Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / One of the main forms of diagnosis used nowadays matches the exams performed by analysis of diagnostic images. Due to a growing request for this kind of diagnostic and the repetitive manual procedure of the used methods by radiologists new ways are emerging to aid procedures. A tool that can help the physician to report a diagnosis is searching similar cases for that which is being held with the main function of increased safety to the radiologist in his notes. For this, a modular architecture for content-based diagnostic image retrieval was developed as a tool to aid diagnosis. Through the DICOM SR standard used to store radiological findings and measurements - commonly from CAD - was implemented in a PACS environment a structure that will provide storage and query contents extracted from diagnostic images. The contents extraction from images can be done by different processing methods that generate different parameters for storage and retrieval. The project was developed in partnership with a provider of solutions for PACS and the Applied Computing Laboratory of the Federal University of Santa Maria. / Uma das principais formas de diagnóstico utilizadas atualmente corresponde aos exames realizados por meio da análise de imagens diagnósticas. Devido à demanda crescente por esse tipo de exame e ao processo manual e repetitivo dos métodos utilizados pelos médicos radiologistas, começam a surgir novos meios para auxiliar os procedimentos. Uma ferramenta que pode ajudar o médico na formulação de diagnósticos é a busca de casos semelhantes àquele que está sendo realizado, tendo como função principal conferir maior segurança ao radiologista em seus apontamentos. Para tanto, foi desenvolvida uma arquitetura modular para recuperação de imagens diagnósticas baseada em conteúdo como uma ferramenta de auxílio a diagnósticos. Através do padrão DICOM SR, utilizado para armazenar achados radiológicos e mensurações - comumente provenientes de CAD - implementou-se, em um ambiente PACS, uma estrutura capaz de permitir o armazenamento e consulta de características extraídas das imagens diagnósticas. A extração de características das imagens pode ocorrer através de diferentes métodos de processamento que, por sua vez, geram diferentes parâmetros para armazenamento e consulta. O projeto foi desenvolvido em conjunto com uma empresa fornecedora de soluções de PACS e com o Laboratório de Computação Aplicada da Universidade Federal de Santa Maria.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-03-03T15:16:25Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 EdvanM_TESE.pdf: 3369226 bytes, checksum: 764b7a9d291d433b871e24f1776af89d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-07-29 / Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior / In this work we present a study for the structural, electronic and optical properties, at ambient conditions of SrSnO3, SrxBa1?xSnO3 (x = 0:2; 0:4; 0:6; 0:8) and BaSnO3 crystals, all of them member of perovskite-type earth stannates class, ASnO3. The theoretical model employed was based on the density functional theory (DFT), considering both the local density and the generalized gradient approximations, LDA-CAPZ and GGA-PBE (OPIUM), respectively. For orthorhombic SrSnO3, the electronic band structure, density of states, complex dielectric function, optical absorption, and the infrared and Raman spectra were computed. Calculated lattice parameters are closed to the experimental measurements, and an indirect band gap E(S -> t ?)=1.97 eV (2.27 eV) was obtained within the GGA (LDA) level of calculation. E ective masses for holes and electrons were estimated, being very anisotropic in comparison with similar results for orthorhombic CaSnO3. The complex dielectric function and the optical absorption of SrSnO3 are sensitive to the plane of polarization of the incident light. The infrared spectrum between 100-600 cm-?1 was obtained, with its main peaks being assigned, and a good agreement between experimental and theoretical peaks of the Raman spectrum of orthorhombic SrSnO3 was achieved. For SrxBa1?xSnO3 series, their electronic properties were investigated. The cubic Sr0:2Ba0:8SnO3 has an indirect band gap, while tetragonal Sr0:4Ba0:6SnO3, orthorhombic Sr0:6Ba0:4 SnO3 and Sr0:8Ba0:2SnO3 exhibit a direct band gap. The Kohn-Sham minimum electronic band gap oscillates of 2.62 eV (tetragonal Sr0:4Ba0:6SnO3, LDA) to 1.52 eV (orthorhombic Sr0:6Ba0:4Sn O3, LDA). The effective masses for holes and electrons were estimated, being anisotropic in the series. For cubic BaSnO3, the electronic band structure, density of states, dielectric function and optical absorption were calculated, as well as the infrared absorption spectra after computing the vibrational modes of the crystal at q = 0. Dielectric optical permittivities and polarizabilities at w = 0 and w = ?? were also obtained. An indirect band gap E(R -> T?) of 1.01 eV and 0.74 eV was achieved within the LDA-CAPZ and the GGA-PBE, respectively, which is smaller than the experimental data ( ?? 3.1 eV). Effective masses of holes and electrons were estimated by parabolic tting along di erent directions at the valence band maximum and conduction band minimum, being highly isotropic for electrons and anisotropic for holes, allowing us to suggest that indirect gap cubic BaSnO3 is a semiconductor with potential for optoelectronic applications. The optical properties reveal a degree of isotropy for the crystal with respect to di erent polarization planes of incident light. The infrared spectrum between 100-600 cm?