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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
301

Funktionalisierte Alkylmethacrylat-Blockcopolymere als Template zur Darstellung geordneter Silica-Strukturen / Functionalized alkyl methacrylate block copolymers as templates for the creation of ordered silica structures

Ptacek, Saija Maria 02 February 2010 (has links) (PDF)
Die vorliegende Arbeit befasst sich mit der Synthese von Alkylmethacrylat-Blockcopolymeren, der Charakterisierung ihrer chemischen Struktur und ihres Mikrophasenseparationsverhaltens sowohl im Festkörper als auch in dünnen Filmen. Grundlegendes Ziel war die Einführung funktioneller Gruppen in ein Alkylmethacrylat-Blockcopolymersystem. Eine erste Einschätzung der Effektivität von funktionalisierten Diblockcopolymeren als Template für die Darstellung geordneter Silica-Strukturen über Sol-Gel-Reaktionen von Alkoxysilanen wurde angestrebt. Es wurde das Diblockcopolymersystem Poly(pentylmetacrylat-b-methylmethacrylat) PPMA-b-PMMA untersucht. Dieses wurde nach dem Mechanismus der anionischen Polymerisation dargestellt, um eine größtmögliche Kontrolle über Molmassen, Zusammensetzungen und Polydispersitäten ausüben zu können. Als vielseitig modifizierbare und stabile funktionelle Gruppe wurde die Allylfunktion ausgewählt. Diese konnte durch Endcapping mit Allylbromid an das Kettenende der Diblockcopolymere angebunden werden. An den Kettenanfang konnte die Allylfunktion durch Initiierung mittels Allyllithium gebunden werden. Durch Kombination von funktionellem Initiator und funktionellem Endcapping wurden bifunktionelle Diblockcopolymere erzeugt. Multifunktionalisierte Blockcopolymerproben wurden ebenfalls durch anionische Polymerisation erhalten. Durch sequenzielle Polymerisation von PMA, Allylmethacrylat und schließlich MMA wurden Triblockcopolymere dargestellt. Zwei weitere Typen von multifunktionalisierten Diblockcopolymeren, in denen die funktionellen Gruppen nahezu statistisch verteilt über einen der beiden Blöcke vorliegen, wurden durch statistische Copolymerisation erhalten. Alle Klassen von mono-, di- und multiallylfunktionalisierten Blockcopolymeren konnten durch Hydroborierung mit 9-BBN und anschließende Oxidation in mono-, di- und multihydroxylfunktionalisierte Blockcopolymere überführt werden. Die polymeranaloge Umsetzung der Hydroxylfunktion in eine Triethoxysilylfunktionon konnte modellhaft an einem hydroxylfunktionalisierten PMMA durchgeführt werden. Das Mikrophasenseparationsverhalten der Blockcopolymere wurde durch eine Kombination von analytischen Methoden wie SAXS, T-SAXS, GISAXS, TEM und AFM untersucht. Der Einfluss von Anzahl und Position der funktionellen Gruppen auf die Phasenseparation wurde geprüft. Die dargestellten Blockcopolymere zeigen ein Mikrophasenseparationsverhalten, das weitgehend mit den bereits vorliegenden Ergebnissen übereinstimmt. Trotz des geringen Wechselwirkungsparamters von χPMA,MMA = 0,065 tritt Phasenseparation auf, der Übergang von nichtgeordneter zu geordneter Phase (ODT) kann an ausgewählten Proben verfolgt werden. Die Bulkmorphologien werden nicht durch die Anwesenheit von ein oder zwei funktionellen Gruppen der Allyl- oder Hydroxylfunktion beeinflusst. Sind deutlich mehr als zwei funktionelle Gruppen entlang der Blockcopolymerkette vorhanden, kann das Mikrophasenseparationsverhalten nicht mehr direkt mit dem der nichtfunktionalisierten Diblockcopolymere verglichen werden. Blockcopolymere mit funktionellen Gruppen, die statistisch verteilt über einen der Alkylmethacrylatblöcke vorliegen, verhalten sich prinzipiell wie Diblockcopolymere. Die Phasenseparation ist schlechter ausgeprägt als in reinen Diblockcopolymeren, teilweise kann keine Phasenseparation festgestellt werden. Zum Teil kann dies auf vergrößerte Polydispersitäten und nachträgliche partielle Vernetzungsreaktionen zurückgeführt werden. Durch den Einbau von deutlich mehr als zwei funktionellen Gruppen entlang der Kette wird eine Verstärkung der Tendenz zur Phasenseparation erreicht, wenn der effektive Wechselwirkungsparameter zwischen den Blöcken größer wird als im nichtfunktionalisierten Diblockcopolymeren. Sehr polare Gruppen wie Hydroxylfunktionen beeinflussen Mikrophasenseparationsverhalten und Morphologieausbildung der Alkylmethacrylat-Diblockcopolymere stärker als wenig polare Allylfunktionen. In Triblockcopolymeren mit einem multiallyl- bzw. multihydroxylfunktionalisierten Mittelblock strebt das System einem dreiphasigen Zustand entgegen. Die experimentellen Befunde zum Phasenseparationsverhalten wurden mit theoretischen Phasendiagrammen verglichen, die für nichtfunktionalisierte Diblockcopolymere und Triblockcopolymere mit einem multiallyl- oder multihydroxylfunktionalisierten Mittelblock durch Mean-Field-Kalkulation auf Basis der RPA simuliert wurden. Das experimentell ermittelte Phasenseparationsverhalten der dargestellten Proben erfolgt im Einklang mit der berechneten Spinodalbedingung. Zum besseren Verständnis des Phasenseparationsverhaltens wurde das dynamische Relaxationsverhalten des Systems betrachtet. Zu diesem Zweck wurden Untersuchungen mittels dielektrischer Breitbandspektroskopie durchgeführt. Es wurde gezeigt, dass lokale Beweglichkeiten in den untersuchten Blockcopolymeren gehemmt und kooperative Bewegungen der α-Relaxationsprozesse im PPMA-Block langsamer bzw. bei höheren Temperaturen und im glasartigen PMMA-Block schneller bzw. bei niedrigeren Temperaturen als in den jeweiligen Homopolymeren erfolgen. Nach Untersuchung der Festkörpermorphologie wurden nicht-, mono-, di- und multifunktionalisierte Blockcopolymere hinsichtlich ihrer Morphologieausbildung in dünnen Filmen untersucht. Prinzipiell finden sich in dünnen Filmen dieselben Morphologien wie in Bulk. Durch die eingeschränkte Geometrie der Filme kommt es in dicken Filmen zur Ausbildung von Strukturen, die parallel zur Siliciumwaferoberfläche ausgerichtet vorliegen, während in sehr dünnen Filmen mit Schichtdicken kleiner als die entsprechenden Bulkdomänenabstände stehende Strukturen erzwungen werden. Für zylindrische Morphologien ist der Einfluss der Filmdicke auf