Estudos recentes demonstraram que a variação de expressão alelo-específica é mais comum do que se imaginou, podendo chegar, em humanos, a 50% dos genes. Identificar os genes submetidos ao controle de expressão alelo-específica é muito importante para o entendimento de várias doenças, incluindo o câncer. A identificação dos alvos desse tipo de regulação diferencial é difícil, principalmente devido à dificuldade de se avaliar a expressão de cada alelo individualmente. Neste trabalho, abordamos este problema com uma estratégia de análise in-silico, fundamentada na integração de dados públicos do genoma humano, dados de expressão (como cDNAs, SAGE e MPSS) e dados sobre polimorfismos (SNPs). Desenvolvemos um banco de dados de polimorfismos de base única (Single-Nucleotide Polymorphism - SNPs) associados a etiquetas alternativas de SAGE (Serial Analysis of Gene Expression) e MPSS (massively parallel signature sequencing). SAGE e MPSS são técnicas desenvolvidas para análise da expressão de genes em larga escala. Ambas as técnicas têm como princípio a produção de pequenas seqüências marcadoras (etiquetas), adjacentes aos sítios de enzimas de restrição que estiverem mais próximo da cauda poli-A do RNA mensageiro. Tais etiquetas são seqüenciadas em grande escala e a quantidade de etiquetas é usada para medir a abundância relativa dos RNAs mensageiros correspondentes. A presença de SNPs nos sítios de restrição ou nas seqüências das etiquetas pode gerar etiquetas distintas para alelos do mesmo gene, que denominamos etiquetas alternativas. Neste trabalho, empregamos o banco de dados de etiquetas alternativas associadas a SNPs para identificar genes com expressão alélica diferencial. Usando esta estratégia, identificamos 812 genes com expressão monoalélica, Estudos anteriores comprovaram que, dentre os 812 genes identificados, cinco estão sujeitos ao fenômeno de imprinting genômico. Durante o decorrer deste estudo, trabalhos realizados por outros grupos apontaram outros 73 genes do nosso repertório como genes que apresentam variação no nível de expressão dos alelos em heterozigotos. Com objetivo de confirmar a expressão alélica diferencial dos nossos candidatos, selecionamos 29 genes para validação experimental. Para 12 destes genes não achamos indivíduos heterozigotos, impossibilitando a análise da expressão dos alelos. Dentre os outros 17 genes, três apresentaram expressão bialélica e 14 apresentaram expressão alélica diferencial nos indivíduos heterozigotos, sendo que 3 deles apresentaram expressão monoalélica. Estes resultados sugerem que nossa estratégia pode contribuir significativamente na identificação de genes com expressão alélica diferencial. / Recent studies have shown that variation of allelic-specific gene expression is more common than previously thought, reaching up to 50% of human genes. To identify genes displaying differential expression among alleles it is important for the understanding of several diseases, including the cancer. Identification of genes submitted to allelic-specific differential expression is hard, mostly due to the difficulty in evaluating the expression levels of each allele independently. In this work, we developed an in-silico approach, based on the integration of public data about the human genome, gene expression data (such as cDNAs, SNPs, SAGE and MPSS) and data on polymorphisms (SNPs). We developed a database of Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNPs) associated to alternative SAGE (Serial Analysis of Gene Expression) and MPSS (Massively Parallel Signature Sequencing) tags. SAGE and MPSS are genome-wide techniques developed for analysis of gene expression. Both techniques rely on the production of short marker sequences (known as tags), adjacent to restriction sites closer to the poly-A tail of messenger RNAs. Such tags are sequenced in a large scale and tag counts are used to measure the relative abundance of their corresponding transcripts. The presence of SNPs in the restriction sites or in the tag sequences might generate allelic-specific tags for the same gene, which we call alternative tags. In this work, we used the database of SNPs and associated alternative tags to identify genes submitted to allelic-specific differential gene expression. Using this approach, we identified 812 genes showing allelic-specific differential gene expression. Previous studies have shown that, among the 812 candidates, five genes are targets for genomic imprinting. While this study was being performed, work done by other groups suggested other 73 genes in our candidates list to have different expression levels for alleles in heterozygous. Aiming to verify whether variations in the expression levels of alleles existed among our candidate genes, we submitted 29 genes for experimental validation. For 12 genes, we couldnt find heterozygous individuals, thus rendering it impossible to ascertain whether the supposed expression variation was true. Among the other 17 genes analyzed, three genes presented bi-allelic expression and 14 genes have shown clear differential expression among alleles, three of the last ones displaying strict mono-allelic expression. These results suggest that our approach may contribute significantly to the identification of genes with allelic-specific differential expression.

