Syftet med denna rapport är att kartlägga Scania Production System (SPS), hur det motiverades och implementerades inom Scanias organisation samt dra kopplingar mellan tidigare reformer och SPS. Vi vill ta reda på hur Scania lyckats skapa ett eget skräddarsytt produktionssystem som visat sig vara så framgångsrikt och hur detta infördes inom hela organisationen. SPS är ett resultat av Toyota och deras Toyota Production System (TPS) efter ett nära samarbete mellan Scania och Toyota sedan början av nittiotalet. Scanias värderingar, principer och prioriteringar beskrivs av SPS och har visat sig vara en av företagets konkurrensfördelar genom ökad effektivitet samt produktivitet inom produktionen. TPS fick mycket av sin inspiration av de tidigare reformerna Taylorismen och Fordismen ur rationaliseringsrörelsen. Detta genom Taylors idéer om standardisering och Fords löpandebands-princip. Toyota var även bland dem första att utforma och tillämpa de logistiska reformerna Total Quality Management, Lean Production och Just-In-Time i sitt produktionssystem. Reformer som används och är välkända inom många företag inte minst Scania och SPS. Rapporten uppfyllde sitt syfte genom intervjuer och analys av konceptlitteratur för att kunna konstatera att det finns en röd tråd inom företaget och att det finns en tydlig koppling mellan SPS och tidigare reformer. Avslutningsvis lyckades vi även analysera och dra slutsatser om hur SPS utformades, motiverades och implementerades. Utformningen av SPS gick till genom ett nära samarbete mellan ledningar på Scania och Toyota vilken Scania på så sätt kunnat ta inspiration ifrån och kunnat anpassa systemet efter Scanias kultur. Hur sedan SPS motiverades och implanterades föregick i en ledningsprocess som Scania tillämpade inom organisationen. Lösningen kom att bli avgörande för framtiden, ledarskapet. Man tillämpade ett nytt tankesätt genom hela verksamheten vilket har visat sig vara framgångsrikt. / The purpose of this report is to map the Scania Production System (SPS), how it was motivated and implemented within Scania's organization, as well as linking previous reforms with SPS. We want to find out how Scania managed to create its own customized production system that proved being successful and how it was introduced throughout the organization. SPS is a result of Toyota and their Toyota Production System (TPS) following a close collaboration between Scania and Toyota since the early 1990s. Scania's values, principles and priorities are described by SPS and have proven to be one of the company's competitive advantages through increased efficiency and productivity in production. TPS received much inspiration from the earlier reforms of Taylorism and Fordism from the rationalization movement. This through Taylor's ideas about standardization and Ford's running band principle. Toyota was also one of the first to design and apply the logistics theory’s Total Quality Management, Lean Production and Just-In-Time in its production system. Reforms used and well known in many companies, not least Scania and SPS. The report fulfilled its purpose through interviews and analysis of conceptual literature to find that there is a red thread within the company and that there is a clear link between SPS and previous reforms. In conclusion, we also managed to analyse and draw conclusions about how the SPS was designed, motivated and implemented. The design of SPS was achieved through close collaboration between Scania and Toyota wires, which enabled Scania to inspire and adapt the system to Scania's culture. The way in which SPS was motivated and implanted preceded a management process that Scania applied to within the organization. The solution came to be decisive for the future, leadership. A new way of thinking was applied throughout the business, which has proved to be successful.

