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In dieser Arbeit sollen die maßgeblichen nationalen Zugbeeinflussungssysteme der Länder Polen (SHP, Radio-Stop, KHP), Slowakei und Tschechien (LS, MIREL VZ1) vorgestellt und miteinander verglichen werden. Der Fokus liegt dabei auf einer funktionellen Betrachtung, wobei auch der technische Hintergrund nicht unberücksichtigt bleibt. Ein Ausblick auf die zukünftigen Bemühungen hinsichtlich ETCS rundet den Überblick ab.:1 Übersicht . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 2 LS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 2.1 Zielstellung . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 2.2 Funktionsweise . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 2.3 Betriebsmodi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 2.4 MIREL VZ1-Erweiterungen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 2.5 Weitere Entwicklungen in der Slowakei und in Tschechien . . . . . . . . . . 13 3 SHP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 3.1 Zielstellung . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 3.2 Funktionsweise . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 3.3 KHP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 3.4 Radio-Stop . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 3.5 Weitere Entwicklungen in Polen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 4 Literaturverzeichnis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 / This paper compares the major national train protection systems of Poland (SHP, Radio-Stop, KHP), the Slovak Republic and Czechia (LS, MIREL VZ1). The emphasis is placed on a functional description, while mentioning the relevant technical background where necessary. An outlook on future developments regarding ETCS in the respective countries concludes each chapter.:1 Übersicht . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 2 LS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 2.1 Zielstellung . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 2.2 Funktionsweise . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 2.3 Betriebsmodi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 2.4 MIREL VZ1-Erweiterungen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 2.5 Weitere Entwicklungen in der Slowakei und in Tschechien . . . . . . . . . . 13 3 SHP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 3.1 Zielstellung . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 3.2 Funktionsweise . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 3.3 KHP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 3.4 Radio-Stop . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 3.5 Weitere Entwicklungen in Polen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 4 Literaturverzeichnis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23

Grâce au développement de la technologie des semi-conducteurs, les ballasts électroniques fonctionnant en haute fréquence offrent des avantages considérables par rapport aux ballasts électromagnétiques conventionnels. Il en résulte une augmentation de la durée de vie de la lampe, une diminution du volume et du poids du système et surtout un meilleur contrôle de son fonctionnement afin de réduire notamment la consommation électrique. Parmi des lampes à décharge, la lampe sodium haute pression a une excellente efficacité lumineuse et une longue durée de vie. Pourtant, quand la lampe fonctionne en haut fréquence, des perturbations de type « résonance acoustique (RA) » peuvent entraîner l’instabilité de la décharge, son extinction ou pire, la destruction de la lampe. Cette thèse, intitulée « Modes d’Alimentation et de Commande des lampes sodium haute pression en vue d’éviter les résonances acoustiques », traite de plusieurs problèmes. Les caractéristiques de la décharge haute pression, le phénomène de RA, ses conditions d’excitation (notamment au travers d’un phénomène d’hystérésis original) et la variation des paramètres électriques due à la présence de résonances acoustiques dans la lampe, ont été étudiés. Les résultats sont issus de travaux de simulation et expérimentaux menés au sein du laboratoire LAPLACE. Grâce à ces acquis fondamentaux, plusieurs nouvelles méthodes d’alimentation par l’injection de signaux à fréquences proches ont été proposées dans nos travaux. Il s’agit d’éviter la résonance acoustique dans la lampe alimentée par un ballast de structure très réduite par rapport aux solutions classiques. Cette méthode est basée sur le choix judicieux des signaux injectés dans la lampe et leur répartition, (alimentation par deux, trois ou cinq signaux, répartition symétrique, asymétrique totale ou partielle). Le