die Orientierung der Strukturen deutlicher als für symmetrische lamellare Morphologien. Im Hinblick auf eine spätere Anwendung von nanostrukturierten Diblockcopolymeren wurden im Rahmen des Projektes verschiedene Ansätze verfolgt, für die nicht-, mono- und difunktionalisierte Diblockcopolymerproben der vorliegenden Arbeit von Projektpartnern eingesetzt wurden. Besonders wichtig war in diesem Zusammenhang die Anwendung von Blockcopolymeren als Template zur Erzeugung geordneter Silica-Strukturen. An der Universität von Modena und Reggio Emilia wurde eine Dissertation zum Thema organisch-anorganischer Hybridmaterialien durch den Sol-Gel-Prozess angefertigt. Die in der genannten Arbeit entwickelten Methoden wurden für die vorliegende Arbeit übernommen und für multifunktionalisierte Blockcopolymersysteme weiterführend selbst untersucht. Erste Untersuchungen zur Einschätzung der Templateigenschaften von Alkylmethacrylat-Blockcopolymeren in Silica-Sol-Gel-Reaktionen wurden an einigen multihydroxylfunktionalisierten Di- und Triblockcopolymeren durchgeführt. Die ersten vorliegenden Ergebnisse geben Grund zur Annahme, dass multihydroxylfunktionalisierte Blockcopolymere in der Lage sind, die Ausbildung von Silica-Partikeln bei in-situ durchgeführten Sol-Gel-Reaktionen mit SiO2-Precursoren in eine Richtung zu lenken, eine chemische Anbindung von organischer und anorganischer Phase zu erzwingen und die Form der ausgebildeten Silica-Nanostrukturen durch die vorgegebene Diblockcopolymermorphologie zu beeinflussen. Tatsächlich ist es gelungen, Silica in geordneter Weise in die Zylindermorphologie von PPMA-b-PMMA-Diblockcopolymeren einzubinden. Versuche, die organische Matrix durch Lösungsmittel oder Pyrolyse zu entfernen und die verbleibenden Silica-Strukturen hinsichtlich Ihrer Form und Porosität zu charakterisieren, werden zukünftig zum Verständnis des Bildungsprozesses in einer bevorzugten Phase oder an deren Grenzfläche beitragen. Die Steuerung der Silica-Partikelform kann nur dann tatsächlich gezielt erfolgen, wenn Phasenverhalten und Morphologiebildung für das Composit-System mit Silica-Precursor und verschiedenen Zwischenstufen mit jeweils unterschiedlichen Wechselwirkungen zu den Blockcopolymerphasen sowohl aus theoretischer Sicht verstanden als auch experimentell über eine größere Bandbreite nachgewiesen wurden. Das in dieser Arbeit entwickelte Blockcopolymersystem ließe sich in Bezug auf seine chemische Struktur sehr leicht auf vielfältige Weise erweitern. Für multifunktionalisierte Blockcopolymere bietet sich eine große Bandbreite von Variationen hinsichtlich Zusammensetzung, Molmasse und Verteilung von funktionellen Gruppen über beliebige Positionen entlang der Polymerkette sowohl innerhalb der drei für die vorliegende Arbeit gewählten Klassen von Di- und Triblockstrukturen als auch außerhalb dieser an. Es wurde gezeigt, dass eingebaute Allylfunktionen in der Lage sind, Vernetzungsreaktionen einzugehen, die u. U. steuerbar sind und zu definierten Nanogelstrukturen umgesetzt werden könnten. Kohlenstoffdoppelbindungen bieten Angriffspunkte für eine Vielzahl von polymeranalogen Umsetzungen, so dass aus allylfunktionalisierten Blockcopolymeren ein Pool von unterschiedlich funktionalisierten Blockcopolymeren darstellbar ist. Die Resultate der vorliegenden Arbeit zeigen, dass eine Anbindung funktioneller Gruppen an das Alkylmethacrylat-Blockcopolymer unter den gewählten Bedingungen mit guter Kontrolle über Anzahl und Position der Gruppen entlang der Kette grundsätzlich möglich ist. Der Einfluss der erzeugten funktionellen Gruppen auf das Mikrophasenseparationsverhalten des Blockcopolymersystems wurde eingeschätzt und wird in künftigen Arbeiten zum Verständnis der Strukturbildung in organisch/anorganischen Hybridmaterialien beitragen. / The present study deals with the synthesis of alkyl methacrylate block copolymers, the characterization of their chemical structure and the microphase separation behavior in bulk and thin films. The main objective of this work was the attachment of functional groups to an alkyl methacrylate diblock copolymer system. A first evaluation of the ability of functionalized block copolymer structures to act as a templating material regarding silica formation in sol-gel synthesis of alkoxysilanes was aspired. The diblock copolymer system of poly(pentyl metacrylate-b-methyl methacrylate) (PPMA-b-PMMA) was chosen. It was synthesized following the mechanism of anionic polymerization to achieve effective control over molar mass, composition and polydispersity. The allyl functionality was chosen for a versatilely modifiable and stable functional group and attached to the terminal chain end by endcapping the living polymer chain ends with allyl bromide. The head of the chain was functionalized by initiation with allyl lithium. By combining functional initiation and endcapping, bifunctional diblock copolymers were synthesized. Furthermore multifunctionalized block copolymers were produced by anionic polymerization. By sequential anionic polymerization of PMA, allyl methacrylate and finally MMA, triblock copolymers were obtained. Two more classes of multifunctionalized block copolymers with functional groups randomly distributed in one of the two blocks were synthesized by random copolymerization. All types of mono-, di- and multiallylfunctionalized block copolymers were transformed into mono-, di- and multihydroxylfunctionalized block copolymers by hydroboration and subsequent oxidation. The polymer-analogue reaction of hydroxyl groups to triethoxysilane functions was carried out exemplarily for hydroxy terminated PMMA. The microphase separation behavior of the block copolymers was investigated by a combination of methods such as SAXS, T-SAXS, GISAXS, TEM and AFM. The influence of number and position of functional groups along the chain was examined. The block copolymers synthesized show a microphase separation behavior in accordance to previous results. Despite the low value of the Flory-Huggins interaction parameter χPMA,MMA = 0,065 phase separation occurred and the transition from the ordered to the disordered