Garantir la sécurité alimentaire demeure une responsabilité primordiale des gouvernements et de la communauté internationale. Le droit international, moyen principal d’encadrer les comportements des Etats et de rendre exécutoires les stratégies internationales, n’a toutefois pas pu faciliter effectivement la lutte contre la faim dans le monde. C’est particulièrement le cas des normes juridiques élaborées dans le cadre de l’OMC. En définissant les termes et conditions du commerce international des produits agricoles, ces normes exercent une influence majeure sur la sécurité alimentaire tant au niveau international qu’au niveau national. Si les accords de l’OMC offrent à ses Membres certains moyens pour faire face au problème alimentaire, ces moyens ne sont ni suffisants ni efficaces pour atteindre cet objectif. Ayant privilégié constamment les considérations commerciales par rapport aux impératifs alimentaires, les règles de l’OMC relatives au commerce agricole contribuent à restreindre sérieusement l’autonomie des Membres qui souhaitent améliorer leur situation de sécurité alimentaire. Ainsi, les politiques internationales régissant le commerce agricole devraient être reformulées, de sorte que les Membres de l’OMC puissent répondre aux besoins vivriers des peuples. Si une telle réforme ne parvient pas, pour l’instant, à établir des règles permettant aux Membres de l’OMC en déficit alimentaire de générer effectivement des ressources pour se procurer des aliments, elle doit viser au minimum à neutraliser les impacts négatifs des politiques commerciales en vigueur. Faute de cela, le système actuel d’échanges multilatéraux risque de perdre sa légitimité et sa crédibilité. / Today’s world food situation is particularly disturbing. To guarantee food security for all remains the primary responsibility of governments and international society. As one of the major instruments to implement international strategy for food security, international law has failed to provide effective solution to mitigate the factors that contribute to food insecurity. This is particularly what happened when food problem was treated within WTO. Having established the terms and conditions of international trade in food and agricultural products, WTO trade regulations have major influence on food security both at international level and at national level. Even if the relevant WTO agreements did offer certain policy approaches to its Members to tackle their food problem, these policy approaches are neither sufficient nor efficient to achieve this goal. By constantly prioritizing commercial considerations over food concerns, WTO rules related to trade in agriculture seriously restrict the exercise of discretionary power of those Members who wish to improve their food situation. Therefore, international trade policies must be reformed, so that WTO Members can take creative measures to meet their people’s basic needs. Even it appears still difficult at present to create new rules that may allow food-deficit Members to generate sufficient income to guarantee their access to food; this reform must at least search for effective solutions to offset the negative impacts of trade policies on food security. Otherwise, the legitimacy and credibility of current global trading system will be at risk.

La ricerca svolta si propone di esplorare la possibilità di utilizzare le metodologie quantitative di analisi del contenuto per determinare, tramite l’analisi dei testi già disponibili (dati testuali secondari, non raccolti ad hoc) le affinità tra una politica sanitaria regionale ed il Framework on integrated, people-centred health services (IPCHS, WHO, 2016).. La scelta di utilizzare come fonti di dati i testi è dovuta principalmente alle tempistiche di elaborazione del lavoro. Il Framework IPCHS è stato diffuso nella sua versione ufficiale nell’aprile 2016 e al momento della consegna di questo lavoro (settembre 2017) non è stata ancora adottata nessuna strategia ufficiale per il monitoraggio dell’implementazione delle politiche people centred. Anche il caso di studio scelto, ovvero la Riforma sociosanitaria lombarda, cominciata nel 2015, è ancora in fase di implementazione.La natura metodologico-sperimentale della tesi e la metodologia scelta hanno determinato l’adozione di un approccio basato sul paradigma dei Mixed methods. Il lavoro è strutturato nel seguente modo. Nel primo capitolo sono ripresi gli elementi metodologici essenziali della Analisi del contenuto applicata alla analisi delle politiche pubbliche. Vengono inoltre illustrati i risultati di un approfondimento condotto sul concetto di parola chiave. Nel secondo capitolo viene descritto il Framework IPCHS e