résultat est un meilleur étalement du spectre et donc une réduction de puissances harmoniques sélectionnées permettant de s’adapter, à terme aux conditions d’excitation des RA, mais aussi les limitations de ces méthodes compte tenu du facteur crête. Enfin, différents types de commande en boucle fermée sont proposés, ils permettent d’assurer la stabilité de la décharge et le contrôle des puissances imposées dans la lampe. Les études théoriques, en simulation et expérimentales qui ont été conduites nous ont permis d’aboutir à des résultats concluants. / For high pressure sodium (HPS) lamps, the progress of semi-conductor technology has provided considerable advantages in the design of high frequency operated electronic ballasts, compared to conventional electromagnetic ballasts. The advantages deal with lamp lifetime improvement, ballast volume and mass reduction, and particularly with a better control of lamp operation for optimized power consumption. Among discharge lamps, high pressure sodium (HPS) lamp has excellent efficacy and long lifetime. However, when it is operated at high frequency, discharge perturbation namely “acoustic resonances (AR)” can provoke some lamp arc instabilities, extinction or, even worst, lamp destruction. The present thesis, entitled “Supply and control methods for acoustic resonances avoidance in high intensity discharge lamps” deals with several matters.  High intensity discharge (HID) characteristics, AR phenomenon, its excitation conditions (including the original features of AR hysteresis) and lamp electrical parameters variation due to AR presence, will be studied. The obtained results were provided by simulations and experimentations carried out in LAPLACE laboratory. Thanks to the acquired results of previous studies, several novel lamp supply strategies via adjacent frequency signals injection were proposed. The main concepts here consist in the avoidance of AR presented in a lamp supplied by designed electronic ballast with reduced structure, compared to classical solutions. Otherwise, the presented methods are based on pertinent choices of injected signals applied to the lamp and their frequency distributions (two, three or five signals and symmetric, partial asymmetric or total asymmetric signals). The studies actually showed better spreading of signal spectrum and power harmonic amplitudes reduction adapted to AR excitation conditions, while taking into account crest factor limitation. Finally, different control laws (PI, Hysteresis, Self-oscillation, Resonant controllers) were also proposed in order to guarantee lamp discharge stabilization and power controls. The theoretical and experimental studies including simulations were conducted to reach concluding results of our works.

Résumé : Bien que l’hypoxie soit un puissant inducteur de l’angiogenèse, l’activation des facteurs de croissance est perturbée en hyperglycémie au niveau du pied et du cœur. Cette perturbation entraîne la perte de prolifération et de migration chez les cellules endothéliales, musculaires lisses vasculaires et péricytes empêchant la formation de nouveaux vaisseaux qui mènera à l’amputation des membres inférieurs chez les patients diabétiques. Une étude a démontré qu’une augmentation de la protéine tyrosine phosphatase Src homology-2 domain-containing phosphatase-1 (SHP-1) en condition hyperglycémique chez les péricytes entraînait l’inhibition de la signalisation du PDGF-BB, ce qui résultait en le développement d’une rétinopathie diabétique. Nous avons alors soulevé l’hypothèse que l’expression de SHP-1 dans les cellules musculaires lisses vasculaires affecte la prolifération et la migration cellulaire par l’inhibition de la signalisation de l’insuline et du PDGF-BB en condition diabétique. Nos expérimentations ont été effectuées principalement à l’aide d’une culture primaire de cellules musculaires lisses primaires provenant d’aortes bovines. Comparativement aux concentrations normales de glucose (NG : 5,6 mM), l’exposition à des concentrations élevées de glucose (HG : 25 mM) pendant 48 h a résulté en l’inhibition de la prolifération cellulaire par l’insuline et le PDGF-BB autant en normoxie (20% O2) qu’en hypoxie (24 dernières heures à 1% O2). Lors des essais de migration cellulaire, aucun effet de l’insuline n’a été observé alors que la migration par le PDGF-BB fut inhibée en HG autant en normoxie qu’en hypoxie. L’exposition en HG à mener à l’inhibition de la signalisation de la voie PI3K/Akt de l’insuline et du PDGF-BB en hypoxie. Aucune variation de l’expression de SHP-1 n’a été observée mais son activité phosphatase en hypoxie était fortement inhibée en NG contrairement en HG où on