The human metabolic syndrome is characterized by a heterogenic complex of symptoms, including central obesity. Obesity itself is linked to major features of the metabolic syndrome such as insulin resistance, dyslipidemia or type 2 diabetes mellitus. It has been shown that obesity risk and resulting metabolic alterations are associated with adipose tissue distribution, adipocyte size and secretion of adipocytokines, which are in turn influenced by environmental factors and genetic susceptibility. It might be assumed that currently known genetic variants associated with obesity and/or BMI (body mass index) as well as fat distribution explain up to 20 % of the variability in BMI and so, studies employing novel strategies are inevitable. In addition to the role of genetic variation, mRNA levels of several genes have been shown to be differentially expressed in subcutaneous (SC) and visceral (Vis) adipose tissue and to be correlated with obesity-related traits. It is scarcely investigated whether the obesity risk variants also might account for the variability in mRNA expression. The present thesis deals with novel obesity candidate genes, characterized by a differential mRNA expression in various fat depots. The association of genetic variants in these genes with obesity as part of the metabolic syndrome, and related traits was investigated in well characterized German cohorts. The main method used for genotyping was described in detail in a comprehensive review providing explicit troubleshooting and description of modified protocols for specific experimental needs. Further, the influence of genotypes on the gene expression levels was examined. While the differential expression for FTO could be described for the first time, the variant rs8050136 was shown to be significantly associated with obesity but not with the expression. Genetic variants in FASN were shown to be significantly associated with obesity and related traits in a cohort of European ancestry for the very first time. Moreover, one polymorphism showed effects on the ratio of Vis/SC FASN mRNA expression. While CNR1 is controversially discussed in the literature, the present work showed rather moderate effects of genetic variants on obesity. BMPR2 could be described as a novel obesity candidate gene. Amongst others, one variant was associated with obesity in a case-control design and with BMPR2 mRNA expression in Vis adipose tissue. In conclusion, the present study revealed novel genetic variants promoting obesity, and therefore a metabolic risk, which might be partly explicable through an influence of these variants on the mRNA expression levels of the genes in the adipose tissue depots. These findings contribute to better understanding of the genetic background of obesity which is essential in order to translate experimental data into diagnostic, preventive and treatment strategies.

Die Berlin Fett Maus Inzuchtlinie (BFMI) ist ein Modell für jugendliche Fettleibigkeit, die natürliche Mutationen aufweist, welche uns helfen können, die genetischen Mechanismen zu verstehen, die zu Fettleibigkeit führen. Bei früheren Untersuchungen, von Kreuzungen zwischen BFMI und B6N, wurde ein rezessiver Defekt auf Chromosom 3 (jObes1) identifiziert, der juvenile Fettleibigkeit verursacht. Die Feinkartierung engte den jObes1-Lokus, mit Hilfe einer fortgeschrittenen Kreuzungslinie auf das Bardet-Biedl-Syndrom 7 - Gen (Bbs7), das wahrscheinlichste Kandidatengen für den Phänotyp der juvenilen Fettleibigkeit in BFMI ein. Die Genexpressionsanalyse des gesamten Gehirns von BFMI- und B6N-Mäusen zeigte, dass die Expression des Gens Bbs7 bei BFMI-Mäusen im Vergleich zu den B6N-Referenzmäusen deutlich reduziert war. Sequenzvergleiche zwischen den beiden Linien BFMI und B6N zeigten zwei wesentliche Unterschiede zwischen ihnen: (1) eine 1.578 bp Deletion im Intron 8 von Bbs7 in BFMI-Mäusen, die einen CCCTC-bindenden Faktor (CTCF-Element) enthält (2) 16 Sequenzvarianten, die in der Bbs7-Promotorregion (36. 613.319 - 36.614.267, Ensembl release 102) in den BFMI-Mäusen, im Vergleich zur B6N-DNA-Sequenz, für die Unterschiede in der Bbs7-Genregulation verantwortlich sein könnten. Mit dieser Studie sollten zwei Hauptfragen beantwortet werden: (1) Hat die gelöschte Intron-8-Region von Bbs7, die ein CTCF-Element enthält, einen teilweisen oder vollständigen Einfluss auf die Entwicklung von juveniler Adipositas bei BFMI-Mäusen? (2) Was ist die ursächliche Variante in der Promotorregion des Bbs7-Gens, die zu Expressionsunterschieden des Bbs7-Gens zwischen BFMI und B6N führt? Sowohl der einzelne 5'-UTR-SNP, als auch die Deletion im Intron 8 von Bbs7, können zu dem beobachteten Phänotyp der BFMI-Mäuse beitragen, indem sie höchstwahrscheinlich die Bbs7-Expression verringern und den Fettanteil erhöhen. / The Berlin Fat Mouse Inbred (BFMI) line is a model for juvenile obesity which harbors natural mutations that can help us understand the genetic mechanisms leading to obesity. Previous research on crosses between BFMI and B6N identified a recessive defect causing juvenile obesity on chromosome 3 (jObes1). This explains around 40% of the bodyweight differences in an F2 cross between BFMI and the reference B6N mouse. Fine mapping, using an advanced intercross line, of the jObes1 locus, revealed the Bardet-Biedl syndrome 7 (Bbs7) gene as the most likely candidate gene for the juvenile obesity phenotype in the BFMI. Gene expression analysis on the whole brain of BFMI and B6N mice showed that the expression of the Bbs7 gene in BFMI mice was reduced significantly compared to the B6N reference mice. Sequence comparisons between the two lines BFMI and B6N showed two major differences between them: (1) a 1,578 bp deletion in intron 8 of Bbs7 in BFMI mice harboring a CCCTC-binding factor (CTCF-element) which works as a transcriptional activator, a repressor, or an insulator, located within the deletion, and (2) 16 sequence variants identified in the Bbs7 promoter region (36.613.319 – 36.614.267, Ensembl release 102) in the BFMI mice compared to the B6N DNA sequence which can be responsible for differences in Bbs7 gene regulation. This study aimed to answer two main questions: (1) Does the deleted intron 8 region of Bbs7 which includes a CTCF-element have any partial or complete impact on the development of juvenile obesity in BFMI mice and what is the explanation for that? (2) What is the causal variant in the promoter region of the Bbs7 gene that leads to expression differences of the Bbs7 gene between BFMI and B6N? Both, the single 5’ UTR-SNP and the deletion in intron 8 of Bbs7 can contribute to the observed phenotype in the BFMI mice most likely by reducing Bbs7 expression and increasing fat accumulation.