viene illustrato il processo di composizione delle liste di parole chiave (dizionario PCA) nella loro duplice versione in inglese e in italiano attraverso una analisi tematica. Nel capitolo III è descritta una prima applicazione del dizionario PCA ad un corpus composto da 13 note relative ad interviste svolte durante il progetto Stop TB partnership. Il fine della analisi svolta nel terzo capitolo è testare la capacità di ricognizione delle liste rispetto ai contenuti attinenti al People Centred Approach. Per questa ragione i risultati ottenuti sono stati sottoposti a validazione qualitativa. Nel capitolo IV invece, il dizionario PCA (versione italiana) è stato utilizzato per analizzare un corpus relativo alla Riforma Sociosanitaria lombarda (l.r. 23/2015 ed alcune delibere attuative). Anche in questo caso i risultati ottenuti sono stati sottoposti a validazione, secondo un approccio mixed methods, anche per individuare l’impatto della traduzione in italiano sulla efficacia delle liste di parole chiave. / The aim of this research is to investigate the possibility to develop a secondary textual-data based protocol in order to use textual material such as interviews, national strategic plans and other official documents to classify a health policy as “integrated and people centred”. According to WHO resolution A69/39 “An integrated people-centred approach is crucial to the development of health systems that can respond to emerging and varied health challenges, including urbanization, the global tendency towards unhealthy lifestyles, ageing populations, the dual disease burden of communicable and non communicable diseases, multi-morbidities, rising health care costs, disease outbreaks and other health-care crises.” But how can we determine if a health policy is integrated and people centred? In this study, I try to develop a mixed methods based protocol to analyse textual material and evaluate his relevance with WHO Framework on integrated, people-centred health services. In the first chapter, there is a literature review about content analysis methodologies applied to policy analysis. Then I examine two different health policies, one implemented at international level by WHO (Stop TB Partnership Program) and one implemented at the regional level by Regione Lombardia (Health System Reform). While the first analysis aim is to text the dictionary created by a thematic analysis of the Framework on integrated people-centred health services (described in chapter 2), the second analysis is to apply the dictionary to an Italian case, characterized by textual materials written in Italian.

Ce travail de thèse porte sur le développement des nouveaux verres bioactifs de comblement osseux. Ils sont élaborés par fusion dans le système quaternaire : SiO2-CaO-Na2O-P2O5. Deux éléments chimiques (bore et fluor), ont été incorporés au sein du réseau vitreux. L’effet de la quantité des éléments ajoutés dans le verre, sur le comportement physico-chimique, mécanique et physiologique a été mené par plusieurs techniques originales. L’intégration du bore ou du fluor au sein de la matrice vitreuse, influe sur les caractéristiques thermiques des verres synthétisés. Les performances mécaniques en termes de résistance mécanique, module de Young, module de cisaillement, rigidité et dureté ont été développé par l’incorporation du fluor dans la structure vitreuse. L’effet inverse a été manifesté pour les verres à base du bore. Des essais ''in vitro'' ont prouvé que la présence du bore accélère la dissolution de la matrice vitreuse, la cinétique et la cristallisation de la couche d’hydroxyapatite. Tandis que l’ajout du fluor retarde ces phénomènes physiologiques. / This thesis focuses on the development of new bioactive glasses for use as bone filling. They are synthetized by the melting method in the quaternary system CaO-SiO2-Na2O-P2O5. Two chemical elements (boron and fluor), have been incorporated in the glass network. The amount added effect, of elements, in the glass, on the physico-chemical, mechanical and physiological behaviour was led by several original techniques. The boron or fluor integration in the glass matrix, affect the thermal characteristics of the synthesized glasses. The mechanical performance in terms of: mechanical strength, Young's modulus, shear modulus, rigidity and hardness, have been developed by the fluor incorporation into the glass structure. The opposite effect was manifested for boron based glasses. In vitro tests have showed that the boron presence accelerates the vitreous matrix dissolution, the kinetics and the crystallization of the hydroxyapatite layer. While the fluor addition retards these physiological phenomena.

