During embryonic development, multipotent cardiovascular progenitor cells (MCPs) are specified from early mesoderm. Although the core cardiac transcriptional machinery acting during cardiac cell differentiation is relatively well known, the molecular mechanism acting upstream of these cardiac transcriptional factors, and promoting cardiac progenitor specification from early mesoderm remains poorly understood. We used embryonic stem cell (ESC) differentiation as a model to dissect the molecular mechanisms implicated in cardiovascular progenitor specification. Using ESCs, in which gene expression can be temporally regulated, we showed that transient expression of Mesp1 dramatically accelerates and enhances multipotent cardiovascular progenitor specification through an intrinsic and cellular autonomous mechanism. Using genome wide transcriptional analysis, we found that Mesp1 rapidly activates and represses a discrete set of genes. Using chromatin immunoprecipitation, we showed that Mesp1 directly binds to regulatory DNA sequences located in the promoter of many key genes belonging to the core cardiac transcriptional machinery, resulting in their rapid upregulation. Mesp1 also directly and strongly represses the expression of key genes regulating other early mesoderm and endoderm cell fates. Using engineered ESC expressing the green fluorescent protein under the control of the Mesp1 promoter, we isolated Mesp1 expressing cells in differentiating ESCs allowing characterization of the cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying cardiovascular specification. Our results demonstrate that Mesp1 acts as a key regulatory switch during cardiovascular specification, residing at the top of the hierarchy of the gene network responsible for cardiovascular cell fate determination. Moreover our results place Mesp1 upstream of the specification of both first and second heart fields and provide novel and important insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying the earliest step of cardiovascular specification. We identified cell surface markers expressed allowing the isolation of early cardiovascular progenitors and provide potentially novel methods for dramatically increasing the number of cardiovascular cells for cellular therapy in humans. / Doctorat en sciences médicales / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

Le sujet de ce travail de thèse a concerné l'analyse de l’immunogénicité de progéniteurs cardiaques issus de cellules souches embryonnaires humaines. Le but a été double. D’une part, comprendre les mécanismes cellulaires et moléculaires qui sous-tendent cette immunogénicité et, d’autre part, mettre en place des stratégies d’immuno-intervention permettant de la surmonter.Le travail a comporté deux volets, l’un in vitro et l’autre in vivo utilisant des modèles expérimentaux murins. Les analyses in vitro, ont utilisé une méthode de culture lymphocytaire mixte où des progéniteurs cardiaques humains ont été mis en culture avec des lymphocytes allogéniques. Les résultats ont montré que les progéniteurs cardiaques sont effectivement immunogènes et que la réponse immunitaire qu’ils suscitent peut-être modulée efficacement par des cellules mésenchymateuses dérivées du tissu adipeux. De plus, nous avons confirmé l’expression des molécules d’histocompatibilité de classe I à la surface de progéniteurs cardiaques, une expression qui semble modulée au cours de la culture.Les modèles in vivo que nous avons utilisés ont consisté en l’implantation de corps embryoïdes et des progéniteurs cardiaques de souris dans un contexte allogénique. Divers sites d’implantation ont été utilisés (myocarde, capsule rénale, muscle gastrocnemius) chez des souris immunocompétentes. Les résultats ont montré qu’à la fois les corps embryoïdes et les progéniteurs cardiaques sont rejetés chez les receveurs immunocompétents non traités, avec une cinétique différente en fonction du site d’implantation. Par ailleurs, l’utilisation d’un traitement par anticorps anti-CD3, appliqué à différents temps suivant l’implantation nous a permis de prolonger la survie des cellules implantées en induisant, en fonction de la fenêtre thérapeutique, soit une immunosuppression soit une tolérance immunitaire. / The present work concerned the analysis of the immunogenicity of cardiac progenitors derived from human embryonic stem cells. Our aim was to understand the cellular and molecular mechanisms which underlie this immunogenicity and to surmount it by setting up strategies of immune-intervention. The study consisted in two major components, one in vitro and the other in vivo using experimental mice models. The in vitro analyses were assessed by the mixed leukocyte reaction method, where human cardiac progenitors were cultured with allogeneic lymphocytes. The results showed that the cardiac progenitors are indeed immunogenic and that the immune response that they induce could be modulated by mesenchymal stromal cells derived from adipose tissue. Moreover, we confirmed the expression of class I histocompatibility molecules on the surface of cardiac progenitors, an expression which seems modulated during the culture. The in vivo models that we used consisted of the grafting of embryoïdes bodies and cardiac progenitors derived from mouse embryonic stem cells in an allogeneic context. Cells were grafted in different sites of immunocompetent mice (myocardium, renal capsule, muscle gastrocnemius). The results showed highlighted that at the same time both embryoïdes bodies and cardiac progenitors are rejected among untreated immunocompetents hosts, whereas their survival is extended by anti-CD3 treatments, In addition, anti-CD3 treatment prolongs the survival of grafted cells, either by immunosuppression or by inducing immune tolerance according to the timing when it is applied.

