Networking research and development have historically focused on increasing network throughput and path resource utilization, which particularly helped bulk applications such as file transfer and video streaming. Recent over-provisioning in the core of the Internet has facilitated the use of interactive applications like interactive web browsing, audio/video conferencing, multi- player online gaming and financial trading applications. Although the bulk applications rely on transferring data as fast as the network permits, interactive applications consume rather little bandwidth, depending instead on low latency. Recently, there has been an increasing concern in reducing latency in networking research, as the responsiveness of interactive applications directly influences the quality of experience. To appreciate the significance of latency-sensitive applications for today's Internet, we need to understand their traffic pattern and quantify their prevalence. In this thesis, we quantify the proportion of potentially latency-sensitive traffic and its development over time. Next, we show that the flow start-up mechanism in the Internet is a major source of latency for a growing proportion of traffic, as network links get faster. The loss recovery mechanism in the transport protocol is another major source of latency. To improve the performance of latency-sensitive applications, we propose and evaluate several modifications in TCP. We also investigate the possibility of prioritization at the transport layer to improve the loss recovery. The idea is to trade reliability for timeliness. We particularly examine the applicability of PR-SCTP with a focus on event logging. In our evaluation, the performance of PR-SCTP is largely influenced by small messages. We analyze the inefficiency in detail and propose several solutions. We particularly implement and evaluate one solution that utilizes the Non-Renegable Selective Acknowledgments (NR-SACKs) mechanism, which has been proposed for standardization in the IETF. According to the results, PR-SCTP with NR-SCAKs significantly improves the application performance in terms of low latency as compared to SCTP and TCP. / Interactive applications such as web browsing, audio/video conferencing, multi-player online gaming and financial trading applications do not benefit (much) from more bandwidth. Instead, they depend on low latency. Latency is a key determinant of user experience. An increasing concern for reducing latency is therefore currently being observed among the networking research community and industry. In this thesis, we quantify the proportion of potentially latency-sensitive traffic and its development over time. Next, we show that the flow start-up mechanism in the Internet is a major source of latency for a growing proportion of traffic, as network links get faster. The loss recovery mechanism in the transport protocol is another major source of latency. To improve the performance of latency-sensitive applications, we propose and evaluate several modifications in TCP. We also investigate the possibility of prioritization at the transport layer to improve the loss recovery. The idea is to trade reliability for timeliness. We particularly examine the applicability of PR-SCTP with a focus on event logging. In our evaluation, the performance of PR-SCTP is largely influenced by small messages. We analyze the inefficiency in detail and propose several solutions. We particularly implement and evaluate one solution that utilizes the Non-Renegable Selective Acknowledgments (NR-SACKs) mechanism, which has been proposed for standardization in the IETF. According to the results, PR-SCTP with NR-SCAKs significantly improves the application performance in terms of low latency as compared to SCTP and TCP.

The literacy skills that students develop in preschool are an imperative aspect of school readiness and later academic success. Research has established that some students begin their educational experience at a disadvantage due to the low socioeconomic status (SES) of their family and, as a result, low levels of conversation between parents and children, restricted access to books, and low values placed on literacy. Past research supports that shared book reading is one of the most beneficial activities in which teachers can partake in order to optimize their students’ language development. The Head Start program is intended to alleviate the SES gap by providing a high quality education to preschool students. However, as measured by the Classroom Assessment Scoring System (CLASS), Head Start teachers are failing nationally in the area of Instructional Support, or implementing curriculum effectively in order to promote language and cognitive development. This study was designed to provide a book reading training to Head Start teachers in order to increase their level and frequency of Cognitively Challenging Talk with their students. Results found that Cognitively Challenging Talk increased as a result of the training as well as the amount of words the teacher utilized; Less Cognitively Demanding Talk and Managing Interaction variables, or classroom management aspects, were not significantly changed

This paper examines various ways Head Start has been measured across states. The contribution to the literature is to look at new variables, the role they play, and the contribution they make to measuring the effectiveness and enrollment numbers of Head Start Programs across states. / text

Shows handicapped pre-school children at the White Mountain Apache Head Start Program and the services available at Head Start.

