Samhället idag står inför stor miljöpåfrestning vilket lett till en allt större medvetenhet kring miljöfrågor. Således blir det viktigare för företagen att hänga med i samhällets efterfrågan och integrera miljön mer i verksamheten. Varför företag skulle vilja arbeta med hållbarhet kan för vissa ses som paradoxalt då det medför kostnader. Flera studier har undersökt varför företag väljer att arbeta med hållbarhet och där det visat att det kan löna sig för företag att arbeta med hållbarhet trots de ökande kostnaderna. Bygg och fastighetsföretagen är en viktig del av samhället eftersom människor behöver ett hem och företag behöver en lokal att bedriva sin verksamhet i. Bygg och fastighetsbranschen anses inte som en av de mest miljöintensiva branscher men är ändå intressant att studera ur ett hållbarhetsperspektiv. Idag finns det färdiga koncept på miljöcertifiering av byggnader som företagen kan använda sig av för att certifiera sina byggnader och visa att de arbetar med hållbarhet. Det grundades en organisation 2009 ”Sweden Green Building Council” som arbetar med att certifiera byggnader. Certifiering av byggnader är något som blivit större i Sverige under den senaste tiden och hållbarhetsfrågor för bygg och fastighetsföretagen har blivit en del i deras process.Syftet med den här studien är att undersöka hur och vilka intressenterna det är som kan driva på bygg och fastighetsföretagen att bygga mer hållbart. Vidare inbegriper syftet att också undersöka hur de tre mekanismerna som presenterades av DiMaggio och Powell har påverkat bygg och fastighetsföretagen att bygga mer miljövänliga fastigheter. För att ta reda på studiens syfte har författarna använt sig av kvalitativa intervjuer. Studien har också ett deduktivt angreppssätt och utgår från intressentteorin och tre mekanismer inom institutionella teorin framtagna av DiMaggio och Powell.Studiens resultat tyder på att de studerade företagens kunder har en drivande kraft i företagens beslut om att bygga mer miljövänligt och att det är här som den starkaste drivkrafter härrör. Det framgick också en skillnad hos kunderna beroende på om det var kommersiella eller privata bostadsrättskunder. De kommersiella kunderna prioriterade miljö mer än privata och där de privata bostadshyresgästerna istället prioriterade trygghet och säkerhet samt en funktion i fastigheten. Vidare visar studiens resultat att hållbarhet blir mer viktigt i framtiden där företagen får signaler om en mer miljömedveten kring dagens ungdom. För att företagen ska bli mer konkurrenskraftiga i framtiden ser många av respondenterna det viktigt med att implementera mer hållbarhetsfrågor i sin verksamhet.Key

ESG ratings have become a recognised sustainability performance measurement throughout the world. The Nordic countries Sweden, Finland, Denmark, and Norway are ranked top four in the world when it comes to ESG ratings. However, do investors in these countries recognise the sustainability performance of the firms in their investment decisions? The purpose of this study was to see if Nordic investors value ESG factors, by testing for a relationship between high ESG ratings and corporate financial performance. To be able to fulfil this purpose, several multiple regression models were conducted on data for a time-span between 2007-2017 on 108 firm observations and 995 firm-year observations. Corporate financial performance was represented by the dependent variables Tobin’s Q and Return on Assets as measurements for market and accounting performance respectively. The results showed a significant positive relationship between several ESG ratings and market performance, while no significantly positive, nor negative, relationship could be found between accounting performance and ESG ratings. Based on the results from the tests, conclusions were drawn that Nordic investors do value ESG ratings when choosing their investments, indicating that companies can benefit from having good sustainability policies. This thesis challenges the classical view of profit maximisation being the ultimate interest of shareholders, as it shows a positive relationship between ESG and financial market performance. The results indicate that investors take more factors into consideration in their investment decisions than only financial accounting returns. Therefore, conclusions have been made that the Stakeholder theory better explains value creation than the Shareholder theory does. This because the Stakeholder theory emphasises that firms maximise value by taking all stakeholders affected by their business cycle into account, not only the shareholders. Furthermore, based on the results, this thesis concludes that Nordic investors’ interests are in line with the society’s interests as they do value ESG ratings when investing. No previous study on the topic has been conducted on the Nordic market, thus this study fills a research gap on the relationship between financial performance and corporate sustainability.