L'objectif de ce travail de thèse consistait à développer d'une technologie de mise en forme de poudres d'aciers faiblement alliés nitrurées afin d'introduire le nitrure ε-Fe2-3N dans la masse de la pièce mécanique.Pour atteindre cet objectif, deux voies ont été étudiées :- réaliser des pièces frittées à partir de poudre d'acier nitrurée ou nitrurée-enrobée (contenant une teneur importante en nitrure ε),- nitrurer et densifier une poudre d'acier pendant l'étape de frittage.La nitruration d'une poudre d'acier 4140 lors du frittage en CIC s'est avérée insuffisante vis-à-vis des teneurs en nitrure ε nécessaires pour l'application industrielle.L'étude de la stabilité, en CIC, de la poudre d'acier 4140 nitrurée a démontré la conservation des nitrures γ' et ε en grande proportion jusqu'à des températures de 650°C, quel que soit la nature du cycle de CIC appliqué. L'étude de la stabilité, à 600°C, de poudres d'acier nitrurées placées en capsules scellées a montré une légère dénitruration de ces poudres pendant le traitement.Des essais de densification de ces poudres d'acier nitrurées ont ensuite été réalisés par frittage SPS puis CIC. Afin de densifier les particules d'acier nitrurées, nous avons choisi d'utiliser un liant. Les essais de frittage SPS ont permis de mettre en évidence les paramètres expérimentaux les plus pertinents pour l'obtention d'un matériau dense et comportant le nitrure ε, et de proposer des préconisations sur les compositions acier-liant. Ces compositions ont été testées en CIC avec succès. Deux d'entre elles ont ainsi permis l'obtention de matériaux denses aux propriétés tribologiques et mécaniques satisfaisantes pour l'application industrielle. / The aim of this Ph.D thesis was to develop a technology to shape nitrided low-alloyed steels powders to introduce the ε-Fe2-3N nitride in the volume of the mechanical component.To achieve this goal, two approaches were considered:- the sintering of coated nitrided steel powder or nitrided steel powder (containing a high content of ε nitride),- the simultaneous densification and nitriding of low-alloy steel powder during the sintering step.Nitriding 4140 steel powder during hot isostatic pressing (HIP) does not allow producing sufficient ε-phase content for industrial application.The stability study of nitrided 4140 steel powder during HIP shows that a huge proportion of nitrides (γ' and ε) is conserved at 650°C, regardless of the HIP cycle. The stability study, at 600°C, of nitrided steel powders placed in sealed evacuated glass tubes, shows a slight denitriding of these powders during the process.Thus, densification of these nitrided steel powders was made by spark plasma sintering (SPS) and HIP. To densify the nitrided steel particles, we have used a copper-phosphorous binder. From SPS experiments, we have deduced the most relevant experimental parameters to obtain a dense material containing ε-phase, and we have proposed recommendations on the composition of nitrided steel-binder mixture. The identified compositions were successfully sintered by HIP. Two of them allow obtaining dense materials with interesting tribological and mechanical properties for industrial application.