Background: Imputation of partially missing or unobserved genotypes is an indispensable tool for SNP data analyses. However, research and understanding of the impact of initial SNP-data quality control on imputation results is still limited. In this paper, we aim to evaluate the effect of different strategies of pre-imputation quality filtering on the performance of the widely used imputation algorithms MaCH and IMPUTE. Results: We considered three scenarios: imputation of partially missing genotypes with usage of an external reference panel, without usage of an external reference panel, as well as imputation of ompletely un-typed SNPs using an external reference panel. We first created various datasets applying different SNP quality filters and masking certain percentages of randomly selected high-quality SNPs. We imputed these SNPs and compared the results between the different filtering scenarios by using established and newly proposed measures of imputation quality. While the established measures assess certainty of imputation results, our newly proposed measures focus on the agreement with true genotypes. These measures showed that pre-imputation SNP-filtering might be detrimental regarding imputation quality. Moreover, the strongest drivers of imputation quality were in general the burden of missingness and the number of SNPs used for imputation. We also found that using a reference panel always improves imputation quality of partially missing genotypes. MaCH performed slightly better than IMPUTE2 in most of our scenarios. Again, these results were more pronounced when using our newly defined measures of imputation quality. Conclusion: Even a moderate filtering has a detrimental effect on the imputation quality. Therefore little or no SNP filtering prior to imputation appears to be the best strategy for imputing small to moderately sized datasets. Our results also showed that for these datasets, MaCH performs slightly better than IMPUTE2 in most scenarios at the cost of increased computing time.

La sténose valvulaire aortique (SVA) est une valvulopathie résultant en l'ouverture incomplète de la valve aortique. La calcification des feuillets associée au vieillissement est la cause la plus importante de la SVA. Sa pathogénèse implique des dépôts de lipoprotéines, de l'inflammation et de la calcification des feuillets. Notre étude vise à identifier les gènes associés à une prédisposition à la SVA afin de mieux comprendre les mécanismes sous-jacents à cette maladie et potentiellement identifier de nouvelles cibles thérapeutiques. Pour ce faire, nous avons recruté 190 patients avec SVA dégénérative et 192 témoins, appariés pour l'âge et le sexe, puis effectué une étude d’association par gènes candidats en utilisant des marqueurs génétiques polymorphiques (SNP). Les gènes candidats choisis incluent (1) ceux dont les polymorphismes ont été présumés associés à la SVA dans des études antérieures (APOB, APOE, ESR1, PTH et VDR) (2) des gènes dont les polymorphismes ont été significativement associés et validés pour quelques maladies inflammatoires (IL-10, TNFAIP3) ou pour le métabolisme lipidique (PCSK9, LDLR) dans des études d’association pangénomiques, et (3) des gènes impliqués dans la pathogénie de la SVA à partir d’études faites sur des modèles animaux en lien avec la calcification (BMP2, CCR5, CTGF, LRP5, MSX2, WNT3), le remodelage tissulaire (CTSS, MMP9) ou le métabolisme lipidique (SMPD1). Pour les gènes des groupes (1) et (2), nous avons utilisé les SNPs rapportés dans la littérature comme étant significativement associés. Pour le groupe (3), nous avons effectué une approche par «tagSNP» qui consiste à sélectionner un groupe de SNP capturant la variabilité génétique dans la région ciblée. Au total, 81 SNPs dans 18 gènes ont été testés. Nous avons trouvé une association nominale avec les gènes BMP2 (OR = 1.55, IC95%: 1.14-2.10, p = 0.004) et LRP5 (OR = 1.47, IC95%: 1.06-2.03, p = 0.023) après ajustement pour la maladie coronarienne. Les gènes BMP2 et LRP5, impliqués dans la calcification selon certains modèles expérimentaux, sont donc associés à la SVA. Ce travail devrait être validé dans une cohorte indépendante plus large dans un avenir rapproché et il pourrait être étendu à d’autres gènes. / Aortic valve stenosis (AVS) is a valvular heart disease caused by calcification leading to incomplete opening of the aortic valve. Calcification of valve leaflets associated with aging is the most common cause of AVS. AVS pathogenesis involves lipoprotein deposits, chronic inflammation and calcification of the aortic valve leaflets. Our study aims to identify genes associated with AVS in order to better understand its mechanisms and potentially identify new therapeutic targets. We recruited 190 cases with AVS of different severity and 192 controls matched for age and sex. Then we conducted a candidate gene association study using single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). The candidate genes selected include: (1) those with polymorphisms putatively implicated in previous genetic association studies of AVS (APOB, APOE, ESR1, PTH and VDR); (2) those with validated associations to inflammatory diseases (IL-10, TNFAIP3) or lipid metabolism (LDLR ,PCSK9) in genome-wide association studies and, (3) genes impliated in AVS pathogenesis from studies with animal models and thought to be involved in calcification (BMP2, CCR5, CTGF, LRP5, MXS2, WNT3); tissue remodeling (CTSS, MMP9) or lipid metabolism (SMPD1). For the first two categories of genes, we tested the SNPs reported to be associated in the literature and, in the third category we used a tag-SNP approach which consists of selecting a subset of SNPs to capture variability in the target region. Finally, 81 SNPs in 18 genes were tested. We found a nominal association of BMP2 (OR=1.55, CI: 1.14 – 2.10, p=0.004) and LRP5 (OR=1.47, CI: 1.06 – 2.03, p=0.023) with presence of AVS after adjustment for coronary heart disease. The genes BMP2 and LRP5, which are known to be involved in calcification based on animal models, are associated with AVS. The result of the current study should be validated in a larger independent cohort in the near future and then, it could also be extended to the study of other genes.