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La chromatine est l'assemblage du mat??riel g??n??tique, l'ADN et de prot??ines appel??es histones. En plus de leur fonction d'entreposage du g??nome, ces derni??res r??gulent l'accessibilit?? de l'ADN aux divers facteurs de r??gulation. Le variant d'histone H2A.Z est incorpor?? autour des promoteurs r??prim??s chez Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Ce variant semble impliqu?? dans la pr??paration des g??nes r??prim??s. Cette pr??paration permet une expression rapide de ces g??nes selon les conditions r??gulant leur activation. Bien qu'il soit essentiel ?? la viabilit?? chez les eucaryotes sup??rieurs, la d??l??tion du g??ne HTZ1 n'est pas l??tale chez la levure. Celle-ci engendre cependant plusieurs ph??notypes s??v??res, dont un ralentissement du cycle cellulaire et une sensibilit?? accrue ?? divers agents pharmacologiques. Par exemple, la caf??ine entra??ne un arr??t en phase G1 chez le mutant. Cet arr??t correspond au point de contr??le du cycle cellulaire le plus important, le point de d??part (START). Il est r??gul?? de fa??on tr??s stricte par la croissance et la taille des cellules. Lorsque toutes les conditions prolif??ratives sont r??unies, une cascade positive active la cycline-kinase Cdc28 coupl??e ?? la cycline Cln3. Celles-ci phosphorylent l'inhibiteur (Whi5) du complexe de facteur de transcription responsable de l'induction des cyclines de la phase G1. Ce complexe, SBF, est normalement d??j?? li?? aux promoteurs de ces cyclines et pr??pare le g??ne ?? une induction forte et rapide au moment opportun.

Företagskulturen har förändrats i Sverige och det blir vanligare att startupföretag etablerar sig på marknaden. Dessa startupföretag lider av strukturella begränsningar gällande resurser och tillgångar. Samtidigt konkurrerar de på en marknad bland större, mer etablerade företag. Ett påtagligt problem uppstår när en växande företagsform, som gynnar marknaden och den övergripande samhällsnyttan, tvingas möta dessa utmaningar på grund av den särskilda företagsformens utgångspunkter. Av denna anledning är det viktigt att finna kostnads- och resurseffektiva lösningar för dessa företag att använda sig av för att företagsformen fortsatt skall vara attraktiv för företagare. Samtidigt har den externa innehållsmarknadsföringen genomgått revolutionerade utvecklingar gällande teknologiska framsteg och kostnadseffektiva lösningar. Storytelling är ett växande strategiskt verktyg, som vuxit sig starkt och ämnar uppnå genomslag bland konsumenter. Tidigare forskning påvisar att människan lättare tar in och memorerar intryck när de paketeras som berättelser och marknadsförare försöker dra nytta av detta genom storytelling inom deras externa kommunikation. Men tidigare forskning gällande sambandet mellan startupföretags marknadsföring och litteraturvetenskaplig berättandeteknik är svag och vi vill därför skapa en förståelse för hur storytelling används av startupföretag inom den externa innehållsmarknadsföringen. Studien bygger på en kvalitativ forskningsstrategi, med en design där fokus läggs vid kontextuell beskrivning. Empiriinsamlingen består av åtta stycken semi-strukturerade intervjuer med startupföretag i tillväxtfasen. Samtliga av de intervjuade företagen använder sig av storytelling inom deras externa innehållsmarknadsföring. Det sammanställda empiriska resultatet analyseras utifrån genererade huvudteman vilka skapar en kontextuell bild av den verklighet som undersöks. Fem huvudteman genereras och skapar en helhetsbild kring de intervjuade företagens arbete kring storytelling. Vidare analyseras dessa teman ingående och med flera olika underliggande aspekter vilka redogörs för analysen. Resultatet visar att startupföretag använder sig av olika strategier inom storytelling för att nå genomslag bland konsumenter. En övergripande åsikt att storytelling är ett effektivt verktyg inom marknadsföring för företag med begränsade resurser. Startupföretag gör aktiva val i deras strategier gällande storytelling, vilka åläggs olika vikt vid de huvudteman som genereras. Mer generella slutsatser innefattar att litteraturvetenskapliga berättartekniker inte används effektivt eller i större utsträckning bland startupföretagen. Det finns ett stort intresse för storytelling men begränsade resurser och kunskap att utnyttja. De digitala kanalerna har vuxit sig starka och erhållit en större betydelse inom den externa innehållsmarknadsföringen. Slutligen påvisar denna studie att startupföretag kommunicerar på olika sätt, beroende på om de riktar sig mot företag eller slutkonsument. / The corporate culture has changed in Sweden and it has become more common that start-up companies establish their presence of the market. These start-up companies suffer from structural limitations concerning assets and resources. At the same time they are competing on a market, amongst larger, more well established companies. A problem arises when a growing type of enterprise, which stimulates the market and the overall societal benefit, is forced to face these challenges because of start-up company’s characteristics. Because of this, it is important to find cost- and resource efficient solutions for these companies to make use of so that start-up companies can continue to be attractive for entrepreneurs. At the same time, the external content marketing has gone through revolutionary developments concerning technological progress and cost efficient solutions. Storytelling is a growing strategic tool that has grown strong and is used to achieve impact amongst consumers. Earlier research suggest that humans have an easier time to take in and memorize impressions when the impression is packaged and presented in the form of a story and that marketers are trying to make use of this through storytelling within their content marketing. But earlier research into the subject of relationship between marketing and literary studies is weak, and therefore we want to create an understanding for how storytelling is used by start-up companies within their external content marketing. The study is based on a qualitative research strategy with a design that focuses on contextual description. The empirical results are based on eight semi-structured interview with start-up companies in the growth-phase. All of the companies that are interviewed deal with storytelling within their external content marketing. The empirical results were analysed on the basis of generated themes, which create a contextual picture of the reality that is being studied. Five themes were generated and create the entirety of the interviewed companies work concerning storytelling. Furthermore, the themes were analysed in detail with several underlying aspects, which are made clear in the analysis. The results show that start-up companies use several different strategies concerning storytelling, in order to reach impact among consumers. An overarching view is that storytelling is an effective tool within marketing for companies with limited resources. Start-up companies make active choice in their storytelling strategies, and are given different focus depending on which company it is. More general results show that storytelling techniques based on literary studies are not used effectively or extensively among start-up companies. There is a big interest for storytelling but limited resource and knowledge to make use of. The digital channels has grown strong and received a larger roll and meaning within the external content marketing. Finally, the study shows that start-up companies communicate in different ways. Depending on whether they focus on companies or consumers.

