Objetivo: Estimar a prevalência de sintomas de apneia obstrutiva do sono (AOS), obstrução nasal (ON) e enurese em crianças com fissura labiopalatina unilateral, não sindrômicas. Local de execução: Unidade de Estudos do Sono do Laboratório de Fisiologia - HRAC/USP. Método: Estudo prospectivo transversal com a participação de 174 sujeitos que atenderam aos critérios de inclusão, de 6 a 12 anos de idade (média de 10,0 ± 1,8 anos, 58,62% do sexo masculino). A prevalência de sintomas de AOS e de ON foi estimada pela análise dos escores obtidos pelos instrumentos: Escala de Distúrbios do Sono em Crianças (EDSC); Índice de Congestão Nasal (CQ-5) e Escala Visual Analógica (EVA). A enurese foi considerada como presente quando relatada incontinência urinária intermitente durante o sono (no mínimo 1 episódio/mês, nos últimos 3 meses). Para caracterizar a enurese como monossintomática ou polissintomática, sintomas de disfunção do trato urinário inferior (DTUI) foram investigados pelo instrumento Dysfunctional Voiding Scoring System (DVSS), em Português. Foram colhidos dados sociodemográficos, antecedentes e comorbidades, índice de massa corpórea (IMC) e razão circunferência abdominal/altura (CA/A). Foram analisadas medidas de posição e dispersão, frequências percentuais e absolutas e razão de prevalências. Diferenças entre subgrupos foram analisadas a um nível de significância de 5%. Resultados: Escore EDSC positivo para AOS foi observado em 60 (34,48%) crianças da amostra; escore CQ-5 positivo para ON em 45 (25,86%), escore DVSS positivo para DTUI em 30 (17,24%) e 29 (16,67%) crianças apresentaram enurese. Ronco habitual foi observado em 75,00% no subgrupo AOS e sensação de nariz obstruído habitual em 75,56% no subgrupo ON. Não foram constatadas diferenças significativas quanto a sexo, raça, IMC e razão CA/A. A ocorrência de enurese foi maior aos 6 e 7 anos, com queda gradativa aos 8 anos e ausência aos 12 anos. Houve predomínio de enurese primária (65,52%), infrequente (68,96%) e polissintomática (72,41%). Comparativamente aos dados da literatura, as razões de prevalências de AOS, do sintoma nariz obstruído e de enurese foram até 6,75 vezes (IC 95% 5,3 - 8,7), 2,14 vezes (IC 95% 1,8 - 2,5) e 3,33 vezes (IC 95% 2,3 - 4,7) maiores, respectivamente. Foi identificada associação entre sintomas de AOS e ON (p=0,0001), com correlação positiva e moderada entre os escores médios do EDSC e do CQ-5 (0,545). Não se verificou maior prevalência de enurese nas crianças com sintomas de AOS. Conclusão: As crianças com FLPUNS tem alta prevalência de obstrução nasal e enurese e estão sob risco para apneia obstrutiva do sono / Objectives: To estimate the prevalence ratios of nasal obstruction (NO) symptoms, OSA-related symptoms and enuresis in Brazilian nonsyndromic children with repaired unilateral cleft lip and palate (UCLP/NS). Setting: Sleep Studies Unit, Laboratory of Physiology, HRAC/USP. Methods: 174 children with repaired UCLP/NS, meeting inclusion criteria, participated in this prospective, cross-sectional study (aged 6-12 y, 58.62% boys). Validated questionnaires were used to predict OSA and subjective NO, Sleep Disturbance Scale for Children (SDSC), Congestion Quantifier Five Item (CQ-5) and Visual Analog Scale (VAS), respectively. Enuresis was defined as intermittent incontinence of urine during sleeping (with a minimum of one episode per month and at least for 3 months). In order to identify non-monosymptomatic enuresis, lower urinary tract dysfunction was assessed by a validated questionnaire, the Dysfunctional Voiding Scoring System (DVSS). Sociodemographic data, medical history, comorbidities, body mass index (BMI) and waist-to-height ratio (WHR) were analyzed. Measures of central tendency and dispersion, absolute and relative frequencies and prevalence ratios were analyzed. Subgroups were compared at 5% significance level. Results: Positive screening for OSAS-related symptoms was seen in 60 (34.48%) children and subjective NO in 45 (25.86%). Enuresis was seen in 29 (16.67%) children and positive DVSS score in 30 (17.24%). Habitual snoring was seen in 75.00% of the children with OSA-related symptoms