context. It was identified the institutions that deal with the subject of road transportation of hazardous materials, Moreover the interviews could be consolidated. The interviews were administered by face, in 39 institutions. Interview data were ran in software UCINET, 2000 to obtain metrics related to centrality measures. The application of the theory of Social Network Analysis (ARS) could recognize the flow of data between institutions through the enrolled institutions. Furthermore, it was analyzed the network availability and use aspects of spatial data sharing between the organizations. Besides, the compiled results allowed to propose a conceptual scheme of a SDI to support technological disasters with road transportation of hazardous materials throw the SNA theory applied to investigation of spatial data sharing between different stakeholders to make prevention and risk management of the sector. Therefore, the analysis of the theory of Social Network Analysis (ARS) found that 39 (thirty-nine) institutions share spatial data between themselves, but not always in formal agreements previously established. It was further observed that there is a great desire on the part of the institutions that make the management of the accidents of this kind of transportation mode, so there are legal frameworks for data sharing for land cover uses, as a result the use of such data can be shared between different stakeholders to assist the preparedness, mitigation, response and recovery from incidents related to road dangerous goods transportation.

A Spatial Data Infrastructure (SDI) is required to make the spatial data be fully used and well shared by the society. In China, SDI’s has also been established progressively. A thorough understanding of the potentials and shortcomings about SDI in China has a positive significance to clearly identify the future direction and actions.In order to find out the potentials and shortcomings of SDI in China, the current situation of SDI and SDI in China have been assessed through literature review and interview. Then a Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities and Threats (SWOT) analysis has been developed. Based on the current experiences of SDI development in China, the thesis concludes that China have a good potential to develop its SDI function. It also points out that there still are some weaknesses needed to be surmounted, such as: lacking advanced technology, data duplication, and lack of skilled workforce. There is a big room and capability to improve the development of Chinese SDI well in the future.