-? was obtained, with its main peaks being assigned / Apresentamos neste trabalho um estudo das propriedades estruturais, eletr?nicas e ?pticas, em temperatura ambiente dos cristais de SrSnO3, SrxBa1xSnO3 (x = 0:2; 0:4; 0:6; 0:8) e BaSnO3, todos eles membros da classe das perovskitas do tipo estanatos terrosos, ASnO3. O nosso modelo te?rico foi baseado na teoria do funcional da densidade (DFT) considerando as aproxima??es da densidade local e do gradiente generalizado, LDA-CAPZ e GGA-PBE (OPIUM), respectivamente. Para o SrSnO3 ortor?mbico, foram calculadas a estrutura de bandas eletr?nica, densidade de estados, fun??o diel?trica complexa, absor??o ?ptica e os espectros infravermelho e Raman. Os par?metros de rede calculados est?o pr?ximos dos resultados experimentais, e um band gap indireto E(S !)=1.97 eV (2.27 eV) foi obtido dentro do n?vel GGA (LDA) de c?lculo. As massas efetivas dos buraco e dos el?trons foram estimadas, sendo elas muito anisotr?picas em compara??o com os resultados similares para o CaSnO3 ortor?mbico. Al?m disso, nossos resultados mostram que a fun??o diel?trica complexa e a absor??o ?ptica do SrSnO3 s?o sens?veis ao plano de polariza??o da luz incidente. O espectro infravermelho entre 100{600 cm1 foi obtido, com seus principais picos sendo assinalados, e uma boa concord?ncia dos resultados experimentais e te?ricos do espectro Raman do SrSnO3 ortor?mbico foram alcan?ados. Para a s?rie SrxBa1xSnO3, as propriedades eletr?nicas foram investigadas. O Sr0:2Ba0:8 SnO3 c?bico possui um band gap indireto, enquanto o Sr0:4Ba0:6SnO3 tetragonal, os ortor?mbicos Sr0:6Ba0:4SnO3 e Sr0:8Ba0:2SnO3 exibem um band gap direto. O band gap eletr?nico m?nimo de Kohn-Sham oscila de 2.62 eV (Sr0:4Ba0:6SnO3 tetragonal, LDA) at? 1.52 eV (Sr0:6Ba0:4SnO3 ortor?mbico, LDA). As massas efetivas de buracos e de el?trons foram estimadas, sendo anisotr?picas nas s?ries. vi Para o BaSnO3 c?bico, foram calculadas a estrutura de bandas eletr?nica, densidade de estados, fun??o diel?trica e absor??o ?ptica, bem como o espectro infravermelho de absor??o ap?s computar os modos de vibra??o do cristal em q = 0. A permissividade ?ptica diel?trica e as polarizabilidades em ! = 0 e ! = 1 foram obtidas. Um band gap indireto E(R !) de 1.01 eV e 0.74 eV foi obtido com o LDA-CAPZ e o GGA-PBE, respectivamente, que ? menor que o dado experimental (3.1 e V). As massas efetivas de buraco e de el?tron foram estimadas atrav?s de um ajuste parab?lico ao longo de diferentes dire??es no m?ximo da banda de val?ncia e no m?nimo da banda de condu??o, sendo muito isotr?pico para el?trons e anisotr?pico para buracos, permitindo-nos sugerir que o BaSnO3 c?bico de gap indireto ? um semicondutor com potencial para aplica??es optoeletr?nicas. As propriedades ?pticas revelaram um grau de isotropia para o cristal com respeito aos diferentes planos de polariza??o de luz incidente. O espectro infravermelho entre 100{600 cm 1 foi obtido, com seus principais picos sendo assinalados

Made available in DSpace on 2015-05-14T13:21:38Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 8317996 bytes, checksum: 64db9066ac027260f6795886de515804 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-10-07 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / Strontium stannate (SrSnO3) and titanate (SrTiO3) are perovskite type oxides that have orthorhombic (Pbnm) and cubic (Pm3m) structures, respectively. These materials have received much attention due to their interesting physical and chemical characteristics, leading to a variety of technological applications. In this sense, these two materials were combined to each other in order to obtain powders and thin films of a solid solution, SrSn1-xTixO3. In relation to the powders, this solid solution presented successive phase transitions ranging from orthorhombic and tetragonal structures to a cubic one with increasing of Ti4+ amount in the composition. These transitions were observed by XRD Rietveld refinement of the samples and confirmed by Raman spectroscopy. The different crystalline structures of the compositions within the solid solution led to different photoluminescent properties in the visible spectrum varying the range of emission, moving from a lower energy region to a higher one with increasing of Ti4+ in the structure (from orthorhombic (SrSnO3), tetragonal (SrSn0.75Ti0.25O3) to cubic (SrSn0.50Ti0.50O3 ; SrSn0.25Ti0.75O3 and SrTiO3). These emissions were probably favored by specific defects created inside the band gap of these materials. On the other hand, the thin films of this system showed different growth orientations that are associated to the crystalline nature of the substrates, the composition of the thin films and the deposition method (Chemical Solution Deposition - CSD - and Pulsed Laser Deposition - PLD). The films deposited on silica substrate were polycrystalline (random growth of the crystallites), whereas the films deposited on sapphire-R (Al2O3-012) were also polycrystalline, with a preferred orientation (h00) for the films deposited by PLD (textured growth), except SrTiO3 which was rotated 45° epitaxially in the sapphire plane. On the contrary, all of the films deposited on LAO (LaAlO3-100) had an (h00) epitaxial growth. In addition to that, the morphological