abstract: Research on coaching behaviors as well as how these behaviors relate to national standard is limited. Utilizing the conceptual framework of the National Association for Sports and Physical Education (NASPE) National Coaching Standards and the body of literature on coaching behaviors, the current study examined: (a) coaching behaviors, coach's self- efficacy and stakeholders' (i.e., athlete, parents'/guardians') perceptions of their coaches' effectiveness, and (b) an in-depth review of coaching effectiveness with a subsample of coaches (observations) as well as comparing coaching behaviors to the National Coaching Standards (NASPE, 2006). Coaches completed the Coaching Efficacy Scale (CES), while athletes and parents'/guardians' used a modified version of the CES measuring perceptions of coaching effectiveness. Observations [using the Arizona State University Observation Instrument (ASUIO)], formal and informal interviews, and document analyses [field notes, artifacts, and interviews] were used to explore coaching behaviors and perceptions of coaching experiences as they relate to the NASPE Coaching Standards. Coaches had the post positive perceptions (efficacy) of the stakeholder groups. Consistent with previous research on effective coaches, it was found that this cohort of coaches frequently used instruction (38.5%) and non-instructional (51.07%) behaviors (Becker & Wrisberg, 2008; Bloom, Crumpton, & Anderson, 1999; Kahan, 1999; Lacy & Darst, 1985; Segrave & Ciancio, 1990). Qualitative data revealed three themes related to coaching effectiveness and relationships with the NASPE Coaching Standards: (a) the structure of the program and environment, (b) pedagogical content knowledge, and (c) past athletic experiences. Findings suggest that observed coaching behaviors do not enact many of the NASPE Coaching Standards and that coaches are not be aware of the national standards. / Dissertation/Thesis / Doctoral Dissertation Curriculum and Instruction 2014

Com o desenvolvimento do mercado nacional de cruzeiros marítimos, a partir dos anos 2000, o número de cruzeiristas passou a crescer ano a ano até o final da primeira década. Entretanto, esse mercado tem declinado nos últimos anos, tendo a infraestrutura de cruzeiros como um dos fatores que justificam essa queda. Em contrapartida, neste mesmo período, o Brasil se destacou pelos investimentos na área de infraestrutura, dentre elas a estrutura dos portos brasileiros. A falta de estudos sobre o tema dos cruzeiros marítimos e a baixa expectativa sobre o desenvolvimento do setor, criaram um cenário de incertezas e controvérsias sobre o desenvolvimento de sua infraestrutura para os próximos anos. Neste contexto, o estudo visou analisar quais as perspectivas de desenvolvimento da infraestrutura de cruzeiros marítimos no Brasil, baseando-se na investigação suas características, na participação dos stakeholders-chave indicadores de poder, influência e interesse e na discussão de estratégias para o seu desenvolvimento. Esta pesquisa caracteriza-se como qualitativo de natureza descritiva e exploratória, baseando-se na revisão de literatura e na investigação documental. Utilizou-se a entrevista semiestruturada e a amostragem snowball como técnica de coleta de dados. A análise e tratamento dos dados tiveram como princípios a triangulação de dados e a análise de stakeholders. Identificaram-se como stakeholders-chave no processo de desenvolvimento da infraestrutura de cruzeiros brasileira: as armadoras (companhias) de cruzeiros, os investidores privados, a Secretaria de Portos, o Ministério do Turismo e as associações CLIA-Abremar e Brasilcruise. A burocracia e a legislação brasileira apresentam-se como elementos que impedem o desenvolvimento da infraestrutura de cruzeiros, devido à grande variedade de stakeholders envolvidos, em diferentes esferas e competências de atuação, tornando o setor uma estrutura organizacional complexa, lenta e burocrática, revertida em elevados custos operacionais e em grandes barreiras na retomada do crescimento do setor. O segmento de cruzeiros, por sua vez, exige que todas as ações sejam feitas em conjunto e de maneira articulada com os interesses dos stakeholders envolvidos. Apesar disso, apresentam-se expectativas positivas diante da chegada de novos navios ao mercado brasileiro, a partir de 2020, enquanto o seu atual declínio encontra-se principalmente