and sensation of nasal obstruction in 75.56% of the children with positive CQ-5 score. No differences were observed for gender, race, BMI and WHR. The occurrence of enuresis was higher at 6/7 y of age, with a gradual decline at 8 years and absence at 12 y. There was a predominance of primary (65.52%), infrequent (68.96%) and non-monosymptomatic (72.41%) enuresis. Compared to literature data, prevalence ratios of OSA-related symptoms, NO and enuresis were, respectively, 6.75 (95% CI 5.3 - 8.7), 2.14 (95% CI 1.8 - 2.5) and 3.33 (95% CI 2.3 - 4.7) times higher. Association was identified between symptoms of OSA and ON (p=0.0001), with a positive and moderate correlation between the average scores of the EDSC and CQ-5 (0.545). Prevalence of enuresis was not higher in children with symptoms of OSA. Conclusion: Nonsyndromic children with cleft lip and palate have a high prevalence of symptoms of nasal obstruction and enuresis, and are at risk for obstructive sleep apnea

Orientadores: Antônio de Azevedo Barros Filho, Rubens Nelson Amaral de Assis Reimão / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-18T20:31:33Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Turco_GiovinaFosco_M.pdf: 1554000 bytes, checksum: 7e248d27f4195b837e42fd75a9e2e214 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011 / Resumo: Introdução: O modo de vida imperativo na sociedade moderna, caracterizado particularmente pelo consumismo, impõe padrões de comportamento danosos, hábitos e crenças que, uma vez consagrados, depreciam a qualidade de vida, o bem estar e a saúde. Os distúrbios do sono (DS) assim como a alta prevalência da obesidade nos adolescentes estão associados diretamente nos problemas de saúde, sociais e psicossociais desta população. Objetivo: (1) Revisão bibliográfica dos artigos a cerca dos principais aspectos relacionados aos distúrbios do sono, à obesidade e à qualidade de vida na infância e adolescência. (2) Avaliar a qualidade de vida e a qualidade do sono em adolescentes obesos e eutróficos entre 10 e 14 anos. Método: Foi realizado estudo transversal, entre agosto/2009 e agosto/2010 com adolescentes acompanhados no Ambulatório de Obesidade na Infância e na Adolescência do H/C UNICAMP, Campinas/São Paulo. O grupo-controle foi constituído por estudantes de uma escola pública da cidade de Americana/ São Paulo, classificados como eutróficos. Foram utilizadas Ficha de Identificação dos Sujeitos e classificação socioeconômica, bem como Questionário sobre o Comportamento do Sono (SBQ), Questionário genérico sobre Qualidade de vida pediátrica (PedsQLTM 4.0 Generic Core Scales), ambos nas versões específicas para adolescentes. Para a análise estatística foi utilizado Teste Não-Paramétrico de Mann-Whitney e adotada a significância de 5%. Os dados foram analisados no programa SPSS for Windows versão 16.0. Resultados: Os estudos encontrados se relacionam à descrição do sono, obesidade e às interferências que causam no indivíduo, impactando a QV. Os adolescentes obesos apresentaram qualidade de vida inferior em três dos quatro domínios avaliados: físico (p<0, 001), emocional (p=0,03) e social (p=0, 002), não havendo diferenças em questões escolares (p=0,40). Na média geral dos itens avaliados, a qualidade de vida dos adolescentes obesos mostrou-se inferior aos eutróficos, sendo as pontuações 68,8(±15,2) e 78,4(±14,5) respectivamente (p<0, 001). No total geral da média psicossocial, também houve diferença significativa entre os grupos (p=0, 009), os obesos obtiveram pontuação média de 68,5 (±16,0) enquanto os eutróficos 76,2 (±16,7). O grupo obeso apresentou maior número de problemas do sono e, conseqüentemente, pior qualidade do sono (p=0,03). Conclusão. Os DS devem ser diagnosticados e tratados precocemente, a fim de minimizar os impactos sobre o crescimento e o desenvolvimento desta população. Adolescentes obesos apresentaram prejuízo na qualidade de vida e mais problemas de sono quando comparados aos eutróficos / Abstract: Introduction: The imperative lifestyle in modern society characterized by consumerism imposes harmful behavioral patterns, habits and beliefs that once settle, affect