Neurogenesis continues postnatally in two major neural stem cell (NSC) niches: The subventricular zone (SVZ) and dentate gurus of the hippocampus. SVZ NSCs self-renew and produce transit amplifying progenitor cells that, in turn, divide and give rise to neuroblasts. These neuroblasts migrate to the olfactory bulbs, via the rostral migratory stream (RMS), where they terminally differentiate into mature neurons. The postnatal SVZ (pSVZ) is more gliogenic than its adult counterpart (aSVZ), contributing to robust postnatal astrocytogenesis and oligodendrogenesis in the surrounding brain parenchyma. Studies examining Galectin-3 (Gal-3) in the aSVZ showed it has functions in regulating neuroblast migration, microglial activation, oligodendrocytic differentiation, and angiogenesis. However, the role of Gal-3 in pSVZ lineage progression is unknown. This thesis aims to unravel the roles of Gal-3 in regulating pSVZ lineage progression, fate choices, and NSC activation. In doing so, the thesis tackles the molecular pathways possibly involved in mediating the effects of Gal-3. I found through co-immunoprecipitation that Gal-3 was bound to β-catenin and both proteins were co-expressed in the aSVZ. In addition, expression of Gal-3 and Wnt/β-catenin signalling were downregulated as SVZ cells progressed through the lineage and became migratory. I hypothesised that Gal-3 may regulate lineage progression through regulation of Wnt/β-catenin signalling. To explore this hypothesis, Gal-3 overexpression, knockdown or control plasmids were co-electroporated with a Wnt/β-catenin reporter into the SVZ of postnatal day two mice. I found lineage progression was not altered by Gal-3 overexpression. Surprisingly, contrary to evidence described in the cancer literature, Gal-3 overexpression reduced Wnt/β-catenin signalling. This was accompanied by an acute reduction in proliferation. Also, more cells expressed p27/Kip1 in the SVZ, and more cells migrated into the RMS, suggesting increased cell cycle exit. However, NSC proliferation and clonal neurosphere forming capacity were not altered by Gal-3 overexpression, indicating that NSC activation was not influenced by Gal-3. While olfactory neuronogenesis was not altered by Gal-3 overexpression, striatal astrocytogenesis was increased while oligodendrogenesis was dampened. Further experiments revealed phosphorylation of Smad proteins 1/5/8 was increased in vivo and in vitro after Gal-3 overexpression. These findings indicate that Gal-3 positively regulated BMP signalling in the SVZ, possibly contributing to Gal-3's pro-gliogenic effects. Taken together, this thesis supports a model whereby a subpopulation of Gal-3-responsive pSVZ cells reacted to Gal-3 overexpression by acutely exiting the cell cycle, and possibly through the same mechanisms, switched from oligodendrocytic to astrocytic fate. These cellular responses might have been brought about, at least partially, by acute suppression of Wnt/β-catenin and activation of BMP signalling. These novel findings emphasise the regulatory actions of Gal-3 on pSVZ lineage progression through Wnt/β- catenin and BMP signalling.