baseado na baixa competitividade do país em relação aos novos destinos emergentes, como Austrália, Nova Zelândia, Cuba e China. Por fim, concluiu-se que a atividade tem nas parceiras parcerias público-privadas um caminho promissor, necessitando de ações integradas entre armadoras, investidores privados, associações e o poder público para o seu pleno desenvolvimento / With the development of the market of sea cruises, mainly from the 2000s, the number of cruise passengers began to grow until the end of the first decade. However, this market has declined in the recent years and the cruise infrastructure is a factor that justify this fall. In contrast, during the same period, Brazil was highlighted by investments in infrastructure, such as the structure of Brazilian ports. The lack of studies on cruises and the low expectations about the industry development created a scenario of uncertainty and controversy about the development of cruise infrastructure in the coming years. In this context, the study aims to analyze what are the perspectives of cruise infrastructure development in Brazil, based on the research of its characteristics, key-stakeholders participation power, influence and interest indicators and discussion of strategies for its development. This qualitative research is also descriptive and exploratory, based on the literature review and documentary research, using semi-structured interviews and snowball sampling as data collection technique. The analysis and processing of the data had the principles of triangulation data and stakeholders analysis. In the process of cruise infrastructure development have been identified as key-stakeholders: cruise lines, private investors, Ports Secretariat, Tourism Ministry and associations CLIA-Abremar and Brasilcruise. The bureaucracy and the Brazilian legislation are presented as elements that prevent the development of cruise infrastructure due to the wide range of stakeholders involved, in different areas and kills, making the industry a complex, slow and bureaucratic organizational structure, converted in high operating costs and high barriers in reactivating the sector\'s growth. Cruise industry, in turn, requires that all actions are made together and meshing with the interests of the stakeholders involved. On the other hand, there are positive expectations about the arrival of new ships to the Brazilian market from 2020, while its current decline is based on the low competitiveness of the country in relation to new emerging destinations such as Australia, New Zealand, Cuba and China. In addition, cruise infrastructure has public-private partnerships as a promising path, requiring actions between cruise lines, private investors and local government

Práticas de responsabilidade social e sustentabilidade são desenvolvidas por empresas como forma de responder às contestações da sociedade. Em especial as de engajamento com stakeholders. No entanto, são baseadas em teorias estratégicas da administração e não garantem resultado satisfatório do ponto de vista das melhorias socioambientais. Com o intuito de avaliar a qualidade dessas práticas para a promoção da sustentabilidade, um estudo multidisciplinar comparado entre teorias de administração e de comunicação apontou para diferentes modelos de engajamento chamados desenhos de interação. Baseado na pensamento comunicacional de Deetz foi possível identificar desenhos de interação - Colaboração, Diálogo e Democracia Generativa - com propensões suscetíveis a sustentabilidade, pois geram criatividade e relações de mútuo benefício aos stakeholders. / Corporate social responsibility and sustainability practices are developed by companies in order to address stakeholder claims. The stakeholder engagement practices are especially interesting. They are based on managerial and strategic theories and have not performed environmentally well lately. In order to evaluate the quality of those practices to promote sustainability, a multidisciplinary study took place. Communication and management theories were compared and different types of engagement, named interaction designs, were identified. Based on Deetz communication theories it was possible to understand specific designs - Collaboration, Dialogue and Generative Democracy - and its propensities to promote sustainability, due to their ability to generate mutual benefits and creativity.