state (ODT) was followed for selected samples. Bulk morphologies are not influenced by the presence of one or two allyl or hydroxyl groups. In case of considerably more than two functional groups attached to the block copolymer chain the microphase separation behavior of nonfunctionalized and functionalized block copolymers cannot be compared directly. Block copolymers having functional groups randomly distributed along the chain of one of the two methacrylic blocks generally show the typical behavior of diblock copolymers. Their phase separation becomes less pronounced than in pure diblock copolymers, sometimes cannot be detected. To some extent this observation may be referred to increased polydispersities and partial crosslinking. If considerably more than two groups were attached to the block copolymer chain, the tendency towards phase separation increased in case of an increasing value of the effective interaction parameter compared to nonfunctionalized diblock copolymers. Microphase separation behavior and morphology formation are more affected by highly polar groups such as the hydroxyl function than by less polar groups like the allyl function. In triblock copolymers with a middle block of successive allyl or hydroxyl functions the systems tends to form a three phase system which offers much more possibilities regarding the formation of ordered structures. Experimental results of phase separation were compared to theoretical phase diagrams, which were calculated by a Mean Field approach for nonfunctionalized diblock and triblock copolymers with multiallyl- or multihydroxylfunctionalized middle block based on RPA. The experimental results are in good accordance with the simulated spinodal condition. To increase the understanding of microphase separation processes, the dynamic relaxation behavior of the system was investigated. Therefore samples were examined by broadband dielectric spectroscopy. It was shown that local movements of the block copolymer system were decelerated in general, cooperative dynamics of the α processes were slowed down for the fluent PPMA block while they were accelerated for the glassy PMMA block. After bulk morphology investigation thin films of non-, mono-, di- and multifunctionalized block copolymers were prepared. Generally thin films develope the same morphologies as in the bulk state. Due to the confined geometry of a thin film thick films tend to form structures oriented parallel to the wafer surface, while in thin films with thicknesses lower than the respective bulk domain spacing standing structures are constraint. For cylindrical morphologies the impact of film thickness is more obvious than in symmetric lamellar structures. With respect to a possible application of nanostructured diblock copolymers different approaches were taken by project partners using non-, mono- and difunctionalized block copolymers of the present study. Remarkable in this context was the application of block copolymers as template for the creation of ordered silica structures. A doctoral dissertation on organic/inorganic hybrid materials by sol-gel process was prepared in Modena. Methods developed in this thesis were adopted to the present study and further investigated on multifunctionalized block copolymer systems. First investigations aiming at the evaluation of the templating abilities of alkyl methacrylate block copolymers in silica sol-gel reactions were carried out with multihydroxyfunctionalized di- and triblock copolymers. Preliminary results give reason to the expectation of multihydroxyfunctionalized di- and triblock copolymers being able to direct the formation of silica nanoparticles in sol-gel reactions carried out in situ with silica precursors, enforcing the chemical bonding between organic and inorganic phases and influencing the shape of silica nanostructures by the default block copolymer nanostructure. Indeed silica was incorporated successfully into the cylindrical structure of PPMA-b-PMMA diblock copolymers. Future experiments on removing the organic matrix by solvent or pyrolysis to investigate shape and porosity of the remaining silica structures will increase the understanding of the silica formation process inside a preferential phase or at the interface of the block copolymers. Nevertheless, the silica particle shape can be taylored deliberately only if phase separation behavior and morphology evolution in the composite system containing silica precursor and several derivatives thereof with nonuniform interactions towards block copolymer phases are well understood from the theoretical point of view as well as experimental proof needs to be given over a broader range. The block copolymer system developed in the present study easily can be extended manifoldly regarding the chemical structure of the polymer. In the case of multifunctionalized block copolymers a tremendous variety of different products can be obtained by modulation of composition, molar mass and especially distribution of functional groups to any position along the polymer chain far beyond the limits of the three classes of multifunctionalized di- and triblockstructures chosen for this thesis. It was shown that allyl functions incorporated inherently are able to undergo crosslinking reactions, which may be controlled similarly to network formations by inorganic crosslinkers and may result in defined nanogel structures. Furthermore carbon doublebonds are open to attacks for various polymer-analogue reactions hence offering the possibility of creating a pool of differently functionalized block copolymers from a single sample of allylfunctionalized block copolymer. The results of the present study basically prove a feasibility of the binding of functional groups to alkyl methacrylate block copolymer chains with high control over number and position of functional groups along the polymeric chain. The impact of functional groups on the microphase separation behavior of the block copolymer system was evaluated and will increase the understanding of structure formation in organic/inorganic hybrid materials of future work.
302