characteristics and photocatalytic properties were strongly influenced also by the same parameters described above. Regarding the photocatalytic efficiency of the films, those obtained by CSD were more efficient than the ones obtained by PLD. Moreover, the films with Sn4+ richer compositions were the most active in the photodegradation of the azo dye Remazol yellow gold, reaching a maximum efficiency with the polycrystalline SrSnO3 thin film obtained by CSD whose degradation and decolorization percentage were 55 and 90 %, respectively. The type of orientation of the SrSnO3 films showed also a strong influence on the photodegradation of the dye. The polycrystalline films with a random orientation obtained on silica were more efficient than the textured films and these ones were more than the epitaxial films / O estanato (SrSnO3) e o titanato de estrôncio (SrTiO3) são óxidos do tipo perovskita que apresentam estrutura ortorrômbica (Pbnm) e cúbica (Pm3m), respectivamente. Estes materiais têm recebido bastante atenção nos últimos anos devido às suas características físicas e químicas interessantes, levando a diferentes tipos de aplicações tecnológicas. Portanto, estes dois materiais foram combinados com intuito de obter uma solução sólida, SrSn1-xTixO3, na forma de pós e filmes finos. Em relação aos pós, esta solução sólida apresentou transições de fase sucessivas com o aumento da quantidade de Ti4+ no sistema, passando de uma estrutura ortorrômbica à tetragonal levando à cúbica. Estas transições foram observadas através de difração de raios-X e refinamento Rietveld, e confirmadas por espectroscopia vibracional Raman. Os diferentes tipos de estrutura cristalina das composições da solução sólida levaram a diferentes propriedades fotoluminescentes no espectro visível, variando a região de emissão de mais baixa à mais alta energia com o aumento de Ti4+ na estrutura, ou seja, passando da estrutura ortorrômbica (SrSnO3), tetragonal (SrSn0,75Ti0,25O3) até à cúbica (SrSn0,50Ti0,50O3, SrSn0,25Ti0,75O3 e SrTiO3). Estas emissões foram provavelmente favorecidas pelos tipos de defeitos específicos criados dentro do band gap destes materiais. Por outro lado, os filmes finos deste sistema apresentaram diferentes tipos de crescimento os quais são associados à natureza cristalina dos substratos, composição dos filmes e com o método de deposição utilizado (método de deposição química em solução - CSD - e método de deposição por laser pulsado PLD). Os filmes depositados sobre sílica e safira-R (Al2O3-012) apresentaram como policristalinos (crescimento aleatorio dos cristalitos), enquanto os filmes depositados por PLD apresentaram orientação preferencial (h00) (crescimento texturizado), com exceção do filme de SrTiO3 que é epitaxial rotacionado em 45º no plano da safira-R. Todos os filmes depositados através dos dois métodos de deposição sobre LAO (LaAlO3-100) apresentaram um crescimento epitaxial (h00). Além disso, as características morfológicas e as propriedades fotocatalíticas também apresentaram forte influencia dos mesmos parâmetros acima citados. Em relação às propriedades fotocatalíticas, os filmes obtidos pelo método CSD apresentaram maior eficiência que os obtidos por PLD e os filmes com composições mais ricas em Sn4+ foram os mais ativos na fotodegradação do corante azo Remazol amarelo ouro, chegando a uma eficiência fotocatalítica máxima com o filme policristalino de SrSnO3 obtido por CSD com percentagem de degradação e de descoloração de 55 e 90 %, respectivamente. A orientação dos filmes de SrSnO3 também mostrou uma forte influencia na fotodegradação do corante, sendo os filmes policristalinos com orientação aleatória mais eficiente que o texturizado e estes por sua vez mais eficientes que os epitaxiais

Este trabalho objetiva a caracterização petrológica, geoquímica, geocronológica e metamórfica das rochas ortoderivadas pertencentes ao Complexo Metamórfico Brusque em duas regiões: Itapema e Botuverá, Santa Catarina, Brasil. Dos litotipos, destacam-se as exposições de rochas metamáficas e metaultramáficas, ocorrentes em ambas regiões. Em Itapema também foram investigados corpos de leucogranitos peraluminosos e na região da cidade de Botuverá foram investigados diques de diabásio e lamprófiro espessartítico. A análise das condições de geração e das fontes dos eventos magmáticos responsáveis pela geração destas rochas foi fundamental para a caracterização e avaliação do significado tectônico destas unidades no CMB, que foram posicionadas durante os períodos pré, sin e pós colisionais de evolução deste. A foliação regional do complexo é representada por uma S2 de baixo ângulo na região de Itapema e por uma superfície de mais alto ângulo na região de Botuverá, basculada por atuação da fase D3. Dados de geotermometria Hb-Pl indicam que a foliação principal dos xistos máficos foi gerada em condições da transição entre as fácies xistos verdes e anfibolito inferior. O magmatismo pré-orogênico do Complexo Metamórfico Brusque é constituído por lentes de rochas máficas-ultramáficas, produtos do metamorfismo de basaltos, gabros, rochas cumuláticas relacionadas e sedimentos vulcanogênicos. Estas rochas possuem afinidade toleítica e um elevado teor de ETR leves e elementos LILE. A análise de razões de elementos incompatíveis, a disposição dos corpos ígneos intercalados aos metassedimentos e a ausência de crosta oceânica sugerem que foram posicionados em ambiente tipo intra-placa