Estudos genético quantitativos e moleculares são fundamentais para o melhoramento animal e sua realização com a raça Nelore é de grande importância devido a ampla participação dessa no rebanho de corte nacional. A estimação constante dos parâmetros genéticos das características de produção é necessário para a adequada condução do processo de seleção dos animais. A melhoria de características relacionadas à carcaça bovina é essencial para a eficiência e sustentabilidade da atividade e a implementação de métodos de seleção animal baseados em informações moleculares pode revolucionar a produção zootécnica e deve ser profundamente estudado. Sendo assim, os objetivos do presente estudo foram estimar parâmetros genéticos e componentes de variância através de diferentes modelos matemáticos para um total de 14 características fenotípicas (o peso ao nascimento, peso a desmama, peso ao sobreano, ganho de peso entre a desmama e o sobreano ajustado para um intervalo de 345 dias, perímetro escrotal ao sobreano, altura de garupa ao sobreano, escores visuais avaliados ao sobreano de conformação, precocidade, musculosidade, comprimento de umbigo e ossatura, e ainda características de carcaça mensuradas por ultrassonografia realizada após 30 a 45 dias de confinamento como a área de olho de lombo, espessura de gordura subcutânea, espessura de gordura na picanha). Foram estimadas correlações entre todas estas características com as de carcaça mensuradas por ultrassonografia. Sob o enfoque molecular, desenvolveu-se um programa para imputação de genótipos faltantes e estudaram-se diferentes métodos de associação de marcadores moleculares do tipo mutação de base nitrogenada única (SNP) a características de produção incluídas no índice de seleção de um programa de melhoramento da raça Nelore, utilizando inferência bayesiana. Todas as características estudadas podem ser selecionadas esperando-se progresso genético na população. Os efeitos maternos foram importantes em algumas características onde normalmente estes efeitos não têm sido considerados atualmente. A quantidade de escores atribuídos a uma característica categórica assim como o número de observações fenotípicas resultam em diferenças nas estimativas quando avaliadas por modelos lineares ou de limiar. Não deverão ser obtidos resultados satisfatórios na melhoria das características de carcaça se a seleção for baseada nas tradicionais avaliações visuais utilizadas no momento. Os métodos utilizados na análise de associação dos marcadores podem originar diferentes resultados. Os marcadores que apresentaram efeitos altamente relevantes (P<0,01) geralmente apresentaram resultados semelhantes, independentemente do método utilizado. Certos marcadores podem ter efeitos positivos para algumas características componentes do índice de seleção e negativos para as demais. A análise em conjunto com todos os SNP\'s e todos os dados fenotípicos disponíveis é viável e parece ser a mais adequada. O método desenvolvido de imputação de genótipos faltantes a partir do parentesco de animais genotipados foi eficiente. / Quantitative and molecular genetic studies are very important for animal breeding and studies with Nellore cattle have great importance due to the large participation of that breed in the Brazilian beef cattle industry (around 80% of the herd). The constant estimation of genetic parameters for traits linked to production is necessary for properly perform selection of animals. The improvement of carcass traits is essential for efficiency and profitability of the activity. The implementation of methods for animal selection based on molecular information could revolutionize animal production and should be deeply studied. Thus, the objectives of this study were to estimate genetic parameters and variance components using different mathematical models for a total of 14 traits, such as birth weight, weaning weight, yearling weight, post-weaning weight gain between weaning and yearling adjusted for 345 days, yearling scrotal circumference, yearling hip height, yearling visual scores like conformation, finishing, muscularity, bone structure and navel length. Ultrasound measurements for carcass traits performed at feedlot (30 to 45 days, at approximate age of 20 months) such as rib-eye area, fat thickness, rump fat thickness were, also, evaluated. Estimate correlations between all these traits with the carcass traits measured by ultrasound were estimated. As concerned to molecular study, an algorithm for imputation of missing genotypes was developed and different methods to analyze molecular marker (single nucleotide polymorphism - SNP) association with traits components of the selection index of a breeding program that is applied to the population studied, using bayesian inference, were used. Genetic progress will be expected for selection of all the traits studied. Maternal effects were important in some traits in which those effects are not usually considered. The amount of scores assigned to a categorical trait and the number of observations could result in different estimates when evaluated by linear or threshold models. The selection for visual scores traditionally used in that population will not improve carcass traits. The methods used to analyze the association of markers may lead to different results. The SNP\'s with association effects of high relevance (P<0.01) generally express their effects regardless of the method used to analyze. Some markers may have positive effects for some traits of selection index, but negative for others. The joint analysis with all SNPs and with all available phenotypes is feasible and appears to be more appropriate. The algorithm developed for imputation of missing genotypes from pedigree information of genotyped animals was efficient.