模糊卡方適合度檢定 / Fuzzy Chi-square Test Statistic for goodness-of-fit

林佩君, Lin,Pei Chun Unknown Date (has links)
在資料分析上,調查者通常需要決定,不同的樣本是否可被視為來自相同的母體。一般最常使用的統計量為Pearson’s 統計量。然而,傳統的統計方法皆是利用二元邏輯觀念來呈現。如果我們想要用模糊邏輯的概念來做樣本調查,此時,使用傳統 檢定來分析這些模糊樣本資料是否仍然適當?透過這樣的觀念,我們使用傳統統計方法,找出一個能處理這些模糊樣本資料的公式,稱之為模糊 。結果顯示,此公式可用來檢定,模糊樣本資料在不同母體下機率的一致性。 / In the analysis of research data, the investigator often needs to decide whether several independent samples may be regarded as having come from the same population. The most commonly used statistic is Pearson’s statistic. However, traditional statistics reflect the result from a two-valued logic concept. If we want to survey sampling with fuzzy logic concept, is it still appropriate to use the traditional -test for analysing those fuzzy sample data? Through this concept, we try to use a traditional statistic method to find out a formula, called fuzzy , that enables us to deal with those fuzzy sample data. The result shows that we can use the formula to test hypotheses about probabilities of various outcomes in fuzzy sample data.
303

Das nichtparametrische Behrens-Fisher-Problem: ein studentisierter Permutationstest und robuste Konfidenzintervalle für den Shift-Effekt / The non-parametric Behrens-Fisher Problem: A Studentized Permutation Test and Robust Confidence Intervals for the Shift Effect

Neubert, Karin 07 July 2006 (has links)
No description available.
304

Analyse d'accumulateurs d'entropie pour les générateurs aléatoires cryptographiques / Analysis of cryptographic random number generator and postprocessing