continental, síncronos a sedimentação da bacia. Os valores iniciais de εNd entre -2.96 e 5.05 das rochas metavulcânicas de Itapema e entre -0.14 e -6.97 das rochas de Botuverá indicam a participação de crosta paleoproterozóica na gênese destes magmas. Os valores em geral elevados de 87Sr/86Sr justificam o envolvimento da crosta continental, e os valores mais altos encontrados em Botuverá, destacam o maior envolvimento deste componente na região. O magmatismo sin tectônico está representado por corpos de leucogranitos peraluminosos que mostram posicionamento concordante com a foliação S2. Os parâmetros composicionais destas rochas caracterizados pelas baixas razões K2O/Na2O, CaO/Na2O e LaN/YbN, os baixos teores de Rb, Sr, Zr, Y, Yb e Lu, são consistentes com uma evolução associada com magmas gerados a partir da fusão parcial de rochas crustais de composição pelíticas ricas em quartzo, com participação restrita de processos de diferenciação. Na região de Botuverá a ocorrência de diques de lamprófiros e diabásios que cortam as unidades metamórficas indica que seu posicionamento é pós-colisional. Geoquimicamente possuem afinidade entre as séries toleítica e shonshonítica. O padrão de distribuição dos elementos traços e as razões Th/Yb e Ta/Yb indicam que a extração dos diabásios ocorreu a partir de uma fonte mantélica enriquecida, com presença de rutilo e granada no resíduo e fortemente contaminada por crosta. Estas características são semelhantes às encontradas em rochas vulcânicas básicas pós-colisionais no sul do Brasil. Os dispersos valores de єNd(618) para os termos básicos, variando entre -13.74 e +5.52 destacam a heterogeneidade da fonte e reforçam a importância do componente crustal na geração destas rochas. Foi obtida uma idade concordante de 618 ±8.7 Ma (LA-ICP-MS) pelo método U-Pb em zircão, balizando a idade dos primeiros processos magmáticos pós-colisionais da orogênese brasiliana para a região de Botuverá. / This work objective the characterization of the petrology, geochemistry, geochronology and metamorphism of ortoderivate rocks that belong to Brusque Metamorphic Complex BMC) in two regions: Itapema and Botuverá, Santa Catarina, Brazil. Within these, good expositions of mafic and metaultramafic rocks occur in both regions. In Itapema, bodies of peraluminous leucogranites were also investigated. Around Botuverá were investigated diabase dikes and lamprophyres. The analysis of the conditions of generation and sources of magmatic events responsible for the development of these rocks was essential for the characterization and assessment of the significance of these tectonic units in the BMC, and it were placed during the pre-, syn-and post-collisional period of it’s evolution. The regional foliation of the complex is represented by a low angle S2 surface in Itapema region and a higher angle foliation in the region of Botuverá, folded by actuation of the D3 event. Petrography and Hb-Pl geothermometry data indicate that the main foliation of the mafic schists was generated in conditions between the transition of greenschist and lower amphibolite facies. The pre-orogenic magmatism of the Brusque Metamorphic Complex consists of lenses of mafic-ultramafic, products from the metamorphism of basalts, gabbros, related cumulate rocks and volcanogenic sediments. These rocks have a tholeiitic affinity and high contents of LREE and LILE elements. The analysis of incompatible elements ratios, the position of igneous bodies intercalated with the metasediments and the absence of oceanic crust suggest that the basalts were placed in an intra-continental plate environment, synchronous with sedimentation of the basin. The initial εNd values between -2.96 and 5.05 for the metavolcanics of Itapema and between -0.14 and -6.97 for the rocks of Botuverá indicate the involvement of Paleoproterozoic crust on the genesis of these magmas. The generally high 87Sr/86Sr values justify the involvement of crust, and the highest values found in Botuverá, highlight the greater involvement of this component in the region. Syn tectonic magmatism is represented by bodies of peraluminous leucogranite showing emplacement concordant to S2 foliation. Compositional parameters of these rocks characterized by low ratios K2O/Na2O, CaO/Na2O and LaN / YbN, low levels of Rb, Sr, Zr, Y, Yb and Lu, are consistent with magmas generated from partial melting of pelitic rocks, with limited participation of differentiation processes. In the region of Botuverá the occurrence of diabase dykes and lamprophyres cutting the regional metamorphic units indicates that its position is post-collisional. Geochemically show affinity between the tholeiitic and shonshonitic series. The distribution pattern of trace elements and the Th/Yb for Ta/Yb ratios indicate that extraction of diabase occur from an enriched mantle source, with the presence of rutile and garnet in the residue and heavily contaminated by crust. These characteristics are similar to those found in rocks post-collisional basaltic volcanic in south Brazil. The scattered values of єNd (618) in basic terms, ranging between -13.74 and +5.52 highlight the heterogeneity of mantle supply and reinforce the importance of crustal component in the generation of these rocks. A concordant age of 618 ± 8.7 Ma by U-Pb (LA-ICP-MS) zircon method were obtained, marking a early magmatic processes of post-collisional Brasiliano orogeny in the region of Botuverá.

Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-10T18:08:07Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Luciara Ciane Port Thome.pdf: 1696527 bytes, checksum: f809752851373066f0420949b0b14357 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-02-13 / In this work was carried out a study of the lead bioaccumulation process by living aquatic macrophytes Salvinia auriculata. Initially, they were performed toxicological and growing tests in order to determine the non-toxic lead concentration limits and the minimum amount of biomass for the lead uptake experiment duration. The bioaccumulation experiment was performed using young and healthy floating aquatic plants of species S. auriculata. Approximately 30 grams of S. auriculata were put in growing at several 8-L recipients containing 5 L hydroponics solution and a non-toxic lead concentration of 2 mg L-1, during 29 days in a greenhouse. For the lead uptake experiment, seven collection times were set up at intervals of 1, 2, 5, 8, 22 and 29 days, including the zero time and was measured the growing solution temperature and pH, and the solution volume was monitored and deionized water was added to compensate the losses by evaporation. In order to measure the total lead concentration accumulated in aqueous solution obtaining from roots and leaves and growing solution, a Synchrotron Radiation Total Reflection X-Ray Fluorescence technique was used. The lead removal factor by S. auriculata after 29 days, in experimental conditions, was around 87 %. Moreover, it was observed a strong reduction of 50 % of lead concentration in liquid phase and lead accumulation in roots after the first 24 hours of experiment, while there a constant lead concentration in roots after the second day, indicating the transport and accumulation of lead into the leaves. The lead adsorption experimental data by S. auriculata were modeling by the irreversible adsorption kinetic of Langmuir. In the model, the equation system was resolved by DASSL algorithm and the kinetic parameters were obtained and optimized by an objective function using a SIMPLEX algorithm. The adsorption rate constant (k) value was 0.12 L d mg-1 Pb+2 while the maximum lead contents (qmax) value in the biomass was 0.15 mg Pb+2 g-1. The aquatic plant S. auriculata can be a good alternative for effluent treatment through both bioadsorption and bioaccumulation mechanism. The process based on the Phytoremediation technique using aquatic plants have become a attractive economical process due to its easy applicability , low operational costs and high efficiency. / Neste trabalho foi realizado um estudo do processo de bioacumulação de Pb+2 pela macrófita aquática Salvinia auriculata. Realizaram-se inicialmente testes toxicológicos e de crescimento para determinar os níveis tóxicos de Íons de Pb+2, estipular a massa mínima adequada, duração da experiência e os intervalos de coleta para o experimento da bioacumulação. O experimento da bioacumulação foi conduzido utilizando plantas jovens e sadias da espécie aquática e flutuante S. auriculata. Foram cultivadas, durante 29 dias em estufa, aproximadamente 30 gramas em recipiente de 8 L, em várias réplicas, contendo 5 litros de uma solução hidropônica (de Clark) e uma concentração não tóxica de 2 mg Pb+2 L-1. Foram realizadas 7 coletas, incluindo a coleta 0, a intervalos de 1, 2, 5, 8, 22 e 29 dias, monitorando pH e temperatura e fazendo a reposição de água devido a perdas por evaporação. As concentrações totais de chumbo, tanto na fase fluida como na raiz e na folha, foram determinadas pela técnica SR-TXRF. O fator de remoção de chumbo pela salvinia após 29 dias de cultivo, nas condições estudadas, foi de 87 %. Além disso, foi observado que a adsorção de chumbo foi rápida nas primeiras 24 horas, reduzindo em aproximadamente 50 %. A partir do segundo dia, a concentração de chumbo é quase constante, indicando a ocorrência de transporte e acumulação de chumbo na folha. Os dados experimentais de adsorção de Íons de Pb+2 pela S. auriculata foram representados pelo modelo cinético irreversível de Langmuir. No ajuste dos dados experimentais pelo modelo proposto, utilizou-se de uma função objetivo para otimizar os parâmetros de adsorção: a constante da taxa de adsorção e a quantidade máxima de sítios disponíveis na biomassa, cujos valores obtidos foram k = 0,12 L d mg-1 Pb+2 e qmax = 0,15 mg Pb+2 g-1. A planta S. auriculata mostrou-se uma boa opção para tratamento de efluentes através dos mecanismos de adsorção e bioacumulação. O processo de remoção de metal por planta aquática comprovou ser economicamente atrativo, de fácil disponibilidade, baixos custos operacionais e alta eficiência.