A caracterização e o entendimento das variações genômicas e morfológicas, bem como a estrutura genética de variedades locais armazenadas em bancos de germoplasma é importante para sua efetiva utilização em programas de melhoramento visando tolerância a estresses. Neste trabalho um conjunto de 192 variedades oriundas de diferentes regiões geoclimáticas do Japão foram testadas quanto à suas características morfológicas e produtivas, utilizando ensaios de campo e metodogias de fenotipagem de alto desempenho. A fenotipagem por meio da metodologia de camadas de herbicida (Aminotriazol+Diuron+2,4D, 100mg/plant) alocado a 30 centímetros de profundidade foi possível detectar variação entre as variedades para comprimento de raiz e velocidade de emissão de raiz sendo possível a distinção de variedades com sistema radicular profundo e sistema radicular superficial baseando-se na sua pontuação no ensaio de herbicida, destacando-se 20 genótipos como possíveis doadores de genes para comprimento, densidade e velocidade de emissão de raízes. Ensaios a campo foram conduzidos em 4 localidades expondo as variedades as mais distintas condições climáticas, buscando analisar a diversidade fenotípica para caracteres agromorfológicos. Os dados fenotípicos obtidos pelos marcadores morfológicos geraram um total de 15 grupos de acessos quando utilizados os 13 caracteres avaliados. A média do índice de sensibilidade a seca foi de 0,99 havendo materiais tolerantes com índices próximos a 0,6 e materiais sensíveis com índice próximos a 1,12. Os 384 marcadores SNP detectaram um total de 73728 alelos indicando alta porcentagem de A (40,8%) e G (34,6%) comparado com C (15,6%) e T (3,6%). Quanto aos heterozigotos, a maior porcentagem foi observada de A/G (0,54%) e a menor porcentagem de A/T (0,04%), sendo a maior parte dos heterozigotos observados nos cromossomos 3 e 8 comparado com outros cromossomos. As análises caracterizaram os acessos japoneses como 98,4% pertencentes à subespécie Japônica. Para associação entre marcadores e fenótipos, foi utilizada a abordagem de modelo linear misto (MLM), o qual incorpora informações de estrutura populacional e parentesco. Os resultados obtidos deverão ser investigados futuramente a fim de confirmar as associações em diferentes populações. O aumento do estresse hídrico teve efeito significativo no desempenho dos acessos, e a interação genótipo e estresse hídrico foi significativa para rendimento final e tamanho de panícula. Entre os acessos estudados foi observada variação genética para as características relacionadas com a tolerância a estresse hídrico e encontraram-se acessos com reduções no rendimento devido ao déficit hídrico comparáveis com o das testemunhas, embora com tamanho de panícula menor, inclusive em condições ótimas. Dos 384 marcadores utilizados, 10 foram responsáveis por associações significativas com o índice de sensibilidade a seca, com base nos diferentes métodos de correção para múltiplos testes. Estas associações foram selecionadas para verificar o efeito alélico sobre o genótipo observado, gerando informações preliminares para a aplicação futura de seleção assistida por marcadores (SAM). O tamanho dos blocos de ligação foram estimados em ~100 kb (r < 0,05) e ~75kb (r < 0,1). / Germplasm characterization and the knowledge of its diversity and population structure are important to effective utilization of genetic resources in breeding programs specially drought breeding program. In this work 192 landraces from all over Japan were evaluate for their morphological and productive characteristics, using field trials and high throughput screening methods. The screening using herbicide barrier approach at 30 cm depth was able to detect genetic diversity between the landraces for root length and clearly distinguish between deep root landraces and shallow root landraces. With this approach was possible to select 20 landraces with deep root system as possible donor of drought tolerance genes. Aiming characterize the landraces to agromorphological characteristics field trials were carried in 4 different locations exposing the landraces for a diversity environment effect. Using 13 traits phenotypically data generate a total of 15 groups during cluster analysis. The average result for drought sensitive index was 0.99, however this results presents a huge variability having landraces with scores about 0.6 to landraces with score up to 1.12. Drought effect was huge and statistically significant affecting directly yield and panicle size. The landraces presented genetic variability for drought tolerance and some landraces presenting yield and panicle size reductions due to drought comparable with drought-tolerant controls were detected. A total of 73728 alleles were detected by the SNP markers, indicated a high percentage of A (40,8%) and G (34,6%) alleles compared to C(15,6%) and T (3.6%). Heterozygocity of A/G was highest (0,54%) and lowest in A/T (0.04%). Of 3 chromosomes of rice, chromosome 8 produced highest percentage of heterozygocity compared to other chromosomes. Accessions were classified as 98.4% belonging to japônica subspecies. Association between markers and phenotypes was performed using a mixed linear approach (MLM), which incorporates information regarding population structure and kinship. Among the 384 markers used, 10 were responsible for significant associations with drought sensibility index, based on different criteria to correct for multiple tests.These associations were selected to determine the allelic effects over the traits, in order to generate preliminary data for marker assisted selections (MAS). Estimated size of haplotype blocks were ~100 kb (r <0.05) and ~75 kb (r <0.1). Future studies should confirm marker trait associations here found using different populations.