Julis, Guenaëlle de 18 December 2014 (has links)
En cryptographie, l'utilisation de nombres aléatoires est fréquente (graine, token, ...) et une mauvaise génération d'aléa peut compromettre toute la sécurité d'un protocole, comme en témoigne régulièrement l'actualité. Les générateurs de nombres aléatoires à usage cryptographique sont des composants formés de trois modules : la source brute qui produit de l'aléa (un algorithme ou un phénomène physique), un retraitement pour corriger les défauts de la source, et un retraitement cryptographique pour obtenir l'aléa final. Cette thèse se focalise sur l'analyse des générateurs issus d'une source physique, en vue de dégager des retraitements adaptés à leurs propriétés et résistants à des perturbations de leur environnement d'utilisation. La complexité des dispositifs entravant souvent la formulation explicite d'un modèle stochastique prouvé, leur évaluation repose principalement sur une analyse statistique. Or, les tests statistiques, principale méthode recommandée par les institutions gouvernementales (ANSSI, BSI, NIST) pour certifier ces composants, peuvent détecter des anomalies mais ne permettent pas de les identifier, et de les caractériser. Les travaux de cette thèse structurent la modélisation d'une source d'aléa, vue comme une suite de variables aléatoires, affinent les tests statistiques, et ajoutent une analyse temporelle pour détecter et expliciter ses anomalies au niveau global ou local. Les résultats ont été implantés dans une librairie composée d'un simulateur de perturbations, des outils statistiques et temporels obtenus, des batteries de tests recommandées (FIPS, AIS31, Test U01, SP800), et de retraitements appropriés à certaines anomalies. La structure mise en place a permis d'extraire des familles d'anomalies de motifs dont les propriétés rendent certains tests incapables de distinguer la source anormale d'une source idéalement aléatoire. L'analyse des faiblesses inhérentes aux méthodes statistiques a montré que l'interprétation d'un test par intervalle de rejet ou taux de réussite n'est pas adapté à la détection de certaines fautes de transition. Elle a aussi permis d'étudier les méthodes d'estimations d'entropie, notamment les estimateurs proposés dans la norme SP800-90. Par ailleurs, les paramètres de spécifications de certains générateurs, dont un déduit du standard de chiffrement AES, se sont avérés distinguables grâce aux statistiques de test. Les outils temporels développés évaluent la structure des anomalies, leur évolution au cours du temps et analysent les motifs déviants au voisinage d'un motif donné. Cela a permis d'une part d'appliquer les tests statistiques avec des paramètres pertinents, et d'autre part de présenter des retaitements dont la validité repose sur la structure des anomalies et non sur leur amplitude. / While random numbers are frequently used in cryptography (seed, token, ...), news regurlarly prove how bad randomness generation can compromise the wole security of a protocol. Random number generators for crypthography are components with three steps : a source (an algorithm or physical phenomenon) produces raw numbers which are two times postprocessed to fix anomalies. This thesis focuses on the analysis of physical random bit generators in order to extract postprocessing which will be adapted to the anomalies of the source. As the design of a physical random bit generator is complex, its evaluation is mainly a statistical analysis with hypothesis testing. However, the current standards (AIS31, FIPS140-2, Test U01, SP800) can not provide informations to characterize anomalies. Thus, this thesis adjust several tests and add a time analysis to identify and to make global and local anomalies explicit. A C library was developped, providing anomalies simulator and tools to apply statistical and time analysis results on random bit generators.
305