the quality of life, well-being and health. The sleep distorders (DS) and the high prevalence of obesity in adolescents are directly associated with health, social, and psychosocial problems. Objective: (1) Review articles in the literature about the main aspects of sleep disorders, obesity, and the quality of life in childhood and adolescence. (2) Assess the quality of life and sleep, in obese and eutrophic adolescents ages 10 to 14. Method: A transversal study conducted between August /2009-2010 with adolescents attending the Childhood and Adolescence Obesity ambulatory at the H/C, UNICAMP, Campinas, São Paulo. The control group was composed of students from the city of Americana/São Paulo, classified as eutrophic. An identification card, socioeconomic classification, a questionnaire about sleep behaviors (SBQ), and a questionnaire about pediatric quality of life (PedsQLTM 4.0 Generic Core Scales) specific for teenagers were used. The statistical analysis used the non-parametric Mann-Whitney test and adopted the significance of 5%. The data were analyzed in the program SPSS for Windows, version 16.0. Results: The identified studies described aspects of sleeping habits and sleep disorders, obesity, and their interference affecting the individuals' QL. The identified studies described aspects of sleeping habits and sleep disorders, obesity, and their interference affecting the individuals'QL. The obese adolescents presented lower quality of life in three of the four areas assessed: physical (p < 0.001), emotional (p = 0.03), and social (p = 0.002), with no differences related to school performance (p = 0.40). The general averages of the evaluated aspects showed that the quality of life of the obese was inferior compared to the eutrophic, with scores of 68.8 (± 15.2) and 78.4 (± 14.5), respectively (p < 0.001). In the total psychosocial averages, a significant difference between groups was also observed (p = 0.009), with average scores of 68.5 (± 16.0) for the obese and 76.2 (± 16.7) for the eutrophic group. The obese group presented greater number of sleep problems and consequently worse sleep quality (p = 0.03). Conclusion. The SD should be diagnosed and treated early, in order to minimize the impact on the growth and development of this population. Obese adolescents presented lower quality of life and more sleeping problems when compared to the eutrophic ones / Mestrado / Saude da Criança e do Adolescente / Mestre em Saude da Criança e do Adolescente

BACKGROUND: Sleep apnea (SA) is a common sleep disorder among US adults. Associations of SA with alcohol consumption and some chronic diseases have been inconsistent. OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to estimate prevalence of SA and examine its associations with potential factors including alcohol consumption, asthma, diabetes, and hypertension. PATIENTS AND METHODS: This was a cross-sectional study on 823 adults with SA and 38,638 controls from the 2011 National Survey on Drug Use and Health Data. Weighted univariate and multiple logistic regression analyses were used to examine the associations of SA with the potential factors. RESULTS: The prevalence of SA was higher in males (4.01%) than in females (2.61%), while the prevalence increased with age (0.86%, 3.50%, and 4.47% for age groups of 18-25, 26-64, and ≥ 65, respectively). Univariate analysis revealed that all factors except for income and education were associated with SA (P < 0.05). In multivariable analyses, participants who were current and past alcohol consumers had significantly higher odds of having SA (OR = 1.52, 95% CI = 1.03-2.23; OR = 1.65, 95% CI = 1.09-2.49, respectively) than non-alcohol drinker. Furthermore, asthma (OR = 2.77, 95% CI = 2.04-3.75), diabetes (OR = 2.89, 95% CI = 2.19-3.83), and hypertension (OR = 2.42, 95% CI = 1.91-3.07) were significantly associated with SA. CONCLUSIONS: Age, alcohol consumption, asthma, diabetes, and hypertension, were positively associated with SA. More efforts should be directed to promoting screening for SA and finding possible treatments for SA among these vulnerable groups.

No description available.