observait une augmentation de cette activité. Finalement, une association a été constatée entre SHP-1 et la sous-unité bêta du récepteur au PDGF. En conclusion, nous avons démontré que l’augmentation de l’activité phosphatase de SHP-1 en hypoxie cause l’inhibition des voies de l’insuline et du PDGF-BB réduisant les processus angiogéniques des cellules musculaires lisses vasculaires dans la maladie des artères périphériques. / Abstract : Even though hypoxia is a strong angiogenic inducer, pro-angiogenic factor signaling pathways in peripheral limb and heart are altered by hyperglycemia. This disruption leads to loss of endothelial cells, vascular smooth muscle cells and pericytes proliferation and migration preventing new blood vessel formation which results in amputation of lower extremities in diabetic patients. A study has shown that increase expression of the protein tyrosine phosphatase Src homology-2 domain-containing phosphatase-1 (SHP-1) in hyperglycemic condition in pericytes caused PDGF-BB signaling inhibition resulting in the development of diabetic retinopathy. Our hypothesis is that SHP-1 expression in vascular smooth muscle cells inhibits cell proliferation and migration induced by insulin and PDGF-BB in diabetic condition. Our experiments were performed using primary culture of vascular smooth muscle cells (SMC) from bovine aortas. As compared to normal glucose concentrations (NG:5,6 mM), high glucose level (HG: 25 mM) exposure for 48h inhibited SMC proliferation induced by insulin and PDGF-BB in both normoxia (20% O2) or hypoxia (1% O2 for the last 24h). During cell migration assays, no effect of insulin was observed while PDGF-BB action of SMC migration was reduced in HG in both normal and low oxygen concentrations. HG exposure lead to inhibition of insulin- and PDGF-BB-stimulated PI3K/Akt signaling pathway in hypoxia. No variation of SHP-1 expression was observed in HG condition. However, SHP-1 phosphatase activity was elevated in HG condition during hypoxia as compared to NG concentrations. Finally, our data showed an association between SHP-1 and the PDGF receptor beta subunit. In conclusion, our results demonstrated that the increase of SHP-1 phosphatase activity in hyperglycemia and hypoxia environment caused inhibition of insulin and PDGF-BB signaling pathways reducing angiogenic processes in vascular smooth muscle cells contributing to peripheral arterial disease in diabetes.

Este trabalho tem como objetivo avaliar o balanço econômico de uma política de incentivos para as fontes de energia renovável, analisando em particular o caso das PCHs (Pequenas Centrais Hidrelétrica) inseridas no Proinfa, o Programa de Incentivo às Fontes Alternativas de Energia Elétrica. A análise é desenvolvida tomando por base a internalização de custos e benefícios para a sociedade do referido Programa. Dentre os benefícios, estão destacados o desenvolvimento de uma fonte alternativa de energia que diminui os impactos ambientais devidos às emissões de gases poluentes, tal como o CO2, NOx o SO2 e o material particulado. Dentre seus custos, o imposto a ser cobrado se faz necessário para que programas dessa natureza se realizem. Para tanto, a revisão da literatura se concentra em assuntos concernentes à avaliação de programas de incentivos, bem como sobre o desenho de políticas de subsídio e das formas que a economia encontra para lidar com externalidades. Em seguida, analisam-se as estruturas propostas de incentivos, verificando-se, à luz da teoria, se essas estruturas são apropriadas aos seus fins e procedendo-se a uma análise de custo/benefício destas. / This work has the objective to evaluate the economic balance of an incentive policy for renewable energy source (RES), in particular it analyses the SHP (Small Hydropower Plant) case into the Context of Proinfa, the Brazilian alternative electrical energy source incentive program. This analysis is developed considering the point of view of internalizing the costs and benefits for the society. Among the benefits could be highlighted the development of a RES that reduces environmental impacts caused by pollutant gas emissions, such as CO2, NOx, SOx and particulated material, among the costs is the tax necessary to support this kind of program. To achieve this objective, the literature revision was focused on subjects related to evaluation of an incentive program as well as on the design of subsidy policies and how the economy deals with externalities. Also it is analyzed the incentives framework proposed, verifying based on the economic theory, if this framework is suitable to its own aims, and at the end it is proceed a cost benefit analysis of this structure.