Um dos desafios atuais da pesquisa em frutíferas tropicais é incorporar abordagens baseadas em marcadores moleculares nos programas convencionais de melhoramento. O maracujá-doce (Passiflora alata) é uma espécie diploide, de fecundação cruzada e pouco explorada. Recentemente, nosso grupo construiu um mapa de ligação de P. alata composto de diferentes tipos de marcadores moleculares. Além disso, dispõe-se de um conjunto de transcritos de Passiflora edulis, obtidos a partir de duas bibliotecas de expressão: forward e reverse onde foram isolados transcritos diferencialmente expressos na planta inoculada com Xanthomonas axonopodis (Xap) (672) e na planta controle, não inoculada (310), respectivamente. Assim, neste estudo, este conjunto de transcritos foi explorado visando ao desenvolvimento de marcadores SSR e SNP com o intuito de enriquecer, posteriormente, o mapa de ligação de P. alata com marcadores funcionais putativos. Para o desenvolvimento dos marcadores SSRs, as 672 sequências da biblioteca forward foram investigadas e em 91 delas foram encontrados 115 SSRs. Como esperado, a classe de repetições trinucleotídicas foi a mais abundante, sendo o motivo (AG)n o mais comum entre as repetições dinucleotídicas. Desenhou-se primers para amplificar 42 desses SSRs. Dois acessos de P. edulis e seis indivíduos da população de mapeamento de P. alata foram usados nos testes de transferibilidade e avaliação do polimorfismo. Trinta e quatro pares de primers apresentaram bom padrão de amplificação, porém apenas 10 deles revelaram polimorfismo em P. alata. Para o desenvolvimento dos marcadores SNPs, 118 sequências selecionadas das bibliotecas de expressão forward e reverse foram usadas para o desenho de primers; 37 delas foram usadas para avaliar o polimorfismo no mesmo set de indivíduos de P. alata. Foram encontrados 34 locos contendo SNPs bialélicos em 16 fragmentos gênicos, cujas sequencias variaram em tamanho de 332 a 872 pb. Considerando todos os fragmentos gênicos (16), foi analisado um total de 10.003 pb; a frequência de SNPs foi estimada como sendo 1 a cada 294 pb. Observou-se a mesma ocorrência de SNPs (50%, 17/34) em regiões codantes e não-codantes. Uma função putativa pôde ser atribuída a todos os fragmentos gênicos de P. alata, sendo que 82% mostraram homologia com as mesmas proteínas das sequências de origem, isoladas de P. edulis. No geral, os locos marcadores apresentaram baixo nível de polimorfismo molecular. Este é o primeiro trabalho sobre o desenvolvimento de locos marcadores funcionais putativos em Passiflora usando transcritos expressos em resposta à Xap. / One of the current challenges of tropical fruit research is to incorporate molecular marker-based approaches into conventional breeding programs. The sweet passion fruit (Passiflora alata) is a diploid, outcrossing and underexploited species. Recently, our group has constructed a P. alata linkage map consisted of different types of molecular markers. Moreover, we have a set of transcripts of Passiflora edulis obtained from two expression libraries: the forward and the reverse where differentially expressed transcripts were isolated from a plant inoculated with Xanthomonas axonopodis (Xap) (672), and from the control plant, uninoculated (310), respectively. Thus, in this study, this set of transcripts were exploited aiming at the development of SNP and SSR markers for future enrichment of the P. alata linkage map with putative functional markers. For the development of SSR markers, the 672 sequences from the forward library were investigated and 91 of them were found to have 115 SSRs. As expected, the trinucleotide class of repeats was the most abundant, and the (AG)n motif was the most common among the dinucleotide repeats. Primers were designed to amplify 42 of these SSRs. Transferability tests and polymorphism investigation were carried out using two accessions of P. edulis and six individuals of the mapping population of P. alata. Thirty-four primer pairs showed a good amplification pattern but only 10 loci revealed polymorphism in P. alata. For the development of SNP markers, 118 sequences selected from forward and reverse expression libraries were used for designing primers; 37 were used to assess the polymorphism in the same set of individuals of P. alata. Thirty-four biallelic SNPs were found in 16 gene fragment sequences that ranged in size from 332 to 872 bp. Considering all gene fragments, a total of 10,003 bp was obtained; the frequency of SNPs was estimated to be 1 every 294 bp. The same prevalence of SNPs (50%, 17/34) was observed within coding and non-coding regions. A putative function was assigned to all gene fragments of P. alata; 82% of them have shown homology to the original protein sequences isolated from P. edulis. Overall, the marker loci showed a low level of molecular polymorphism. This is the first report on the development of putative functional marker loci in Pasiflora using transcripts induced in response to Xap.