published_or_final_version / Medicine / Master / Doctor of Medicine

<p>Poremećaji disanja tokom spavanja (Sleep disordered breathing &ndash; SDB) obuhvataju spektar bolesti koje nastaju usled povećanog otpora u gornjem disajnom putu i reflektuje se na spavanje. Najveća podgrupa SDB su prekidi disanja tokom spavanja ili sleep apnea sindrom (Sleep Apnea Syndrome &ndash; SAS). SDB su prisutni kod 20% op&scaron;te populacije, dok je 82% mu&scaron;karaca i 93% žena koje imaju umerenu i te&scaron;ku OSA nedijagnostikovano. Kako osnovna dijagnostička metoda, polisomnografija, zahteva stručan kadar i adekvatnu laboratorijsku opermu nameće se potreba za brzom, efikasnom i jeftinom skrining metodom pri dijagnostici SAS. Cilj ove studije jeste da se uradi validacija i prevođenje &ldquo;STOP BANG&ldquo; upitnika sa engleskog na srpski jezik i utvrdi njegova specifičnost i senzitivnost u odnosu na vrednosti AHI indeksa kod odraslih ispitanika pri dijagnostikovanju SAS i da se utvrdi senzitivnost i specifičnost &ldquo;STOP BANG&ldquo; upitnika i Epfortove skale pospanosti zajedno. Istraživanje je u potpunosti sprovedeno u Centru za patofiziologiju disanja sa medicinom sna Instituta za plućne bolesti Vojvodine, Sremska Kamenica. Studijsku grupa se sastojala od 102 ispitanika koji su popunjavali oba upitnika, a potom je svima urađena polisomnografija. Testiranje &bdquo;STOP BANG&ldquo; upitnikom, kao i retest nakon mesec dana uradilo 30 ispitanika. Rezultati istraživanja pokazuju da su u uzorku dominirale osobe mu&scaron;kog pola 69,6%. Prosečna starost je iznosila 50,1&plusmn;13,8 godina. Najveći broj ispitanika je imao poremećaj disanja tokom spavanja (73,5%). Prema stepenu težine najveći broj ispitanika (30,4%) je bolovao od te&scaron;kog oblika (apnea/hipopnea indeks- AHI&gt;30), a prema tipu poremećaja dominirali su opstruktivni poremećaji sa 66,7% u ukupnom uzorku. Prekomerna dnevna pospanost, merena Epfortovom skalom pospanosti, bila je prisutna kod 58,8% ispitanika i korelirala je sa stepenom težine poremećaja (r=0,43). Dobijena senzitivnost i specifičnost za &bdquo;STOP BANG&ldquo; upitnik je iznosila 62,7% i 51,9% respektivno. &bdquo;STOP BANG&ldquo; upitnik je preveden na srpski jezik, a zatim je urađen test i retest upitika gde nije bilo razlike u odgovorima. Dobijena je granična vrednost za &bdquo;STOP BANG&ldquo; upitnik koja iznosi 4.5, a senzitivnost i specifičnost testa za različit stepen težine SAS je zadovoljavajuća i iznosila je 70,7%/66,7% za laku, 78,6% /60,9% za umerenu i 87,4%/ 50,7% za te&scaron;ku sleep apneu. Pri poređenju oba upitnika zajedno dobijena je bolja specifičnost 85,2%, 76,1%, 69,0% ali lo&scaron;ija senzitivnost 53,3%, 58,9% ,71,0% za laku , umerenu i te&scaron;ku sleep apneu respektivno u grupi ispitanika koji su imali vrednosti oba upitnika iznad graničnih vrednosti. U grupi ispitanika gde je jedan od upitnika imao vrednosti iznad granične vrednosti dobijena je bolja senzitivnost ali lo&scaron;ija specifičnost u odnosu na samo &bdquo;STOP BANG&ldquo; upitnik. Istraživanjem je utvrđen skrining metod -&ldquo;STOP BANG&ldquo; upitnik, koji stratifikuje pacijente na osnovu kliničkih simptoma, fizičkog pregleda i prisustva faktora rizika, na one pacijente sa visokim rizikom kojima treba hitno uraditi polisomnografiju i uputiti ih dalje na lečenje i na one kojima polisomnografija nije potrebna.