Actuellement, le noyau de l'atome sert dans diverses utilisations courantes. Pourtant, notre compréhension que de cet objet n'est pas complète. C'est pourquoi la recherche nucléaire est nécessaire. Parmi cet ensemble vaste, ce manuscrit s'intéresse à l'étude des changements de forme dans les isotopes riches en neutrons des séries Ru et Sr. Le sujet est d'abord cerné dans un chapitre de concepts théoriques de la physique nucléaire. Un second chapitre décrit l'expérience permettant de produire les isotopes d'intérêt. Cette expérience de spectroscopie gamma est réalisée avec un multidétecteur HPGe composé à partir d'EXOGAM et complété de cristaux GASP et LOHENGRIN. Cette expérience consiste en la fission du 241Pu induite par neutrons froids fournis par le réacteur de l'Institut Laue Langevin. Elle fait partie de la campagne EXILL. Le deuxième chapitre traite également de la pré-analyse des données. Après avoir montré les effets d'une pré-sélection des événements en multiplicité, les résultats obtenus concernant les isotopes 108Ru à 115Ru, et 92Sr à 96Sr sont abordés dans le troisième chapitre. Enfin, le quatrième chapitre replace ces résultats dans des ensembles plus larges des parties riches en neutrons des deux séries. Ces séries sont également replacées dans le contexte de leur région de masse.La région d'intérêt est riche en changement de forme, avec l'enrichissement neutronique ou avec l'excitation des noyaux. Ces changements sont plutôt bien décrits par certains modèles, mais ces derniers peinent encore à en décrire les limites. Leurs déterminations précises est essentielle pour contraindre les modèles / Nowadays, the atomic nucleus is used in a variety of common way. Nevertheless, this object is not fully understood yet. This is why nuclear physics research is still needed. Among the large number of nuclear physics topics, this work is interested in the study of shape changes in neutron rich Ru and Sr isotopes. The subject is figured out in the first chapter, dealing with theoretical concepts about nuclear physics. A second chapter describes the experiment permitting to produce the isotopes of interest. This gamma-ray spectroscopy experiment has been realized with a HPGe multidetector made from EXOGAM and completed by GASP and LOHENGRIN detectors. This experiment consists of the cold neutron, supplied by the reactor of the Institute Laue Langevin, induced fission of 241Pu. This experiment is a part of the EXILL measurement campaign. The second chapter also deals with the data pre-analysis of this experiment. After showing the effects of a multiplicity cut on event preselection, the obtained results concerning 108Ru to 115Ru and 92Sr to 96Sr isotopes are presented on the third chapter. Finally, the fourth chapter puts these results in a wider part of the neutron rich side of both series. These last ones are also placed in their mass region context.The region of interest is rich in shape change, whether with neutronic enrichment or with excitation energy. These changes are rather well described by certain models, but the latter still have difficulty to describe the limits. Their precise determinations by experiment is essential to constrain models

L’océan Pacifique est le siège de variabilités climatiques interannuel et multi-décennale, El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) et la Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO), dont les répercussions (via des téléconnections) peuvent être mondiales. Des impacts importants sur les populations, les activités socio-économiques et sur l’environnement ont été attribuées à ENSO. Il est alors primordial d’améliorer notre compréhension de la dynamique Pacifique et notamment du phénomène ENSO ainsique son évolution sous l’effet du changement climatique.Les mesures géochimiques (Sr/Ca et 818O) réalisées sur les coraux constituent des enregistrements paléoclimatiques de choix pour l’étude de l’évolution d’ENSO et sont essentielles pour mettre en perspective la dynamique actuelle du climat par rapport à sa dynamique passée. Après avoir évaluer la robustesse du paléothermomètre géochimique corallien (Sr/Ca), cette thèse a permis la reconstruction de température de surface océanique (SST) à partir de coraux de l’atoll de Clipperton (Pacifique tropical Est) et de l’archipel des Marquises (Pacifique tropical centre) couvrantplusieurs parties du dernier millénaire. Nos résultats suggèrent que la structure spatiale d’ENSO étaitplutôt stable au cours des deux derniers siècles, montrant majoritairement une structure de type ENSOcanonique (Est Pacifique) par opposition à l’ENSO Modoki (centre Pacifique). Bien qu’encore débattue, cette structure spatiale pourrait avoir évoluée très récemment, en liaison avec le changement climatique global (et cela pourrait continuer dans le futur). A l’échelle décennale, nos deux zones d’étude (centre et Est Pacifique) sont influencées par la PDO.Les résultats de cette thèse tendent également à suggérer que l’activité d’ENSO actuelle (sous l’effet du forçage anthropique) n’est pas atypique à l’échelle du dernier millénaire. En effet, son intensité et sa fréquence étaient plus fortes au début du petit âge glaciaire (LIA, 16ème siècle). La comparaison deces résultats avec un ensemble de simulations climatiques (PMIP3) montre que la variabilité ENSO estbien reproduite par ces modèles climatiques mais qu’ils échouent à reproduire