Essays on multivariate generalized Birnbaum-Saunders methods

MARCHANT FUENTES, Carolina Ivonne 31 October 2016 (has links)
Submitted by Rafael Santana (rafael.silvasantana@ufpe.br) on 2017-04-26T17:07:37Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 1232 bytes, checksum: 66e71c371cc565284e70f40736c94386 (MD5) Carolina Marchant.pdf: 5792192 bytes, checksum: adbd82c79b286d2fe2470b7955e6a9ed (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-04-26T17:07:38Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 1232 bytes, checksum: 66e71c371cc565284e70f40736c94386 (MD5) Carolina Marchant.pdf: 5792192 bytes, checksum: adbd82c79b286d2fe2470b7955e6a9ed (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-10-31 / CAPES; BOLSA DO CHILE. / In the last decades, univariate Birnbaum-Saunders models have received considerable attention in the literature. These models have been widely studied and applied to fatigue, but they have also been applied to other areas of the knowledge. In such areas, it is often necessary to model several variables simultaneously. If these variables are correlated, individual analyses for each variable can lead to erroneous results. Multivariate regression models are a useful tool of the multivariate analysis, which takes into account the correlation between variables. In addition, diagnostic analysis is an important aspect to be considered in the statistical modeling. Furthermore, multivariate quality control charts are powerful and simple visual tools to determine whether a multivariate process is in control or out of control. A multivariate control chart shows how several variables jointly affect a process. First, we propose, derive and characterize multivariate generalized logarithmic Birnbaum-Saunders distributions. Also, we propose new multivariate generalized Birnbaum-Saunders regression models. We use the method of maximum likelihood estimation to estimate their parameters through the expectation-maximization algorithm. We carry out a simulation study to evaluate the performance of the corresponding estimators based on the Monte Carlo method. We validate the proposed models with a regression analysis of real-world multivariate fatigue data. Second, we conduct a diagnostic analysis for multivariate generalized Birnbaum-Saunders regression models. We consider the Mahalanobis distance as a global influence measure to detect multivariate outliers and use it for evaluating the adequacy of the distributional assumption. Moreover, we consider the local influence method and study how a perturbation may impact on the estimation of model parameters. We implement the obtained results in the R software, which are illustrated with real-world multivariate biomaterials data. Third and finally, we develop a robust methodology based on multivariate quality control charts for generalized Birnbaum-Saunders distributions with the Hotelling statistic. We use the parametric bootstrap method to obtain the distribution of this statistic. A Monte Carlo simulation study is conducted to evaluate the proposed methodology, which reports its performance to provide earlier alerts of out-of-control conditions. An illustration with air quality real-world data of Santiago-Chile is provided. This illustration shows that the proposed methodology can be useful for alerting episodes of extreme air pollution. / Nas últimas décadas, o modelo Birnbaum-Saunders univariado recebeu considerável atenção na literatura. Esse modelo tem sido amplamente estudado e aplicado inicialmente à modelagem de fadiga de materiais. Com o passar dos anos surgiram trabalhos com aplicações em outras áreas do conhecimento. Em muitas das aplicações é necessário modelar diversas variáveis simultaneamente incorporando a correlação entre elas. Os modelos de regressão multivariados são uma ferramenta útil de análise multivariada, que leva em conta a correlação entre as variáveis de resposta. A análise de diagnóstico é um aspecto importante a ser considerado no modelo estatístico e verifica as suposições adotadas como também sua sensibilidade. Além disso, os gráficos de controle de qualidade multivariados são ferramentas visuais eficientes e simples para determinar se um processo multivariado está ou não fora de controle. Este gráfico mostra como diversas variáveis afetam conjuntamente um processo. Primeiro, propomos, derivamos e caracterizamos as distribuições Birnbaum-Saunders generalizadas logarítmicas multivariadas. Em seguida, propomos um modelo de regressão Birnbaum-Saunders generalizado multivariado. Métodos para estimação dos parâmetros do modelo, tal como o método de máxima verossimilhança baseado no algoritmo EM, foram desenvolvidos. Estudos de simulação de Monte Carlo foram realizados para avaliar o desempenho dos estimadores propostos. Segundo, realizamos uma análise de diagnóstico para modelos de regressão Birnbaum-Saunders generalizados multivariados. Consideramos a distância de Mahalanobis como medida de influência global de detecção de outliers multivariados utilizando-a para avaliar a adequacidade do modelo. Além disso, desenvolvemos medidas de diagnósticos baseadas em influência local sob alguns esquemas de perturbações. Implementamos a metodologia apresentada no software R, e ilustramos com dados reais multivariados de biomateriais. Terceiro, e finalmente, desenvolvemos uma metodologia robusta baseada em gráficos de controle de qualidade multivariados para a distribuição Birnbaum-Saunders generalizada usando a estatística de Hotelling. Baseado no método bootstrap paramétrico encontramos aproximações da distribuição desta estatística e obtivemos limites de controle para o gráfico proposto. Realizamos um estudo de simulação de Monte Carlo para avaliar a metodologia proposta indicando seu bom desempenho para fornecer alertas precoces de processos fora de controle. Uma ilustração com dados reais de qualidade do ar de Santiago-Chile é fornecida. Essa ilustração mostra que a metodologia proposta pode ser útil para alertar sobre episódios de poluição extrema do ar, evitando efeitos adversos na saúde humana.
306

Approximation de lois impropres et applications / Approximation of improper priors and applications

Bioche, Christèle 27 November 2015 (has links)
Le but de cette thèse est d’étudier l’approximation d’a priori impropres par des suites d’a priori propres. Nous définissons un mode de convergence sur les mesures de Radon strictement positives pour lequel une suite de mesures de probabilité peut admettre une mesure impropre pour limite. Ce mode de convergence, que nous appelons convergence q-vague, est indépendant du modèle statistique. Il permet de comprendre l’origine du paradoxe de Jeffreys-Lindley. Ensuite, nous nous intéressons à l’estimation de la taille d’une population. Nous considérons le modèle du removal sampling. Nous établissons des conditions nécessaires et suffisantes sur un certain type d’a priori pour obtenir des estimateurs a posteriori bien définis. Enfin, nous montrons à l’aide de la convergence q-vague, que l’utilisation d’a priori vagues n’est pas adaptée car les estimateurs obtenus montrent une grande dépendance aux hyperparamètres. / The purpose of this thesis is to study the approximation of improper priors by proper priors. We define a convergence mode on the positive Radon measures for which a sequence of probability measures could converge to an improper limiting measure. This convergence mode, called q-vague convergence, is independant from the statistical model. It explains the origin of the Jeffreys-Lindley paradox. Then, we focus on the estimation of the size of a population. We consider the removal sampling model. We give necessary and sufficient conditions on the hyperparameters in order to have proper posterior distributions and well define estimate of abundance. In the light of the q-vague convergence, we show that the use of vague priors is not appropriate in removal sampling since the estimates obtained depend crucially on hyperparameters.
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Porovnání přístupů ke generování umělých dat / Comparison of Approaches to Synthetic Data Generation