</p> / <p>Sleep disordered breathing (SDB) includes a spectrum of diseases occurring due to an increased resistance in the upper airway, which affects sleeping. The major SDB subgroup is sleep apnea syndrome (SAS). SDB is present in 20% of the general population, and among the subjects with a moderate or severe SAS, 82% of males and 93% of females remain undiagnosed. Since polysomnography - the basic diagnostic method, requires a well-trained staff and adequate laboratory equipment, the need for a fast, efficient and cheap screening method in the diagnosis of SAS has breen imposed. Objectives of the study are to evaluate and translate the &ldquo;STOP BANG&ldquo; questionnaire from English to Serbian, establish its specificity and sensitivity in relation to the apnea hypopnea index (AHI) values while diagnosing SAS in adults, and to assess the cumulative sensitivity and specificity of the &ldquo;STOP BANG&ldquo; questionnaire and Epworth Sleepiness Scale. The investigation has been entirely carried out in the Lung Function and Sleep Medicine Centre of the Institute for Pulmonary Diseases of Vojvodina, Sremska Kamenica. The study cohort included 102 subjects who were all, having answered both questionnaires first, submitted to polysomnography. Thirty subjects were tested by the &bdquo;STOP BANG&ldquo; questionnaire, and retested a month later. Results of the investigation show the male sex predominated in the study sample (69.6%). The subjects&#39; mean age was 50.1&plusmn;13.8 years. Most subjects had SDB (73.5%). The majority of ther subjects (30.4%) had a serious SDB form (AHI&gt;30). Obstuctive disorders prevailed, registered in 66.7% of the study population. Excessive daily sleepiness, measured by the Epworth sleepiness scale, was registered in 58.8% of the examined subjects, correlating well to the disorder severity level (r=0.43). Sensitivity and specificity obtained for the &bdquo;STOP BANG&ldquo; questionnaire amounted to 62.7% and 51.9% respectively. The &bdquo;STOP BANG&ldquo; questionnaire was translated to Serbian first, followed by testing an retesting using the questionairre, providing no differences in the obtained answeres. The obtained cut-off value for the &bdquo;STOP BANG&ldquo; questionnaire was 4.5, and the test sensitivity and apecificity for different SAS severity levels were satisfactory, amounting to 70.7%/66.7% for mild, 78.6% /60,9% for moderate, and 87.4%/50.7% for severe sleep apnea. The cumulative comparation of the two questionnaires has disclosed a better specificity of 85.2%, 76.1%, and 69.0%, but a worse sensitivity of 53.3%, 58.9%, and 71.0% for a mild, moderate and severe sleep apnea respectively in the group of subjects whose values for both questionnaires exceeded the cutoffs. In the group of subjects with one of the questionnaire values exceeding the cutoffs, a better sensitivity but a worse specificity were obtained related to only the &bdquo;STOP BANG&ldquo; questionnaire. The investigation has established the screening method &ndash; the &ldquo;STOP BANG&ldquo; questionnaire which (on the basis of the clinical symptoms, physical examination and present risk factors) stratifies the patients into the high risk group requiring urgent polysomnography and referral for further treatment, and to those requiring no polysomnography.</p>

Avaliou-se a arquitetura do sono e distúrbios respiratórios do sono (DRS) em crianças (6 a 12 meses) portadoras de doenças cardíacas congênitas (DCC) sem (DCC-NH) e com presença hipoxemia (DCC-H) durante a vigília. Foram estudadas 21 crianças através de polissonografia noturna (7 DCC-NH, 7 DCC-H e 7 controles). O índice de distúrbios respiratórios (eventos/hora de sono) foi de 2,2, 2,5 e 0,7 nos grupos DCC-NH, DCC-H e controle, respectivamente, p < 0,05. A saturação de oxigênio mínima foi de 79%, 73% e 90% nos grupos DCC-NH, DCC-H e controle, respetivamente, p < 0,05. Apesar do alto índice de DRS nas crianças com DCC, a arquitetura do sono mostrou-se preservada / This study has investigated the sleep architecture and sleep breathing disorders (SBD) in infants (6 to 12 months) with congenital cardiac disease (CCD). Nocturnal polysomnography was performed in 21 infants: 7 non-hypoxemic, 7 hypoxemic and 7 healthy infants (control group). The respiratory disturbance index (events/hour) was 2.2, 2.5 and 0.7 in the non-hypoxemic, hypoxemic and control group (p < 0.05). The minimum oxygen saturation was 79% for the non-hypoxemic group, 73% for the hypoxemic group and 90% for the control group. Despite the high respiratory disturbance index the sleep architecture was preserved in infants with CCD