1. Beim feldaktivierten Sintern im Temperaturbereich von 500 bis 1000 °C fließen elektrische Ströme mit einer Dichte von 1 bis 3 A/mm². 2. Daraus folgt für die größten verwendeten Pulverteilchen mit einem Radius von 50 µm ein Strom je Teilchenkontakt von 10 bis 50 mA. 3. Die durch das Aufbringen des prozesstechnisch notwendigen Pressdruckes gebildeten relativen Kontaktradien (Kontaktradius geteilt durch Teilchenradius) haben eine Größe von 0,05 bis 0,3. 4. Die Einengung der Strompfade im Kontakt der Pulverteilchen erhöht, zusammen mit dem elektrischen Widerstand der Oxidschicht auf den Pulverteilchen, den elektrischen Widerstand des Pulverpresslings. 5. Der Stromfluss durch die Teilchenkontakte führt mit dem zusätzlichen elektrischen Widerstand dieser Teilchenkontakte zu einer lokalen Temperaturerhöhung (Übertemperatur) von 10-4 bis 1 Kelvin für Kupfer- respektive Stahlpulver. 6. Der zusätzliche elektrische Widerstand der Oxidschicht kann die Übertemperatur beim Kupferpulver auf bis zu 1 mK erhöhen. 7. Mit abnehmendem Teilchenradius sinkt die Übertemperatur quadratisch. 8. Das Wachstum der Teilchenkontakte im Verlauf der Verdichtung führt zu einer kontinuierlichen Verringerung der Übertemperatur. 9. Das Auftreten von schmelzflüssiger Phase, von Metalldampf oder von Plasma wird in den untersuchten metallischen Systemen ausgeschlossen. 10. Auch Elektromigration, Thermomigration oder andere Wirkungen des elektrischen Stromes spielen keine Rolle für die Verdichtung beim feldaktivierten Sintern. 11. Die Verwendung von gepulstem anstelle von kontinuierlichem Gleichstrom beeinflusst die Verdichtung der untersuchten Werkstoffe nicht. 12. Die Verdichtung vom Pulver zum kompakten Werkstoff findet für Pulverteilchen mit einem Radius größer als R = 10 µm über plastische Verformung durch verschiedene Formen des Kriechens statt. 13. Die Verformung ist im Anfangsstadium auf den Kontaktbereich begrenzt. 14. Bei Pulverteilen mit Teilchenradien unter R = 10 µm findet die Verdichtung zunächst als Folge von Leerstellenströmen in die Kontaktkorngrenze statt (Sintern). 15. Durch die schnelle Verdichtung bei niedriger homologer Temperatur werden Kornwachstum und Rekristallisation verringert.

OPTIMUS MOTUS (R) ist ein grafischer Editor, um komplexe Bewegungsabläufe zu modellieren, zu optimieren, zu testen und schließlich als Funktionsbausteine für die SPS-Welt zu exportieren. So können SPS-Bewegungsprogramme erheblich schneller entwickelt und geändert werden als bei manueller Programmentwicklung. Die aus der Kurventechnik bekannte Bewegungsqualität kommt damit auch bei Servoantrieben zum Tragen. Das Debugging entfällt, weil die Quelltexte maschinell erzeugt werden.

In der mechanischen Konstruktion wissen die Maschinenentwickler seit Jahrzehnten, dass Maschinen schneller, ruhiger und verlässlicher laufen, wenn man sich mit der Gestaltung der Bewegungen Mühe gibt und im Hinblick auf die Dynamik optimiert. Seit etlichen Jahren ersetzen mehr und mehr Servoantriebe die mechanischen Kurven, und die Verantwortung für die Bewegungsgestaltung geht auf SPS-Programmierer bzw. E-Techniker über. An Hand von Beispielen wird aufgezeigt, warum es auch bei flexiblen Antriebskonzepten mit Servomotoren wichtig ist, sich mit Bewegungsdesign jenseits des beliebten Polynoms 5. Grades zu beschäftigen, und was man durch Bewegungsdesign für die Maschinen erreichen kann.