The aim of this dissertation is an analysis of the regulatory framework for the procurement and distribution of stem cells in South Africa. This research includes aspects of the law of obligations, medical law and human rights law as found in the Bill of Rights. More specifically however, this dissertation attempts to bring to attention the shortcomings of chapter 8 of the National Health Act. An examination is undertaken according to the multilayered approach and therefore the proposed regulatory framework is examined within a constitutional framework, an ethical framework, the framework as established by common law, in this case the doctrine of informed consent and lastly within the national legislation framework as found in the National Health Act of 2003 and the regulations made in terms of the Act. This dissertation further entails a brief comparative study of the regulatory mechanisms of the United Kingdom as entrenched in the Human Fertilisation and Embryology Act of 2008 and the Human Tissue Act of 2004 and as practiced by the Human Fertilisation and Embryology Authority and the Human Tissue Authority. The analysis in this dissertation firstly provides an overview of the clinical manifestations and science of stem cell technology. Secondly, the impact of the Constitution of the Republic of South Africa is discussed with particular reference to the Bill of Rights on stem cell research and therapy. The most noteworthy conclusion to be made in this regard is that the embryo is not the bearer of constitutional rights. The ethical guidelines which act as regulatory tools in this field are then discussed with attention to general ethical principles as provided for by the Health Professions Council of South Africa as well as the Medical research Council. The doctrine of informed consent further enjoys attention as it is discussed in context of medical research and key issues are addressed regarding the process of obtaining consent in context of stem cell technologies. Certain recommendations are then made pertaining to the minimum scope required for lawful consent. Lastly a critical analysis is made of chapter 8 of the National Health Act. The findings which are made here lead to further recommendations regarding the regulation of stem cells. / Dissertation (LLM)--University of Pretoria, 2011. / Public Law / unrestricted

A regeneração óssea é um processo fisiológico que promove a neoformação de tecido ósseo saudável e funcional com características idênticas antes da lesão. Entretanto, frente a defeitos críticos, o osso é incapaz de se regenerar espontaneamente. Diante destas deficiências, a bioengenharia de tecidos ósseos (BTO) é uma opção promissora para a regeneração deste tipo de defeito. A maioria das abordagens de BTO utiliza as células-tronco mesenquimais da medula óssea (BMSC), porém, a coleta de BMSC dos pacientes é um processo bastante invasivo e doloroso. Por estas desvantagens, a busca por abordagens acessíveis e menos invasivas de novas fontes de células-tronco (CT) se tornou necessária. Neste contexto, as células-tronco de polpa de dentes decíduos (SHED) foram identificadas e sua aplicação na BTO, desde então, vem sendo amplamente estudada devido ao seu potencial osteogênico e por se tratar de uma fonte não invasiva. A obtenção de células-tronco do músculo orbicular do lábio (OOMDSC) também não causa dor adicional aos indivíduos, pois os fragmentos deste tecido são rotineiramente descartados durante as cirurgias de reconstrução do lábio. No presente trabalho investigamos o potencial de diferenciação osteoblástico in vitro e in vivo das OOMDSC e comparamos com as SHED, além disto, associamos estas células a biomateriais de HA/&beta;-TCP e investigamos a sua contribuição na neoformação óssea in vivo. O imunofenótipo de cada amostra de SHED e OOMDSC foi verificado para certificar a identidade de CT mesenquimais. Em seguida, as células em cultura foram submetidas à diferenciação osteoblástica in vitro. Em 9 e 14 dias de diferenciação as OOMDSC apresentaram menor atividade de fosfatase alcalina (p<0,0001) e menor marcação de matriz extracelular mineralizada, comparado às SHED (p<0,001), enquanto que em 21 dias estas diferenças não foram mais observadas. Quando associadas a biomateriais e implantadas em defeitos críticos calvariais bilaterais em ratos Wistar, tanto OOMDSC e SHED foram capazes de induzir neoformação óssea após 50 dias de cirurgia, conforme evidenciado pela análise morfológica e por micro-CT. Todavia, as células ósseas encontradas nos sítios da neoformação óssea não eram de origem humana. A avaliação da neoformação óssea in vivo induzida por SHED assim como a sua distribuição no enxerto foi verificada também em 07, 15 e 30 dias pós-cirúrgicos. Nestes períodos não há evidência de neoformação óssea, entretanto, as SHED estão localizadas no tecido conjuntivo que se forma e preenche o enxerto. Além disto, os dados sugerem que estas células estão relacionadas à modificações na microarquitetura do biomaterial e ainda à modulação dos números dos osteoclastos, também verificada nestas amostras. Portanto, podemos concluir que as OOMDSC são tão capazes de se diferenciar em osteoblastos quanto às SHED in vitro, porém esta diferenciação é mais lenta. Os experimentos in vivo indicam que as SHED possuem maior capacidade de indução à neoformação óssea quando comparadas às OOMDSC e que, em nosso modelo, as CT humanas não se diferenciam em osteoblastos in vivo. De qualquer forma a adição das CT ao biomaterial favorece a neoformação óssea, variações de microarquitetura e modulação dos osteoclastos. O fato de as ilhas ósseas não serem de origem humana indica que as células-tronco possam estar secretando fatores de indução à