Dados de desenvolvimento ponderal de 3.844 bovinos da raça Nelore, criados em pastagens em duas fazendas do sudoeste do Brasil, dos quais 1.889 tiveram suas carcaças avaliadas por ultra-sonografia e 674 foram confinados por 90 a 120 dias e abatidos por volta dos 24 meses de idade tiveram análises de associação com dezenas de marcadores genéticos realizadas, visando detectar a associação desses marcadores com características economicamente relevantes. Foram analisadas as características de crescimento, peso ao nascer (PNAS), peso a desmama (PDES), peso ao sobreano (PSOB), ganho de peso pós-desmama (GP345), escores visuais de conformação frigorífica (CONF), precocidade de acabamento (PREC), musculosidade (MUSC) e de carcaça área de olho de lombo medida por ultra-sonografia (AOL_US), espessuras de gorduras medida por ultra-som na região lombar (EGS_US) e na picanha (EGP8). Adicionalmente, foram analisadas as características medidas post-mortem, relacionadas a qualidade de carcaça, peso de carcaça quente (PCQ), área de olho de lombo (AOL), espessura de gordura no músculo Longissimus dorsi (EGS) e as características ligadas à qualidade de carne, perdas por exsudação após 7, 14 ou 21 dias de maturação da carne (PEX7, PEX14, PEX21), perdas por cocção e maciez após os mesmos períodos de maturação (PCO7, PCO14 e PCO21, MAC7, MAC14 e MAC21), além de teor de lipídeos totais e colesterol em amostras após 7 dias de maturação. Os genótipos dos polimorfismos de base única (SNP) foram obtidos em laboratórios licenciados por empresa parceira, com uso de placas de micro-arranjos dessa empresa. Foram analisados os efeitos de substituição em análises de marcador único e multi-polimorfismos e os efeitos de aditividade e desvio de dominância de cada marcador genético. Vários dos polimorfismos de DNA analisados apresentaram ou fixação ou freqüências muito altas, maiores que 99%, de um dos alelos impossibilitando as análises de associação. No entanto, muitos outros polimorfismos apresentaram freqüências gênicas adequadas às análises de associação. Cada uma das características avaliadas apresentou, no mínimo, dois marcadores com efeitos significativos (P&le;0,05) ou sugestivos (0,05&lt;P&le;0,20), o que indica que polimorfismos de DNA podem ser critérios adicionais e auxiliares nos processos seletivos ligados às 24 características de desenvolvimento ponderal, qualidade de carcaça e carne na raça Nelore. Como os efeitos de substituição alélica são responsáveis apenas por parte da determinação de cada característica, em geral uma pequena parte, recomenda-se que as previsões de efeitos de marcadores sejam feitas com análise conjunta dos mesmos. / Data on of 3,844 Nellore cattle, reared under pasture conditions on two different farms in southwestern Brazil, 1,889 of them measured by ultra-sound for carcass traits and 674 bulls finished in a feedlot for 90 to 120 days and slaughtered around 24 month of age were analyzed to verify the association with genetic markers (DNA Single nucleotide polymorphism or SNP) with the objective of detecting association of those markers with traits economically important relevant for Brazilian beef business. Growth traits considered were birth weight (PNAS), weaning weight (PDES), yearling weight, measured at 18 mo (PSOB), weight gain after weaning (GP345), visual scores for carcass conformation (CONF), finishing (PREC) and muscle (MUSC). Carcass traits, measured by ultra-sound were ribeye area (AOL_US), backfat (EGS_US) and fat depth at rump (EGP8). Additionally, carcass traits measured after slaughter were hot carcass weight (PCQ), ribeye area (AOL), fat depth on Longissimus muscle (EGS). Meat quality traits were measured after 7, 14 and 21 days of ageing: weep loss (PEX7, PEX14 and PEX21), shrink loss (PCO7, PCO14 and PCO21) and tenderness (MAC7, MAC14 and MAC21). Total lipids and cholesterol content on samples aged for 7 days, were, also, included on the analysis. The genotypes of DNA markers were carried out in laboratories licensed by a private company using its micro-array panels. Allele substitution effects were estimated in single or multi-polymorphism analysis. Additive and dominance effects were also estimated. Many DNA polymorphisms analyzed showed to be fixed or the frequencies for one of the alleles were too high, more than 99 %. In those cases, analysis could not be performed. However, for many others polymorphisms there was observed variability on allele frequencies what make possible to do the association analysis. All traits analyzed were influenced by, at least, two polymorphisms with statistically significant (P&le;0,05) or suggestive (0,05&lt;P&le;0,20) effects, thus DNA polymorphisms can be used as additional and auxiliary criteria on selection process of those 24 traits related to animal growth, carcass and meat quality in Nellore cattle. As allele substitution effects explain only a small part of the phenotype, the results of this paper suggest that the effect of those markers should be considered together.