Syftet med föreliggande studie var att utforska golf student-idrottares upplevelser av stöd i deras dubbla karriärs miljö från ett helhetsperspektiv. Samt att utforska nyckelpersoners perspektiv på den dubbla karriärens miljö och stödet som finns för golf student-idrottarna, från ett helhetsperspektiv. För att undersöka syftet gjordes två semistrukturerade  intervjuguider, en med frågor om fem olika domäner, idrottslig, akademisk, psykosocial, psykologisk och finansiell. Den andra hade frågor i samma domäner samt frågor om strukturen inom den dubbla karriär miljön. Deltagarna i studien var nio golf student-idrottare som tävlade på internationell eller nationell nivå, medelåldern var 21 (SD=1.80), samt tre nyckelpersoner med en medelålder på 41.33 (SD=8.39). Baserad på resultatet har en utvecklad version av Athletic talent development  environment model tagits fram. Föreliggande studies slutsats var att student-atleterna upplevde mer stöd än brist på stöd i deras dubbla karriär miljö och att mest stöd gavs inom den idrottsliga domänen.

It is next to impossible to let a day go by without coming into contact with a computer system in some way, either by direct usage, or making a telephone call that is directed by computer systems. Due to the importance of computer systems we are all concerned with their quality, directly or indirectly, a malfunctioning system will disturb our lives in more or less drastic ways. Each stakeholder promotes his qualities and priorities for the system, and this will eventually lead to conflict, depending on relations between qualities. There is no simple solution to the problem of relating and conflicting quality attributes. But by making an informed decision it is possible to soften the effects of the trade-offs and gain a higher level of total software quality. The way to make an informed decision is to have knowledge about the relations between quality attributes along with insights of the consequences of the decision. This report gives a short introduction to the problem, and surveys both the relations stated within academia, and industry. The intention is to explore the knowledge present within academia and collect and present the established relations found by researchers. Further this report presents a survey carried out at companies working in different areas with software engineering, to show which relations that are visible to industry and how they are handling the relations between quality attributes. This gathered knowledge intends to support the ambition towards higher quality in software engineering.

Projektet startade på uppdrag av länsmuseet i Kalmar län. Målet var att utveckla en första prototyp av en interaktiv dykmodell i 3d av vrakplatsen för Regalskeppet Kronan. Syftet med denna modell var tvådelad; att skapa en nyanserad del av Kronan-utställningen och underlätta vid utgrävningarna av vrakplatsen för regalskeppet Kronan. Modellen skulle fungera som en nyanserad och modern del av länsmuseets webbsida och utställning där museibesökare kan vrida och vända på modellen i realtid och skapa sig en bild över hur det ser ut vid vrakplatsen. Projektets validitet i förhållande till länsmuseets verksamhet bekräftades genom en studie av länsmuseets verksamhetsberättelse. Det andra syftet med dykmodellen är att de dykare som genomför dykningarna vid vrakplatsen skall kunna distribuera modellen mellan varandra och redan på ett tidigt stadium kunna diskutera och planera utgrävningarna, vilket tidigare gjort med hjälp av inspelade översimningar vid vrakplatsen. Arbetet i projektet genomfördes i ett flertal steg. Först presenteras termen stakeholder, eller intressenter, som är ett led i att kunna ta fram rätt användare vid utvecklingen 3d-modellen. De intressenter som togs fram och ansågs vara mest lämpliga var museibesökare, i form av turister och skolungdomar, och dykare. Dessa var de två intressentgrupper som ansågs vara de som kommer vara direkta slutanvändare av 3d-modellen. För att ytterligare kunna ringa in rätt användare för 3d-modellen användes sedan en metod som kallas personas för att representera museibesökaren och skolungdomar och intervjuer för intressentgruppen dykare vid vrakplatsen. Som representant för dykare vid vrakplatsen av Kronan stod Lars Einarsson som är ansvarig för utgrävningarna. Produktionen av 3d-modellen gjordes genom ett första framtagande av konceptuella modeller och fotande av bilder från Kronan-utställningen, vilka låg till grund för de tekniker för modellering inom 3d Studio Max som användes. Dessa modeller fungerade också som förlaga vid själva modellerandet. Under produktionsfasen av 3d-modellen togs ett flertal saker i beaktande; modellering med så låg komplexitet som