Šejvlová, Ludmila January 2017 (has links)
The diploma thesis deals with synthetic data, selected approaches to their generation together with a practical task of data generation. The goal of the thesis is to describe the selected approaches to data generation, capture their key advantages and disadvantages and compare the individual approaches to each other. The practical part of the thesis describes generation of synthetic data for teaching knowledge discovery using databases. The thesis includes a basic description of synthetic data and thoroughly explains the process of their generation. The approaches selected for further examination are random data generation, the statistical approach, data generation languages and the ReverseMiner tool. The thesis also describes the practical usage of synthetic data and the suitability of each approach for certain purposes. Within this thesis, educational data Hotel SD were created using the ReverseMiner tool. The data contain relations discoverable with SD (set-difference) GUHA-procedures.
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Modélisation multivariée hétéroscédastique et transmission financière / Multivariate heteroskedastic modelling and financial transmission

Sanhaji, Bilel 02 December 2014 (has links)
Cette thèse de doctorat composée de trois chapitres contribue au développement de tests statistiques et à analyser la transmission financière dans un cadre multivarié hétéroscédastique. Le premier chapitre propose deux tests du multiplicateur de Lagrange de constance des corrélations conditionnelles dans les modèles GARCH multivariés. Si l'hypothèse nulle repose sur des corrélations conditionnelles constantes, l'hypothèse alternative propose une première spécification basée sur des réseaux de neurones artificiels et une seconde représentée par une forme fonctionnelle inconnue qui est linéarisée à l'aide d'un développement de Taylor.Dans le deuxième chapitre, un nouveau modèle est introduit dans le but de tester la non-linéarité des (co)variances conditionnelles. Si l'hypothèse nulle repose sur une fonction linéaire des innovations retardées au carré et des (co)variances conditionnelles, l'hypothèse alternative se caractérise quant à elle par une fonction de transition non-linéaire : exponentielle ou logistique ; une configuration avec effets de levier est également proposée. Dans les deux premiers chapitres, les expériences de simulations et les illustrations empiriques montrent les bonnes performances de nos tests de mauvaise spécification.Le dernier chapitre étudie la transmission d'information en séance et hors séance de cotation en termes de rendements et de volatilités entre la Chine, l'Amérique et l'Europe. Le problème d'asynchronicité est considéré avec soin dans la modélisation bivariée avec la Chine comme référence. / This Ph.D. thesis composed by three chapters contributes to the development of test statistics and to analyse financial transmission in a multivariate heteroskedastic framework.The first chapter proposes two Lagrange multiplier tests of constancy of conditional correlations in multivariate GARCH models. Whether the null hypothesis is based on constant conditional correlations, the alternative hypothesis proposes a first specification based on artificial neural networks, and a second specification based on an unknown functional form linearised by a Taylor expansion.In the second chapter, a new model is introduced in order to test for nonlinearity in conditional (co)variances. Whether the null hypothesis is based on a linear function of the lagged squared innovations and the conditional (co)variances, the alternative hypothesis is characterised by a nonlinear exponential or logistic transition function; a configuration with leverage effects is also proposed.In the two first chapters, simulation experiments and empirical illustrations show the good performances of our misspecification tests.The last chapter studies daytime and overnight information transmission in terms of returns and volatilities between China, America and Europe. The asynchronicity issue is carefully considered in the bivariate modelling with China as benchmark.
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Mesure de la température à l'échelle microscopique par voie optique dans la gamme ultraviolet-visible / Microscale temperature measurements by optical way in the ultraviolet-visible range

Pierre, Thomas 10 December 2007 (has links)
Cette étude porte sur la mesure de la température à l’échelle microscopique par voie optique dans la gamme UV-visible par comptage de photons à l’aide d’un PMT refroidi. À partir des avantages et des inconvénients de chaque technique existante, la première partie permet de comprendre les orientations de nos travaux. Le Second Chapitre montre et insiste sur l’intérêt de travailler aux courtes longueurs d’onde (limite de diffraction, précision sur la mesure...), d’utiliser la méthode multi-spectrale pour s’affranchir de paramètres inconnus (e.g. l’émissivité) en choisissant judicieusement les longueurs d’onde de travail, ainsi que les lois statistiques classiques pour mesurer le flux photonique sachant son émission aléatoire. Le Chapitre Trois présente le banc de mesure (microscope optique, système de mesure du flux photonique...) et une attention toute particulière est portée sur la conception des éléments chauffants servant à l’étalonnage. Le Quatrième Chapitre présente les résultats en températures obtenues à l’aide des lois statistiques. Ils valident le bon fonctionnement du dispositif, la mise au point de la zone microscopique, et l’intérêt de bien modéliser les filtres monochromatiques. Enfin, des améliorations sur la précision de la mesure (réseau de diffraction, analyseur multi-canal) et pour mesurer des températures plus faibles (LIF, méthode corrélation temporelle) sont présentées dans le Cinquième Chapitre / The aim of this study is to measure microscale temperature by optical way in the UV-visible range by photons counting using a cooled PMT. From the existing techniques advantages and disadvantages, this first part allows to understand the choices of this study. The second part shows and underlines the interest in working in short wavelengths (diffraction limit, measurement accuracy), in using the multi-spectral method to get rid of unknown parameters (e.g. emissivity) by choosing judicious working wavelengths, as well as the statistic laws to measure the photonic flux knowing its random emission. The third chapter presents the optical bench (optical microscope, photonic flux measurement facility…). A particularly attention is given to the design of the heated elements, which allow to calibrate the facility. The fourth part exposes the temperature results obtained through statistic laws. They validate the well-running of the facility, the microscopic area focusing, and the interest to model correctly the filters. Finally, measurement accuracy improvements (diffraction grating, multi-channel analyzer) and lower temperature measurement techniques (LIF, time-correlated method) are presented in the fifth part
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Validação de índices angiográficos e da angiotomografia computadorizada utilizando o ultrasson intravascular como padrão-ouro para quantificar a extensão da doença aterosclerótica coronariana / Validation of scoring systems derived from coronary conventional invasive and computed tomography angiography, using intravascular ultrasound as gold-standard, to estimate atherosclerotic disease extension