The debate about of Small Hydropower Plants (SHPs) if to justify as it is necessary to understand how this kind of hydropower production go if agglomeration in different regions of Brazil, which the discussion if based in appropriation more sustainable the natural assets for national progress. The goal is discussion through academic reading and legislative, the forward and rewind of main standards and issues governing about of subject, beyond the seek to understand how the reformulation normative to meet the wishes that investors, but otherwise promote the detriment that environment issues. Subsequently, proceeded to analysis of River Basin Paranaíba as general scenario of the actual and future overview progress of SHPs. From this analysis focused in state of Minas Gerais as political agent that acts more towards in order to ensure the production of energy, benefiting the entrepreneur than its population. Moreover, within this broad scenario, brings up some inserts of SHP Malagone in Uberlândia - MG as demonstrative scenario of changes caused by the massive hydroelectric option. / O debate sobre as Pequenas Centrais Hidrelétricas (PCHs) se justifica à medida que é preciso compreender como este tipo de produção hidroenergética vem se expandindo nas diferentes regiões do Brasil, com o discurso de se basear em apropriações mais sustentáveis dos bens naturais para o progresso nacional. O objetivo é discutir, por meio de leituras acadêmicas e legislativas, o avanço e o retrocesso das principais normas e questões que regem sobre o assunto, além de buscar compreender como ocorrem as reformulações normativas a fim de atender aos anseios dos investidores, mas, por outro lado, promove o detrimento das questões socioambientais. Posteriormente, procedeu-se a análise da Bacia Hidrográfica do Rio Paranaíba como cenário geral do atual e futuro panorama de avanço das PCHs. A partir desta análise se focou no estado de Minas Gerais, como agente político cujas decisões, no sentido de garantir a produção de energia, beneficiam mais o empreendedor do que a própria população. Dentro deste amplo cenário, se insere a PCH Malagone, em Uberlândia-MG, como cenário demonstrativo das alterações causadas em virtude da opção maciça pelas usinas hidrelétricas. / Mestre em Geografia

Este trabalho tem como objetivo avaliar o balanço econômico de uma política de incentivos para as fontes de energia renovável, analisando em particular o caso das PCHs (Pequenas Centrais Hidrelétrica) inseridas no Proinfa, o Programa de Incentivo às Fontes Alternativas de Energia Elétrica. A análise é desenvolvida tomando por base a internalização de custos e benefícios para a sociedade do referido Programa. Dentre os benefícios, estão destacados o desenvolvimento de uma fonte alternativa de energia que diminui os impactos ambientais devidos às emissões de gases poluentes, tal como o CO2, NOx o SO2 e o material particulado. Dentre seus custos, o imposto a ser cobrado se faz necessário para que programas dessa natureza se realizem. Para tanto, a revisão da literatura se concentra em assuntos concernentes à avaliação de programas de incentivos, bem como sobre o desenho de políticas de subsídio e das formas que a economia encontra para lidar com externalidades. Em seguida, analisam-se as estruturas propostas de incentivos, verificando-se, à luz da teoria, se essas estruturas são apropriadas aos seus fins e procedendo-se a uma análise de custo/benefício destas. / This work has the objective to evaluate the economic balance of an incentive policy for renewable energy source (RES), in particular it analyses the SHP (Small Hydropower Plant) case into the Context of Proinfa, the Brazilian alternative electrical energy source incentive program. This analysis is developed considering the point of view of internalizing the costs and benefits for the society. Among the benefits could be highlighted the development of a RES that reduces environmental impacts caused by pollutant gas emissions, such as CO2, NOx, SOx and particulated material, among the costs is the tax necessary to support this kind of program. To achieve this objective, the literature revision was focused on subjects related to evaluation of an incentive program as well as on the design of subsidy policies and how the economy deals with externalities. Also it is analyzed the incentives framework proposed, verifying based on the economic theory, if this framework is suitable to its own aims, and at the end it is proceed a cost benefit analysis of this structure.