correctement l’état moyen des températures du Pacifique. / The Pacific Ocean is the place of interannual and multi-decadal climate variabilities, namely the El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) and the Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO). There can have globals impacts via teleconnections. Major impacts on populations, economic and environmental activitieshave been attributed to ENSO. It is therefore essential to improve our understanding of the Pacificdynamic, particularly ENSO activity and its evolution under recent climate change.Geochemical measurements (Sr/Ca and 818O) performed on corals are relevant paleoclimatic records for studying the evolution of ENSO and are essential to put into perspective the current climatedynamic in comparison to past climate.After an evaluation of the robustness of the coral geochemical paleothermometer (Sr/Ca), we present the reconstruction of sea surface temperature (SST) from Eastern tropical Pacific coral (Clippertonatoll) and central tropical Pacific coral (Marquesas archipelago) covering several parts of the last millennium. Our results suggest that ENSO spatial pattern was relatively stable over the past two centuries, mainly indicating an eastern Pacific ENSO pattern (canonical) in comparison to the centralPacific ENSO (Modoki). Although still debated, this spatial pattern could have recently changed dueto global climate change (and this could continue in the future). At the decadal timescale, both studiedareas (central and eastern Pacific) are influenced by the PDO.The results of this Phd thesis also suggest that the present day ENSO activity (under the influence ofanthropogenic forcing) is not atypical throughout the last millennium. The intensity and frequency of ENSO were stronger in the early Little Ice Age (LIA, 16th century). These results are compared withan ensemble of climate simulations (PMIP3) and indicate that ENSO variability is correctly reproduced by numerical climate models but that these models fail to correctly reproduce the mean temperature state of the Pacific.

La DCE a pour principale ambition d’harmoniser les politiques de l’eau sur un plan européen et d’atteindre le bon état des eaux d’ici 2015. L’évaluation de ce “bon état” implique en outre de dresser l’inventaire, dans les masses d’eau, des 33 substances prioritaires listées en annexe X de la DCE (annexe X, décision No 2455/2001/EC) et pour lesquelles des normes de qualité environnementales (NQE) ont été fixées (Directive 2013/39/EU). Parmi ces substances figurent les polychloroalcanes (SCCPs) et les polybromodiphényléthers (PBDEs) appartenant à la catégorie des micropolluants halogénés “émergents”. D’un point de vue analytique, leur détermination dans l’eau constitue actuellement un enjeu majeur, tant sur le plan de l’échantillonnage que de la sensibilité.Dans ce contexte, ce travail de thèse s’est attaché au développement d’une méthode d’analyse des SCCPs dans les eaux par SPME couplée à la GC/ECNI-MS. Les limites de quantification inférieures à 0,2 µg.L-1 et son degré d’automatisation font de cette méthode un outil de choix pour assurer le monitoring des milieux aquatiques tels que requis par la DCE. En complément de l’approche classique, un pilote de calibration en laboratoire pour l’étalonnage d’échantillonneurs passifs a pu être mis en place et validé pour la calibration des MESCO avec les HAPs. La participation à un essai interlaboratoire a permis de tester l’applicabilité des MESCO et des SR pour l’analyse des PBDEs en sortie de station d’épuration. Enfin la mise en application des LDPE, SR et MESCO sur l’étang de Berre a permis d’obtenir des résultats encourageants quant à l’applicabilité de ces échantillonneurs passifs pour l’analyse des SCCPs et PBDEs. / In order to achieve good water quality for 2015, the water framework directives (WFD 2000/60/EC and 2013/39/EU) force European countries to monitor the quality of their aquatic environment. For this purpose, all water bodies shall be monitored for all the 33 priority substances listed in annex X of WFD (annex X, decision No 2455/2001/EC) and for which environmental quality standards (EQS) were fixed (Directive 2013/39 / EU). Among these substances, we found the short chain chlorinated paraffins (SCCPs) and the polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) belonging to the class of emergent halogenated micro-pollutants. From an analytical point of view, the analysis of SCCPs and PBDEs in water is still a major challenge, either in terms of sampling or sensitivity.In respect of WFD, this thesis work has, among other things, aimed to develop a method to analyze SCCPs in water by using SPME coupled with GC/ECNI-MS. The limit of quantification below 0.2 µg.L-1 and its degree of automation makes this method a tool of choice to ensure the monitoring of the aquatic environment as required by the WFD. In addition to the traditional approach, a laboratory system for passive sampler calibration was also developed and validated to calibrate MESCO for PAHs analysis. Moreover, our participation in an inter-laboratory study, has served to test the applicability of MESCO and SR for the analysis of PBDEs in a waste water treatment plant. Finally the deployment of LDPE, SR and MESCO in Berre lagoon has yielded some encouraging results about applicability of these passive samplers to analyze SCCPs and PBDE in water.