Rafael Cavalcante e Silva 19 March 2015 (has links)
Introdução: A extensão da doença arterial coronariana (DAC) é um dos mais fortes preditores de eventos cardiovasculares adversos. Estratégias capazes de quantificar acuradamente a gravidade da doença coronária podem implicar em melhora na avalição prognóstica, na orientação terapêutica e na avaliação da progressão da doença. O ultrassom intracoronário (USIC) tornou-se o método padrão-ouro para quantificação da aterosclerose devido à sua habilidade em avaliar diretamente as placas ateroscleróticas. A angiotomografia coronária tem surgido como uma útil alternativa não invasiva ao USIC para avaliação de pacientes com DAC. Entretanto, pouco se sabe a respeito da sua habilidade em estimar, de modo acurado, a carga aterosclerótica coronariana global. Objetivo: Comparar diversos escores angiotomográficos que avaliam a extensão da DAC utilizando o USIC multivascular como padrão-ouro. Métodos: Pacientes com doença coronariana diagnosticada, em programação para intervenção percutânea foram incluídos prospectivamente. Pelo menos uma de três características de alto risco era necessária para inclusão: doença multiarterial, diabetes melitus e/ou síndrome coronária aguda à admissão. Todos os pacientes foram submetidos a ultrassom intracoronário multivascular e angiotomografia coronária. Escore de cálcio e cinco outros escores previamente descritos foram calculados com base na imagem da angiotomografia coronária e comparados com o volume percentual de ateroma (VPA) médio derivado do USIC. Um novo escore angiotomográfico foi criado e também comparado ao USIC. Resultados: Um total de 62 pacientes foram incluídos. Todos com exceção de um escore apresentaram baixa a moderada correlação, estatisticamente significante, com o VPA derivado do USIC. O novo escore angiotomográfico criado demonstrou a mais forte correlação com o VPA ao USIC (&#961;=0,73, p < 0,001) e a maior área sob a curva ROC (estatística-C = 0,90) para predizer um VPA médio dicotomizado alto. Conclusões: Enquanto escores angiotomográficos foram capazes de estimar a carga aterosclerótica coronária global, um recém criado escore pode ser uma ferramenta útil para a quantificação da extensão da DAC em pacientes de alto risco. / Background: The extent of coronary artery disease (CAD) is one the most powerful predictors of cardiovascular outcomes. Strategies that accurately quantify coronary artery disease severity are expected to improve prognosis assessment, treatment guidance and evaluation of disease progression. Intravascular ultrasound (IVUS) has become the gold-standard method to quantify atherosclerosis due to its ability to directly analyze atherosclerotic plaques. Coronary computed tomography angiography (CTA) has emerged as a useful non-invasive alternative to IVUS for assessing patients with CAD. Nevertheless, little is known about its ability to accurately estimate global atherosclerotic burden. Objective: To compare several coronary CTA scoring systems assessing CAD extent with gold-standard multivessel intravascular ultrasound. Methods: Patients with diagnosed coronary disease scheduled for percutaneous intervention were prospectively enrolled. For all patients, coronary CTA and multivessel IVUS were obtained. Calcium score and 5 previously reported scores were calculated from coronary CTA imaging and compared to average IVUS-derived percent atheroma volume (PAV). A novel coronary CTA score was constructed and also compared to IVUS. Results: A total of 62 patients were included. All but one previously described scoring system showed a significant low-to-moderate association with IVUS-derived PAV. The newly developed \"soft plaque\" coronary CTA score demonstrated the strongest correlation with IVUS-PAV (&#961;=0.73, p&lt;0.001) and the greatest area under the ROC curve (C-statistic = 0.90) to predict a high dichotomized PAV. Conclusions: While coronary CTA scores were able to assess total atherosclerotic burden in patients with coronary disease, a newly described CTA scoring system may be a promising non-invasive tool to quantify disease extent in high-risk patients with known CAD.

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