Storskaliga strukturer präglar idag stora delar av samhället. Det är resultatet av en strukturutveckling som har pågått under en längre tid i Sverige. Det har resulterat i en allt mer industrialiserad produktion med större produktionsenheter som ger en effektivare livsmedelsproduktion. Det är dock allt fler konsumenter och producenter som har börjat efterfråga en småskalig livsmedelsproduktion som alternativ till den storskaliga produktionen. Den småskaliga livsmedelsföretagen är idag flera till antalet än de större. Det finns en vilja att föra ihop dessa företag med personer, organisationer för att etablera kontakter. Dessa kontakter är speciellt viktiga för företaget i starten för att få tillgång till möjligheter och resurser. Denna studie undersöker därför hur aktörer i gårdsmejeristers sociala nätverk är användbara vid start och etablering av företag. Detta görs med kvalitativa intervjuer med fem gårdsmejerister i Mellansverige. Studiens resultat visar att det nationella resurscentrumet Eldrimner är den mest framträdande aktören vid starten av företaget för att få tillgång till kunskap och ny utrustning. Föreningar, andra gårdsmejerister och även andra småskaliga producenter blir sedan allt mer framträdande aktörer som ger tillgång till kunskap samt sammanför gårdsmejerister med andra användbara aktörer vid etableringen. De sistnämnda hjälper varandra och löser gemensamt problem. Det finns en risk att det blir en allt för sluten grupp, vilket kan göra det svårare att få tillgång till ny information. Om informationen eller resurser inte fås att tillgå i det befintliga sociala nätverket använder de ofta tillfälliga och ytliga kontakter, men det kan vara svårt att få ut informationen från dessa aktörer. Restauranger och grossister är sedan framträdande aktörer för att få ut produkterna på marknaden genom att sammanföra gårdsmejerister med restauranger, grossister och kunder.

Entrepreneurship can be described as the creation of a venture out of nothing, except for an entrepreneur’s idea. No manuals or blueprints for entrepreneurs‘ particular ideas exists. Add to this plenty of adversities along the way. For many, the entrepreneurial journey ends long before their products or services have reached the market. How do entrepreneurs deal with adversities and goal disruptions on the path to venture creation, and what effects does this have on their ventures? This study focuses on the goal disruptions that entrepreneurs experience and builds a model of perceived resistance. The model illustrates how entrepreneurs appraise goal disruptions, choose certain coping strategies, either eventually overcoming the goal disruptions or terminating their venture creation journey. The key issues affecting how novice entrepreneurs cope with goal disruptions are entrepreneurs’ emotions, life life goals, as well as their energetic resources. / <p>Diss. Stockholm : Handelshögskolan, 2008</p>