O cinturão Fíngoè é uma unidade tectônica do Supercontinente Gondwana Oeste composta por rochas supracrustais formadas há aproximadamente 1.33 Ga. Essas rochas são portadoras de mineralizações de Au, Cu, Zn, Pb e Fe. Com cerca de 150 km de comprimento, e orientado WSW-ENE, este cinturão estende-se desde o Monte Atchiza a oeste até cerca de 30 km para leste da vila de Fíngoè no norte de Moçambique e consiste de uma extensa variedade de rochas metassedimentares e metavulcânicas. O cinturão Fíngoè apresenta especialização metalogenética para Au e Cu, que já foram explotados no passado em diversos locais. Muitos destes registros estão associados com magnetita e malaquita. Atualmente trabalhos de prospecção e pesquisa mineral têm sido realizados pela empresa de mineração African Queen Mines Ltda, através do projeto denominado de King Solomons, localizado na parte central do mesmo. A geologia da área abrangida pelo prospecto Mankombiti, mostra uma predominância de rochas carbonáticas, granitos e gabros. As rochas carbonáticas são consideradas importantes na gênese de depósitos tipo skarn e depósitos de substituição de metais de base e Au devido à sua natureza fortemente reativa. Os dados geocronológicos realizados neste trabalho indicaram uma idade precisa para a rocha intrusiva granítica associada à mineralização de 1079,1 ± 8,2 Ma, que poderia ser a idade da formação do skarn e consequentemente desta mineralização. Entretanto a idade obtida para o processo de alteração hidrotermal que afetou o gabro, na ordem de 657 ± 36 Ma e a idade modelo Pb-Pb sugerida pelo modelo de Stacey e Kramers (1975) para a calcopirita da mineralização principal de 725 Ma, sugerem que a mineralização, do prospecto Mankombiti é neoproterozóica. Para melhor entendimento dos processos que estiveram envolvidos na formação deste depósito skarn, duas hipóteses são consideradas: (i) poderia ser admitida a presença de corpos graníticos intrusivos em 700 Ma, situados em profundidade, que não foram ainda caracterizados, como responsáveis pela fonte de calor necessária, (ii) pode ser admitida ocorrência de um evento distensional em 700 Ma que produziria um adelgaçamento da litosfera e a consequente ascensão da astenosfera, produzindo uma elevação do fluxo térmico gerando os fluidos mineralizantes necessários. / The Fíngoè belt is a tectonic unit of West Gondwana Supercontinent, comprised of supracrustal rocks formed at approximately 1.33 Ga. These rocks are carriers of Au, Cu, Zn, Pb and Fe mineralization. With about 150 km long and oriented WSW- ENE, this belt extends from west of the Atchiza Mount to about 30 km east of the Fíngoè village in the north Mozambique, and consists of an extensive variety of metasedimentary and metavolcanic rocks. The Fíngoè metallogenic belt provides specialization for Au and Cu, which have been exploited in the past in various locations. Many of these records are associated with magnetite and malachite. Currently, the prospecting and mineral exploration have been conducted by the African Queen Mines Ltd mining company, through a project called the King Solomons, located in the central part of it. The geology of the studied area shows a predominance of carbonate rocks, granites and gabbros. The carbonate rocks are considered important in the genesis of the skarn deposits type and deposits of replacement for base metals and Au due to its highly reactive nature. The geochronological data performed in this work indicate a precise age of the 1079.1 ± 8.2 Ma for the intrusive granitic rock associated with mineralization, which could be interpreted as the age of the skarn and consequently of the mineralization. However the age obtained for the hydrothermal alteration that affected the gabbro at about 657 ± 36 Ma and the Pb-Pb model age suggested by the model of Stacey and Kramers (1975) for primary chalcopyrite mineralization at 725 Ma, suggesting that the mineralization of the Mankombiti prospectus was developed during the Neoproterozoic time. For understanding the processes that were involved in the skarn-type mineralization processes, two hypotheses are here considered: (i) could be admitted the presence of i ntrusive granitic rocks at 700 Ma, situated in depth, which have not yet been characterized, as responsible for the heat source required, (ii) may be admitted occurrence of an extensional event at 700 Ma to produce a thinning of the lithosphere and the uplift of the asthenosphere, producing high thermal flows generating the mineralization fluids.

The aim of the work is an analysis of recent and present economic situation and also situation in construction in Slovak Republic. It deals with the economy of a particular company, which specialises in the field of construction works, in the context of outside and inside influences. A more detailed examination relies on the results of a financial analysis. The aim of the thesis is to find out what impact these events have on a specific company and to suggest solutions that would contribute to its resilience to its competition or to help overcome the next potential crisis.