Obesidade sindrômica é definida como a obesidade ocorrendo em conjunto com várias características clínicas distintas, associadas a retardo mental. A forma sindrômica mais freqüente é a síndrome de Prader-Willi (PWS) caracterizada por hipotonia, dificuldade de sucção no período neonatal, atraso do desenvolvimento neuropsicomotor (DNPM), hiperfagia, obesidade, baixa estatura na adolescência, mãos e pés pequenos, hipogonadismo, dificuldade de aprendizado e distúrbios de comportamento. Estudamos 141 pacientes com obesidade e/ou hiperfagia, atraso no desenvolvimento neuropsicomotor e/ou dificuldades de aprendizado e distúrbios de comportamento, pela técnica de MLPA (multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification) assim como 19 pacientes que apresentavam além de atraso do DNPM e/ou dificuldade de aprendizado, distúrbios de comportamento, obesidade e/ou hiperfagia, outro sinal ao exame físico que sugerisse alteração cromossômica, pela técnica de SNP-array (The GeneChip 174; Mapping 100K Set, Affymetrix), com o objetivo de identificar genes e/ou segmentos cromossômicos envolvidos com obesidade sindrômica. Essas técnicas detectam deleções e/ ou duplicações do genoma, seja analisando regiões específicas, como a de MLPA, seja cobrindo praticamente o genoma inteiro (SNP-array). Dez pacientes apresentaram alterações cromossômicas: duas deleções 1p36, uma deleção 2p25.3, uma deleção 3p26.3 e duplicação 11q22.3, uma deleção 6(q16.1-q21), duas deleções 12(q15q21.1) (irmãs gêmeas), uma deleção X(p22.13p22.12), uma duplicação 14q11.2 e uma duplicação X(q26.3). Dentre as alterações encontradas estão duas síndromes relacionadas com obesidade já descritas, a monossomia 1p36 e a monossomia 6q16, que são diagnósticos diferencias da PWS. Nos segmentos alterados foram localizados vários genes relacionados a obesidade: DRD2, MCHR2, PLCH2, PRKCZ, RAB21, RAB2B, RAB39, TPO e SIM1. Onze genitores foram analisados por MLPA, SNP-Array e/ou cariótipo e rearranjos cromossômicos não foram identificados. Na presença dos cromossomos parentais normais o risco de recorrência é considerado desprezível. O diagnóstico de pacientes com obesidade sindrômica é um desafio, pois há sobreposição de fenótipos impossibilitando até agora o diagnóstico diferencial, a não ser o da síndrome de Prader-Willi clinicamente reconhecível, pelo menos, em sua segunda fase. O emprego de técnicas que detectam variações no número de cópias do genoma humano amplia a possibilidade de reconhecimento de novas síndromes e a descrição do espectro da variabilidade fenotípica de síndromes conhecidas. Estas síndromes são uma potencial fonte de esclarecimento das causas das formas comuns de obesidade. / Syndromic obesity is defined as obesity occurring in association with several distinct clinical features and mental retardation (MR). Prader-Willi syndrome (PWS) is the most frequent syndromic form of obesity and is characterized by hypotonia, poor sucking in the neonatal period, developmental delay, hyperphagia, obesity, short stature in adolescence, small hands and feet, hypogonadism, learning disabilities and behavior disturbances. Herein, we studied 141 patients with obesity and/or hyperphagia, psychomotor developmental delay and/or learning disabilities and behavior disturbances with the technique of MLPA (multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification), and 19 patients by SNP-array technique (\"The GeneChip 174; Mapping 100K Set, Affymetrix) to identify copy number variations. By using both techniques we detected deletions or duplications of the genome in ten patients: two deletions at 1p36, two deletions at 12q15q21.1 (twins), a deletion of chromosomes 2p25.3, 6q16.1-q21, and Xp22.13p22.12, a duplication of chromosomes 14q11.2 and Xq26.3, and an unbalanced translocation between chromosomes 3p26.3 and 11q22.3. Monosomy 1p36 and monosomy 6q16 are well-known syndromes and had already been related with obesity. Both syndromes are considered as differential diagnosis of PWS. Several genes related to obesity are mapped in the altered chromosome segments: DRD2, MCHR2, PLCH2, PRKCZ, RAB21, RAB2B, RAB39, TPO and SIM1. Eleven parents were studied by MLPA, SNP array, and / or karyotype analyses, and chromosomal rearrangements were not identified. Therefore, we consider these rearrangements to be causative of the patients´ phenotype. The diagnosis of patients with syndromic obesity is a challenge due to the overlapping of the phenotypes, except for Prader-Willi syndrome that is a clinically recognizable syndrome, mainly in its second phase. The use of techniques that detect copy number variations of the human genome will increase the recognition of new syndromes and also the description of the spectrum of phenotypic variability of known syndromes. These syndromes are a potential source for the understanding of the etiology of the common forms of obesity.