möjligt, en realism i 3d-modellen i form av rätt objekt utifrån vad som finns vid den fysiska vrakplatsen och ljussättning och skuggsättning. Som hjälp vid ljus- och skuggsättning användes även filmmaterial från en överdykning av vrakplatsen. Interaktionen med den 3d-modellen beslutades att skötas av en andrahandsprogramvara. För att tillse att den bästa programvaran användes för detta ändamål jämfördes Eon Raptor och Design Review 2008. Detta gjordes utifrån testning av programvaran inom projektgruppen och en jämförelse mellan de systemkrav som respektive programvara krävde. Det slutgiltiga valet föll på Design Review 2008 främst på basis av en större grad av användbarhet och teknisk tillgänglighet. Efter att modellen implementerats från 3D Studio Max till Design Review 2008 gjordes en heuristisk utvärdering för att tillse den grundläggande funktionen av programmet. De utvärderingsprinciper som användes var en modifierad version av Jacob Nielsens utvärderingsprinciper. Dessa togs fram genom att en jämförelse och syntes gjordes av Nielsens och Jef Raskins teorier för god interaktion. Den heuristiska utvärderingen ansågs falla väl ut och den slutgiltiga applikationen ansågs ha god användbarhet vad gäller interaktionen. / The project started by commission of the regional museum of Kalmar. The goal was to develop a first prototype of an interactive 3-dimensional diving model of the site of wreckage of the man-of-war Kronan. The aim of this model were two folded. First it was supposed to be a more modern part of the regional museums webpage and its physical exhibition where visitors of the museum can navigate and turn the model around in real time and get a picture of how it looks at the site of the wreackage. Part of the museum’s annual report states that their aim is to gain 20.000 more visitors during the year of 2008. A more modern way of exhibiting their objects in the museum could help with this. The validity of the project was confirmed by a study of the regional museums annual report. The second aim of the diving model was to facilitate the planning the excavation of the site of the wreckage for the divers by on an early stage of the planning being able to distribute and discuss the wreckage among each other. This was formely done by looking at and discussing video footage taken at the wreckage. The project was divided into several steps. First, the term stakeholder was introduced to get a better understanding of who the user for the development of the 3d-model was. The stakeholders that were put forward and were deemed the most suitable were visitors at the museum, in the form of “tourists and school children”, and “divers at the site of the wreckage”. These were the two stakeholder groups who were seen as those who would have the most direct influence of the interaction with the 3d model. To further encircle the users of the upcoming 3d model, the method personas was used to represent the visitors at the museum and schoolchildren. Interviews was used for the stakeholder group “divers at the wreckage”. Representing the divers was Lars Einarsson who is in charge of the excavation of the wreckage. The production of the 3d model was done by making of conceptual models and footage from the Kronan exhibition. These were the basis for the techniques for modeling that were used within 3d Studio Max. These models also worked as an original while modeling. During the production phase of the 3d model several things was taken into consideration; modeling with as low complexity as possible, a realism in the 3d model by adding objects that are actually in place at the wreckage and natural lighting of the scene. To aid with the lighting filmed footage from the site of the wreckage were used. The interaction with the 3d model was deemed to be made using a second hand application. To see to it that the best application for this was used, a comparison between Eon Raptor and Design Review 2008 was made. This was done on the basis of both internal testing and a comparison of the two programs system requirements. The final choice was Design Review 2008 mostly on the basis of a higher degree of usability and technical availability. After the model was implemented from 3d Studio Max to Design Review 2008 a heuristic evaluation was made to see to it that the basic functioning of the model was satisfying. The usability principles that were used were a modified version of Jacob Nielsens usability principles. These were produced by comparing and synthesizing Nielsens and Jef Raskins theories for good interaction. The result of the heuristic evaluation was deemed satisfying and the final application was considered having good usability concerning the interaction.