INTRODUÇÃO: A apnéia obstrutiva do sono é uma doença altamente prevalente na população adulta e associada à morbidade significante. A polissonografia noturna é o método padrão ouro para o diagnóstico de apnéia obstrutiva do sono. Entretanto seu custo é elevado e a disponibilidade de leitos para polissonografia é muito inferior a demanda. Por esta razão, estratégias para otimizar o diagnóstico de apnéia obstrutiva do sono são urgentes e necessárias. O objetivo deste estudo foi o de comparar um exame diurno de polissonografia, de curta duração e através de sono induzido por benzodiazepínico com a polissonografia noturna para o diagnóstico de apnéia obstrutiva do sono. MÉTODOS: Foram estudamos 40 pacientes divididos em dois grupos baseados no resultado da polissonografia noturna (Índice de Apnéia e Hipopnéia = 15 eventos/hora). Os dezoito Indivíduos portadores de apnéia obstrutiva do sono (id= 46 + 9 anos) e os vinte e dois controles (id= 38 + 10 anos) foram submetidos a uma polissonografia diurna, de curta duração, com indução de sono através de infusão intravenosa lenta de midazolam. RESULTADOS: O sono induzido foi obtido em todos indivíduos. O tempo total de sono foi de 41,5 + 18,9 minutos. A maioria dos eventos respiratórios durante o sono induzido forma obstrutivos e similares aos observados durante a polissonografia noturna. Não houve diferença estatisticamente significativa entre o índice de apnéia e hipopnéia bem como com a saturação mínima de oxigênio obtido pela polissonografia noturna e com sono induzido nos grupos estudados (p>0,05). Reunindo os dois grupos, o índice de apnéia e hipopnéia e a menor saturação de oxigênio obtidos pelos dois métodos tiveram correlação significativa (r=0,67 e r=0,77, respectivamente). A sensibilidade e especificidade para o diagnóstico de apnéia obstrutiva do sono através do sono induzido foi 0,83 e 0,72 respectivamente. Nenhuma complicação foi observada durante o sono induzido. CONCLUSÃO: A polissonografia com sono induzido é um método rápido e seguro que pode ser uma alternativa a polissonografia noturna para o diagnóstico de apnéia obstrutiva do sono. / Polysomnography is the gold standard method for diagnosing obstructive sleep apnea. However, the gap between demand and capacity in performig polysomnography is a major healthcare problem. We sought to compare a short day-time induced sleep with full overnight standard PSG (full PSG) monitoring for the diagnosis of obstructive sleep apnea. We studied 40 patients classified into subjects with obstructive sleep apnea (n=18, age= 46.8 + 9.1yr) and controls (n=22, age= 38.5 + 10,7yr) groups, based on the results of a full polysomnography (apnea-hypopnea index >= 15 events/hour). All subjects underwent a short day-time polysomnography. Sleep was induced by slow intravenous drip infusion of midazolam and achived in all subjects. Total time of induced sleep was 41.5 ± 18.9 min. The majority of the respiratory events during induced sleep were obstructive and similar to that observed during full polysomnography. There was no difference between apnea-hypopnea index obtained by full and short polysomnography in obstructive sleep apnea and control groups (p>0,05). The same occured to lowest O2 saturation. Taken all together, apnea-hypopnea index and lowest O2 saturation during short polysomnography correlated well with full polysomnography (r=0,67 and r=0,77, respectively). Sensitivity and specificity for the diagnosis of obstructive sleep apnea by induced sleep was 0,83 and 0,72, respectively. No complications were observed. Induced sleep PSG by midazolan is a short and safe study that may represent an alternative for full polysomnography in the diagnosis of obstructive sleep apnea.