osteogênese, estimulando a neoformação óssea a partir das células do hospedeiro. / Bone regeneration is a physiological process, which promotes the growth of tissue at the site of injury, with the same characteristics of the original bone. However, when faced with critical defects the bone is unable to regenerate spontaneously. Bone tissue engineering (BTE) is a promising option for regenerating this type of defect. The majority of the approaches in BTE use Bone Marrow derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells (BMSC); however, the aspiration of bone marrow is a very invasive and painful procedure. Due to these disadvantages, the search for new, affordable and less invasive sources of stem cells (SC) has become necessary. In this context, stem cells from exfoliated deciduous teeth (SHED) have been identified and their application in BTE, since then, has been widely studied because they can be obtained non-invasively and due to their osteogenic potential. Stem cells from the orbicularis oris muscle (OOMDSC) are also obtained non-invasively and do not cause additional pain to individuals, because the fragments of this tissue are routinely discarded during lip reconstruction surgeries. In the present work we investigated, in vitro and in vivo, the osteoblastic differentiation potential of OOMDSC and compared with SHED; furthermore, we associated these cells with HA/&beta;-TCP scaffolds and investigate its contribution in the bone formation in vivo. The immunophenotype of each OOMDSC and SHED sample was verified to attest their mesenchymal stem cell identity. Then, cell cultures were submitted to osteoblastic differentiation in vitro. In 9 and 14 days of differentiation, OOMDSC exhibited lower alkaline phosphatase activity (p <0.0001) and lower mineralized extracellular matrix staining compared to SHED (p <0.001), whereas at 21 days, these differences were no longer observed. When associated with scaffolds and implanted into bilateral critical-sized calvarial defects in Wistar rats, both OOMDSC and SHED were able to induce bone formation after 50 days of surgery, as evidenced by morphological analysis and micro-CT. However, bone cells found at sites of bone formation were not of human origin. The evaluation of new bone formation in vivo induced by SHED as well as its distribution in the graft was performed at 07, 15 and 30 days after surgery. During these periods there was no evidence of new bone formation, however, SHED were located in the connective tissue that formed and filled the graft. Furthermore, our results suggest that these cells are related to changes in the microarchitecture of the scaffold and also to the modulation of the number of osteoclasts observed in these samples. In summary, our results suggest that OOMDSC are as capable to differentiate into osteoblasts as SHED in vitro, but this differentiation is slower. In vivo experiments indicate that SHED has a greater ability to induce bone formation when compared with OOMDSC, and that in our model, the human stem cells do not differentiate into osteoblasts in vivo. Nonetheless, the addition of SC to the scaffolds promotes bone formation, as well as variations in microarchitecture and modulation of osteoclasts. The fact that the bone islands are not of human origin indicates that the stem cells may be secreting osteogenesis-inducing factors, stimulating the host\'s cells to regenerate the defects.

Adult Stem Cells (SCs) have been found in almost every organ. They are responsible for<p>homeostasis and tissue repair after injury. SCs reside and self-renew in the adult body<p>throughout the life of the organism. In rapid self-renewing organs, such as the skin, the<p>intestine and the blood, SCs divide many times during the life of the animal in order to sustain<p>the homeostatic needs of the tissue.<p>All cells of the body, including SCs, are constantly subjected to DNA assaults arising from<p>endogenous sources, such as reactive oxygen species (ROS) generated by cellular<p>metabolism, or exogenous assaults arising from the environment. The DNA damage response<p>(DDR) and DNA repair mechanisms protect cells from accumulating DNA damage by<p>inducing transient cell cycle arrest allowing DNA repair, triggering senescence or apoptosis.<p>DNA damages trigger the activation of the effectors of the DDR inducing a transient cell<p>cycle arrest, allowing DNA repair, or triggering a permanent arrest of the cell cycle or<p>apoptosis if damages are too extensive.<p>As skin is the outermost barrier of the body, epidermal cells, including SCs, are<p>continuously subjected to genotoxic stress, such as UV rays, ionizing radiation (IR) and<p>chemicals. The skin epidermis is composed of hair follicles (HFs), its associated sebaceous<p>gland (SG) and the surrounding inter-follicular epidermis (IFE). Different types of SCs<p>maintain the homeostasis of the skin; multipotent adult bulge SCs ensure the cyclic<p>regeneration of the HF and the repair of the epidermis after injury, while individual unipotent<p>SCs ensure homeostasis of the SG and the IFE.<p>In tissues with high cellular turnover, such as the epidermis, the numerous divisions that a<p>SC undergoes could result in the accumulation of replication-associated DNA damage. It has<p>been suggested that adult SCs may undergo asymmetric divisions in which the daughter SC<p>retains the older (thus “immortal”) DNA strand, while the daughter cell committed to<p>differentiation inherits the newly synthesized strand that may have incorporated replicationderived<p>mutations. The in vivo relevance of this mechanism is still a matter of intense debate.<p>We used multiple in vivo experimental approaches to investigate precisely how bulge SCssegregate their chromosomes during HF morphogenesis, SC activation and skin homeostasis.