For the past couple of decades, third sector organisations have registered a fast growth over the world with a focus on social, economic and political concerns whilst holding a presence in public matters. This study is mainly focused on non-profit organisations (NPOs). Organisations supporting social concerns on a not-for-profit (NFP) basis. Nowadays, NPOs are a social trend where people with different backgrounds and purposes aim to get involved in. Their participation is to either assist a community or a cause (as a contributor), or to obtain assistance when being part of a community (as a beneficiary). Nonetheless, the challenges as well as the opportunities faced by NPOs are widely acknowledged in both practice and theory, with a special focus on the different organisation’s participants involved, that is, stakeholders. In order to “do the right project” whilst “doing the project right” (Williams & Samser, 2010, p. 38), NPOs need the support and collaboration of stakeholders to obtain funds, operate, meet a community needs, and survive in the market. Aiming to find out how are relationships between stakeholders and NPOs managers stablished and maintained, the study analyses the managerial approaches undertaken by the organisation’s employees towards stakeholders. Further, in order to identify the characteristics of entrepreneurial project-based NPOs, the study explores the organisation requirements to properly develop within the mentioned sector. By hence, the NPO concept is analysed within the entrepreneurial context to understand and recognise the stakeholder management practices employed in such scenario. There is limited literature drawing on stakeholder management within NPOs. However, there is even less research done studying the link between NPOs and entrepreneurship. For the purpose of this study, which is to contribute to the general body of knowledge by analysing stakeholder management in an NPO within the entrepreneurship field, this study has selected a Swedish NPO as a main focus. With grounds on the existing literature discussing stakeholder classification and participation in the mentioned type of organisations, this study identifies the different groups of stakeholders and their different meanings to the organisation. At the same time, the lack of research in entrepreneurial project-based NPOs is highlighted, encouraging further research in related areas. This research is based on a single case study of an NPO operating in Sweden, given the particularity and uniqueness of the phenomenon studied. Qualitative data is collected through the implementation of unstructured and semi-structured interviews with top management team (TMT) members and managers in the NPO selected as study focus, a total of five people contacted out of twelve employees. Then data is analysed and the study findings are presented and linked to existing literature. Further, the suggestion of five propositions for further research are presented. Finally, the study conclusions are outlined, along with the managerial and theoretical implications, and the study limitations.

This thesis explores potential participatory approaches suitable for a municipal energy planning context. It also analyses the possibility of using those approaches in energy planning processes in ten Swedish municipalities. Swedish municipal energy plans display differences in terms of quality, comprehensiveness and implementation. According to participation literature, planning processes can be improved by stakeholder participation. This study was carried out in four steps: creation of a theoretical framework, survey investigating the municipal energy planners’ views on participation, relating the planners’ views with the theoretical framework and creating suggestions for which participatory approaches to use in the municipalities. Participatory approaches found in literature were categorised into: democracy based, social learning and policy driven participation. Literature states that stakeholder participation should be done as early as possible in a process, but findings from the survey show that those municipalities that have come furthest in their planning process are the ones most interested in stakeholder participation. Indicating that energy planning processes need to gain a sense of maturity before it is even possible to think about involving other stakeholders. Another result shows differences in objectives, central values and targeted stakeholders between the different municipalities. One conclusion from this thesis is the importance for municipalities to understand their objectives for stakeholder participation, since objectives partly determines what kind of participatory approach that will be suitable to use in a given situation.