La religiosità e i processi di auto-identificazione di giovani con background musulmano in Occidente soggiacciono a una doppia dinamica: da un lato, essi devono misurarsi con una narrazione negativa che dipinge l’Islam come “altro” e “diverso”; dall’altro, la loro religione subisce un processo di deculturazione (Roy 2004), ovvero lo scollegamento tra cultura e Islam in contesto di emigrazione. Sulla base di uno studio qualitativo, (60 interviste biografiche e osservazione partecipante) condotto in due città italiane (Milano e Torino), la tesi indaga come giovani con background musulmano articolino la loro appartenenza religiosa attraverso le loro pratiche quotidiane (Ammerman 2007), comparando in particolare giovani attivi nel mondo associativo religioso (impegnati in particolare come volontari o staff del ramo italiano dell’organizzazione umanitaria Islamic Relief) e giovani non interessati al coinvolgimento in organizzazioni religiose. La ricerca esamina così le pratiche religiose, nonché le risorse impiegate per la costruzione della propria identità, tra giovani musulmani “iper-visibili” (pubblicamente attivi e devoti - Jeldtoft 2013) e “non-visibili” (i cui sentimenti di appartenenza alla comunità di riferimento sono meno ovvi) sviluppando una tipologia di “riflessività religiosa” ed esplorando forme di visibilizzazione e invisibilizzazione della religiosità. / In Western countries, the religiosity and self-identification of youths with a Muslim background is shaped by a double dynamic: on one hand, they face negative discourses that cast Islam as “Different” and “Other”; on the other, their religion undergoes a process of deculturation (Roy 2004) - that is, the disconnection between culture and Islam in contexts of emigration. On the basis of a qualitative study (60 in-depth interviews and participant observation) carried out in two Italian cities (Milan and Turin), this thesis investigates how Italian descendants of Muslim migrants articulate and live their religious belonging, by analysing the “everyday lived religion” (Ammerman 2007) of youths acting as volunteers or staff members in the Italian branch of Islamic Relief (the largest Sunni international humanitarian NGOs) and of youths who are not active or involved in any religious or ethnic/national organisation. Hence, the study examines how feelings of religiosity and resources mobilized for identity-building differ between “hyper-visible” young Muslims - i.e. publicly active, vocal and devout (Jeldtoft 2013) - and “non-visible” ones - who have less of an obvious group bound. The study develops a typology of different forms of “religious reflexivity” and explores forms of visible and invisible religiosity.

Questa ricerca definisce il concetto di riduzione del rischio di conflitto e fornisce una strategia di gestione del rischio di conflitto. Lo scopo è quello di contribuire alla Peace Research e ai Conflict studies costruendo un approccio di prevenzione basato sul rischio. La metodologia utilizzata in questo studio è interdisciplinare. Questo aspetto ha permesso di convalidare il quadro analitico sviluppato attraverso l'analisi di un caso studio che ha incluso un lavoro sul campo con l'impiego di strumenti antropologici. Il caso libanese è stato scelto per la recente storia conflittuale e le odierne condizioni in cui versa il paese, sottoposto a innumerevoli pressioni socioeconomiche. Infatti, la crisi siriana e i massicci flussi di rifugiati hanno avuto un impatto significativo sul Libano, destabilizzando ulteriormente un paese già fragile e scatenando diverse ondate di violenza, la cui manifestazione ha avuto e ha luogo a livello micro e macro in diverse forme. La storia conflittuale e le esperienze di migrazione, le pressioni economiche e sociali e i pregiudizi derivanti dall’errata percezione reciproca tra libanesi e siriani costituiscono la base da una parte per un alto rischio di micro-conflitti, e dall’altra, a livello macro, un possibile input per una destabilizzazione socioeconomica che sfoci in una contrapposizione conflittuale che tenga conto delle dinamiche irrisolte della società libanese. Considerando l'obiettivo pratico di questo lavoro, che si concentra sull’elaborazione di una strategia di gestione dei rischi di conflitto, sarà fornita un'analisi programmatica, tenendo conto delle buone pratiche implementate da Organizzazioni Internazionali e ONG. / This research aims at defining the concept of Conflict Risk Reduction and providing a Conflict Risk Management Strategy. The purpose is to contribute to the Peace research and Conflict Studies field by offering a conflict risk-based prevention approach. The methodology used in this study is of interdisciplinary nature. This, in subsequence allowed me to apply the case study approach to validate the analytical created framework and to perform prolonged fieldwork employing anthropological tools. The Lebanese case represents a rich field for these research purposes due to its recent conflict history that crucially marked the country and its consequences that are still fathomable today in addition to the current pressure circumstances. Indeed, the Syrian crisis and the massive refugee flows have a significant impact on Lebanon leading to several waves of violence. The country’s history of conflict and migration, the economic and social grievances and the misperception among Lebanese and Syrian refugees constitute the base for a high risk of micro conflicts in Lebanon. Considering the practical aim of this work which focuses on Conflict Risk Disaster Management strategy, a programmatic analysis will be provided, taking into account the best practices implemented by International Organisations and NGOs.