Nuclear receptors play significant roles in the regulation of transporters and enzymes to balance the level of endogenous molecules and to protect the body from foreign molecules. The vitamin D receptor (VDR) and its natural ligand, 1alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 [1,25(OH)2D3], was shown to upregulate rat ileal apical sodium dependent bile acid transporter (Asbt) to increase the reclamation of bile acids, ligands of the farnesoid X receptor (FXR). FXR is considered to be an important, negative regulator of the cholesterol metabolizing enzyme, Cyp7a1, which metabolizes cholesterol to bile acids in the liver. In rats, decreased Cyp7a1 and increased P-glycoprotein/multidrug resistance protein 1 (P-gp/Mdr1) expressions pursuant to 1,25(OH)2D3 treatment was viewed as FXR effects in which hepatic VDR protein is poorly expressed. In contrast, changes in rat intestinal and renal transporters such as multidrug resistance associated proteins (Mrp2, Mrp3, and Mrp4), Asbt, and P-gp after administration of 1,25(OH)2D3 were attributed directly as VDR effects due to higher VDR levels expressed in these tissues. Higher VDR expressions were found among mouse hepatocytes compared to those in rats. Hence, fxr(-/-) and fxr(+/+) mouse models were used to discriminate between VDR vs. FXR effects in murine livers. Hepatic Cyp7a1 in mice was found to be upregulated with 1,25(OH)2D3 treatment, via the derepression of the short heterodimer partner (SHP). Putative VDREs, identified in mouse and human SHP promoters, were responsible for the inhibitory effect on SHP. The increase in hepatic Cyp7a1 expression and decreased plasma and liver cholesterol were observed in mice prefed with a Western diet. A strong correlation was found between tissue Cyp7a1 and P-gp changes and 1,25(OH)2D3 plasma and tissue concentrations, confirming that VDR plays an important role in the disposition of xenobiotics and cholesterol metabolism. Moreover, renal and brain Mdr1a/P-gp were found to be directly upregulated by the VDR in mice, and concomitantly, increased renal and brain secretion of digoxin, a P-gp substrate, in vivo. The important observations: the cholesterol lowering and increased brain P-gp efflux activity properties suggest that VDR is a therapeutic target for treatment of hypercholesterolemia and Alzheimer’s diseases, since beta amyloid, precursors of plague, are P-gp substrates.

Nuclear receptors play significant roles in the regulation of transporters and enzymes to balance the level of endogenous molecules and to protect the body from foreign molecules. The vitamin D receptor (VDR) and its natural ligand, 1alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 [1,25(OH)2D3], was shown to upregulate rat ileal apical sodium dependent bile acid transporter (Asbt) to increase the reclamation of bile acids, ligands of the farnesoid X receptor (FXR). FXR is considered to be an important, negative regulator of the cholesterol metabolizing enzyme, Cyp7a1, which metabolizes cholesterol to bile acids in the liver. In rats, decreased Cyp7a1 and increased P-glycoprotein/multidrug resistance protein 1 (P-gp/Mdr1) expressions pursuant to 1,25(OH)2D3 treatment was viewed as FXR effects in which hepatic VDR protein is poorly expressed. In contrast, changes in rat intestinal and renal transporters such as multidrug resistance associated proteins (Mrp2, Mrp3, and Mrp4), Asbt, and P-gp after administration of 1,25(OH)2D3 were attributed directly as VDR effects due to higher VDR levels expressed in these tissues. Higher VDR expressions were found among mouse hepatocytes compared to those in rats. Hence, fxr(-/-) and fxr(+/+) mouse models were used to discriminate between VDR vs. FXR effects in murine livers. Hepatic Cyp7a1 in mice was found to be upregulated with 1,25(OH)2D3 treatment, via the derepression of the short heterodimer partner (SHP). Putative VDREs, identified in mouse and human SHP promoters, were responsible for the inhibitory effect on SHP. The increase in hepatic Cyp7a1 expression and decreased plasma and liver cholesterol were observed in mice prefed with a Western diet. A strong correlation was found between tissue Cyp7a1 and P-gp changes and 1,25(OH)2D3 plasma and tissue concentrations, confirming that VDR plays an important role in the disposition of xenobiotics and cholesterol metabolism. Moreover, renal and brain Mdr1a/P-gp were found to be directly upregulated by the VDR in mice, and concomitantly, increased renal and brain secretion of digoxin, a P-gp substrate, in vivo. The important observations: the cholesterol lowering and increased brain P-gp efflux activity properties suggest that VDR is a therapeutic target for treatment of hypercholesterolemia and Alzheimer’s diseases, since beta amyloid, precursors of plague, are P-gp substrates.