Orientador: Luciana Paula Maximino / Resumo: INTRODUÇÃO A Apneia Obstrutiva do Sono (AOS) na população pediátrica pode gerar consequências devido à hipoxemia intermitente, hipercapnia transitória e despertares frequentes. Como exemplo estão as repercussões cardiovasculares, alteração no crescimento pôndero-estatural, redução da atenção, da capacidade da memória, impacto na aprendizagem e na qualidade de vida. Ainda a literatura é escassa no que se refere à investigação da linguagem oral nas crianças com AOS. OBJETIVO Analisar as habilidades de linguagem oral receptiva e expressiva em crianças com Apneia Obstrutiva do Sono (AOS). MÉTODOS A presente tese foi desenvolvida em três fases, sendo cada uma composta por métodos específicos, contidos nos artigos apresentados no decorrer deste documento. 1ª fase – Investigação da literatura: correspondeu ao levantamento da literatura para se investigar os estudos já realizados sobre a linguagem oral em crianças com AOS, analisando esta possível relação, os protocolos de linguagem oral utilizados e os protocolos de qualidade de vida mais aplicados para a população brasileira. 2ª fase – Investigação Clínica: foi referente à avaliação clínica de 52 crianças com e sem queixas respiratórias, de 4 a 11 anos, aplicando protocolos para a investigação da: orelha média, linguagem oral expressiva (fonologia, sintaxe, semântica expressiva e pragmática) e receptiva (compreensão de instruções e semântica receptiva) e aspectos da motricidade orofacial. 3ª fase – Análise pelo Sleep Clinical Recor... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: INTRODUCTION Obstructive Sleep Apnea (OSA) in the pediatric population could cause consequences due to intermittent hypoxemia, transient hypercapnia, and frequent arousals. As an example are the cardiovascular repercussions, alteration in growth, reduced attention, memory capacity, impact on learning and quality of life. The literature is scarce regarding the investigation of oral language in children with OSA. AIM To analyze receptive and expressive oral language in children with Obstructive Sleep Apnea (OSA). METHODS The present thesis was developed in three stages, each being composed of specific methods, contained in articles presented throughout this document. 1 st stage - Literature Investigation: The review of the literature investigated publications of studies related to oral language disorders in children with OSA, focusing on the possible relationship of OSA and language disorders, on which oral language protocols were used and on which were the most frequently applied protocols of quality of life in the Brazilian population. 2 nd stage - Clinical Investigation: 52 children, both genders, with and without respiratory complaints, aged from 4 to 11 years, were submitted to the clinical evaluation applying protocols for the investigation of: hearing, expressive oral language (phonology, syntax, expressive semantics and pragmatic) and receptive language (instruction comprehension and receptive semantics) and aspects of orofacial myology. 3 rd phase - Analysis by the Sle... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Doutor

Le syndrome d'apnée du sommeil (SAS) est une maladie multifactorielle caractérisée par des épisodes récurrents de pauses respiratoires ou des réductions significatives de l'amplitude respiratoire pendant le sommeil. Ces épisodes peuvent provoquer des réactions cardiorespiratoires aiguës; délétères à long terme. Plusieurs thérapies ont été proposées, étant la pression positive continue des voies respiratoires (CPAP) le traitement de référence. Malgré ces excellents résultats chez les patients symptomatiques, le taux de refus initial est de 15% et une adhésion à long terme est difficile à atteindre. Par conséquent, le développement de méthodes de traitement non invasives, avec une meilleure acceptabilité, reste d’une importance majeure. Dans ce contexte, l’hypothèse qui sous-tend ce travail est qu’une stimulation kinesthésique contrôlée, délivrée au cours de la phase précoce de l’apnée, peut réduire la durée des événements respiratoires et, par la suite, limiter les désaturations d’oxygène associées, par une activation contrôlée du réflexe de sursaut. La première partie de ce manuscrit est consacrée à la description d'un nouveau système (PASITHEA) de surveillance en temps réel et de neuromodulation thérapeutique, qui fonctionne comme un dispositif polyvalent de diagnostic et de traitement de SAS par stimulation kinesthésique. Les principales contributions de cette thèse se concentrent sur les aspects du traitement du signal et du contrôle de ce système, ainsi que sur l'électronique associée. Une autre contribution est liée à l'évaluation de ces méthodes et dispositifs par des protocoles cliniques spécifiques. Dans une deuxième partie, nous proposons une première méthode de contrôle On/Off optimale pour délivrer la stimulation, en utilisant comme variable de contrôle la sortie d'un détecteur d'événements respiratoires en temps réel. Lors de la détection d'un événement, une stratégie de stimulation unique avec amplitude de stimulation constante est appliquée, cette dernière a été mise en œuvre dans le cadre d'un premier protocole clinique dédié à l'évaluation de la réponse du patient au traitement. Les résultats ont montré que 75% des patients répondaient correctement au traitement en termes de durées des épisodes respiratoires. De plus, des diminutions significatives de la variabilité du SaO2 ont également été constatées lors de la mise en œuvre d'une nouvelle méthode d'analyse aiguë. Puisque nous avons supposé qu'une sélection inappropriée des patients pourrait expliquer l'absence de réponse observée chez 25% des patients. Nous avons proposé une méthode pour différencier les patients qui pourraient bénéficier de cette thérapie, basée sur l'estimation d'indices de variabilité cardiaque. Les résultats de ces analyses ont montré que l'efficacité de cette thérapie semble corrélée à un système nerveux autonome fonctionnel. Enfin, une méthode améliorée de contrôle en boucle fermée, intégrant des correcteurs proportionnels-dérivés (PD) couplés et simultanés a été proposée afin de modifier de façon adaptative l’amplitude de stimulation kinesthésique délivrée au patient par le système thérapeutique, en utilisant comme variables de contrôle des signaux physiologiques enregistrés en temps réel. Un deuxième protocole clinique visant à valider l'algorithme de contrôle de la stimulation kinesthésique adaptative spécifique au patient a été initié. Plusieurs améliorations ont été effectuées à la première version du système afin de permettre l'intégration du contrôleur proposé. Les résultats préliminaires de cette étude ont validé le fonctionnement de notre contrôleur et ont montré que notre système était capable de fournir une stimulation kinesthésique adaptative en fonction des réponses propres au patient. Une autre phase de cette étude, mettant en œuvre le contrôleur avec un ensemble des paramètres de contrôle présélectionnés, est actuellement en cours. / Sleep apnea syndrome (SAS) is a multifactorial disease characterized by recurrent episodes of breathing pauses or significant reductions in respiratory amplitude during sleep. These episodes may provoke acute cardiorespiratory responses along with alterations of the sleep structure, which may be deleterious in the long term. Several therapies have been proposed for the treatment of SAS, being continuous positive airway pressure the gold standard treatment. Despite its excellent results in symptomatic patients, there is a 15% initial refusal rate and long term adherence is difficult to achieve in minimally symptomatic patients. Therefore, the development of non-invasive SAS treatment methods, with improved acceptability, is of major importance. The objective of this PhD thesis is to propose new signal processing and control methods of non-invasive neuromodulation for the treatment of SAS. The hypothesis underlying this work is that bursts of kinesthetic stimulation delivered during the early phase of apneas or hypopneas may elicit a controlled startle response that can activate sub-cortical centers controlling upper airways muscles and the autonomic nervous system, stopping respiratory events without generating a cortical arousal. In this context, the first part of this manuscript is dedicated to the description of a novel real-time monitoring and therapeutic neuromodulation system, which functions as a multi-purpose device for SAS diagnosis and treatment through kinesthetic stimulation. This system has been developed in the framework of an ANR TecSan project led by our laboratory, with the participation of Sorin CRM SAS. The main contributions in this thesis are focused on the signal processing and control aspects of this system, as well as the electronics associated. Another contribution is related to the evaluation of these methods and devices through specific clinical protocols. In a second part, we propose a first optimal On/Off control method for delivering kinesthetic stimulation, using as control variable the output of a real-time respiratory event detector. A unique stimulation strategy where a constant stimulation amplitude is applied upon event detention was implemented in a first clinical protocol, dedicated to assessing the patient response to therapy. Results showed that 75% of the patients responded correctly to therapy, showing statistically significant reductions in respiratory event durations. Also, significant decreases in the SaO2 variability were also found when implementing a novel acute analysis method. Since we hypothesized that inappropriate patient selection could explain the observed lack of response in 25% of patients, we proposed a method to differentiate patients who could benefit from this therapy based on the estimation of complexity-based indexes of heart rate variability. Results of these analyses showed that the effectiveness of this therapy seems correlated to a functional autonomic nervous system. Finally, an improved closed-loop control method integrating concurrent, coupled proportional-derivative (PD) controllers in order to adaptively change the kinesthetic stimulation was proposed. It uses as control variables three physiological signals recorded in real-time: Nasal pressure, oxygen saturation and the electrocardiogram signal. A second clinical protocol with the main objective of validating the control algorithm for patient-specific adaptive kinesthetic stimulation was launched. Several improvements to the first version of the system were developed to allow the integration of the proposed controller. Preliminary results from the first phase of this study validated the proposed controller operation and showed that the controller was able to provide adaptive kinesthetic stimulation in function of the patient-specific responses. A second phase of this study implementing the proposed controller and the set of the selected control parameters from the first phase is currently ongoing.