<p>Using pulse-chase experiments with two different uridine analogs together with DNAindependent<p>chromatin labelling, we showed that multipotent HF SCs segregate their<p>chromosomes randomly, and that the label-retention observed in the skin epidermis derives<p>solely from relative quiescence of skin SCs 1.<p>We investigated the in vivo response of multipotent adult HF bulge SCs to DNA damage<p>induced by IR. We showed that bulge SCs are profoundly resistant to DNA damage-induced<p>cell death compared to their more mature counterparts. Interestingly, we demonstrated that<p>resistance of bulge SCs to IR-induced apoptosis does not rely on their relative quiescence.<p>Moreover, we showed that DDR in SCs does not lead to premature senescence. We found that<p>two intrinsic cellular mechanisms participate in the resistance of bulge SCs to DNA damageinduced<p>cell death. Bulge SCs express higher level of the anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 and present<p>more transient activation of p53 due to a faster DNA repair activity mediated by a nonhomologous<p>end joining (NHEJ) mechanism. Since NHEJ is not error free, this property<p>might be a double-edged sword, supporting short-term survival of bulge SCs but impairing<p>long-term genomic integrity 2.<p>While we unveiled the relevance of DSBs repair by NHEJ in the skin epidermis, little is<p>known about the role of homologous recombination (HR) during the morphogenesis of the<p>skin epidermis. Brca1 is an essential protein for HR. Conditional deletion of Brca1 in the<p>developing epidermis leads to congenital alopecia accompanied by a decreased density of hair<p>placodes. The remaining HFs never produce mature hair and progressively degenerate due to<p>high levels of apoptosis. Multipotent adult HF bulge SCs cannot be detected in adult HF in<p>the Brca1 cKO epidermis. Brca1 deletion in the epidermis triggers p53 activation throughout<p>the epidermis, which activates apoptosis. Interestingly, IFE and the isthmus region of the HF<p>do not present any pathological phenotype by constitutive deletion of Brca1. Our results<p>demonstrated the critical role of Brca1 during HF morphogenesis. Future studies will be<p>required to understand the molecular mechanisms controlling this phenotype / Doctorat en Sciences biomédicales et pharmaceutiques / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

Factors currently at the forefront of human in vitro fertilization (IVF) that collectively influence treatment success in the form of blastocysts development were investigated during early mammalian embryology with concentration on infertile patients presenting with diminished ovarian reserve or preliminary ovarian failure. A novel experimental technique, Graft Transplant-Embryonic Stem Cells (GT-ESC) was introduced in the mouse model, as the first inclusive approach for embryo selection in IVF treatments resulting in successful graft integration of sibling cells, stage-dependent (day 4) blastocysts. E-Cadherin-catenin bonds play an integral role in trophectoderm cell viability and calcium removal, inducing disruption of cell-to-cell bonds at the blastocyst stage was detrimental to continued blastocyst development. One of the leading methods for embryo selection for uterine transfer in human IVF is application of pre-implantation genetic screening (PGS) methods such as next generation sequencing (NGS). Female patients <35 y do not benefit from this treatment when outcome is measured by presence of fetal heart beats at 10 weeks of gestation. Patients 35-37 y benefit from PGS with no significant difference of outcome based on form of PGS method utilized. Therefore, small nucleotide polymorphism array (snp-array) or targeted-NGS should be selected for this age range to lessen the financial burden of the patient. Embryos from women >40 y have a higher rate of mosaic cell lines which can be detected by NGS. Therefore NGS is most beneficial for women >40 y. Additionally, ovarian stimulation of the patient during human IVF can notably influence outcome. Anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH) is a more conducive indicator of blastocysts development per treatment compared to basal follicle stimulating hormone (FSH). Actionable variables included in a decision tree analysis determined a negative influence (0% success, n=11) of high dose gonadotropin use (>3325 IUs) in good prognosis patients (>12 mature follicles at trigger, AMH >3.15 ng/mL). A positive relationship exists (80% success, n=11) between poor responders (AMH <1.78 ng/mL, <12 mature follicles at trigger) and high dose gonadotropin use (>3025 IUs). Utilizing the decision tree during IVF treatment can be beneficial to treatment success. Moreover, a parallel relationship of the fundamental principles of culture medium pH, pCO2 and pO2 was found with respect to blastocyst development. Human infertility patients' gametes predisposed to primary stressors (i.e., age, genetics and etiology) are negatively impacted (~30% success, n=7) for cleavage stage (day 3) embryo development when primary culture medium has pCO2 <30mmHg given age >31 y and <14 oocytes retrieved. When day 3 embryo development is measured at >65% good quality embryos per treatment (based on SART grading criteria), blastocysts development success is highest when secondary culture medium pO2 is 69-88 mmHg (~90% success, n=12). Thus, IVF treatment outcome can be optimized with utilization of predictive model analyses in the form of decision trees providing greater success for the IVF laboratories, ultimately decreasing the emotional and financial burden to infertility patients.

Retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) serve as a vital connection between the eye and the brain with damage to their axons resulting in loss of vision and/or blindness. Retinal organoids are three-dimensional structures derived from human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) which recapitulate the spatial and temporal differentiation of the retina, providing a valuable model of RGC development in vitro. The working hypothesis of these studies is that hPSC-derived RGCs are capable of extensive outgrowth and display target specificity and pathfinding abilities. Initial efforts focused on characterizing RGC differentiation throughout early stages of organoid development, with a clearly defined RGC layer developing in a temporally-appropriate manner expressing a compliment of RGC-associated markers. Beyond studies of RGC development, retinal organoids may also prove useful to investigate and model the extensive axonal outgrowth necessary to reach post-synaptic targets. As such, additional efforts aimed to elucidate factors promoting axonal outgrowth. Results demonstrated significant enhancement of axonal outgrowth through modulation of both substrate composition and growth factor signaling. Furthermore, RGCs possessed guidance receptors that are essential in influencing outgrowth and pathfinding. Subsequently, to determine target specificity, aggregates of hPSC-derived RGCs were co-cultured with explants of mouse lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN), the primary post-synaptic target of RGCs. Axonal outgrowth was enhanced in the presence of LGN, and RGCs displayed recognition of appropriate targets, with the longest neurites projecting towards LGN explants compared to control explants or RGCs grown alone. Generated from the fusion of regionally-patterned organoids, assembloids model projections between distinct regions of the nervous system. Therefore, final efforts of these studies focused upon the generation of retinocortical assembloids in order to model the long-distance outgrowth characteristic of RGCs. RGCs displayed extensive axonal outgrowth into cortical organoids, with the ability to respond to environmental cues. Collectively, these results establish retinal organoids as a valuable tool for studies of RGC development, and demonstrate the utility of organoid-derived RGCs as an effective platform to study factors influencing outgrowth as well as modeling long-distance projections and pathfinding abilities.

Aims: Limbal stem cell (LSC) deficiency is one of the most challenging ocular surface diseases. The aim of this thesis was to study damaged ocular surface reconstruction. Therefore, a mouse model of limbal transplantation was estab- lished. Furthermore, LSC isolation, transfer of LSCs and bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) on nanofiber scaffolds were studied. Material and methods: Syngeneic, allogeneic and xenogeneic (rat) limbal grafts were transplanted orthotopically into BALB/c mice. Graft survival, immune re- sponse and the effect of monoclonal antibodies (mAb) (anti-CD4 and anti-CD8 cells) were analyzed. Mouse LSCs were separated by Percoll gradient; subse- quently, they were analyzed for the presence of LSC and differentiation corneal epithelial cell markers and characteristics using real-time PCR and flow cytom- etry. Nanofiber scaffolds seeded with LSCs and MSCs were transferred onto the damaged ocular surface in mouse and rabbit models. Cell growth on scaffolds, post-operative inflammatory response and survival of transferred cell were ana- lyzed. Results: Limbal allografts were rejected promptly by the Th1-type of immune response (IL-2, IFN-γ) involving CD4+ cells and nitric oxide produced by macro- phages, contrary to the prevailing Th1 and Th2 immune responses (IL-4, IL-10) in...

<p>Adult prostate stem cells (PSC) are a rare epithelial progenitor population in the prostate. While essential for normal homeostasis, they have also been implicated in hyperplasia and cancer initiation. While studies have shown that inflammatory growth factors and cytokines can fuel stem cell expansion, the impact of inflammation on PSC is not well understood. To study the impact of inflammation on the prostate, the Ratliff laboratory developed the Prostate Ovalbumin Expressing Transgenic 3 (POET3), an inducible mouse model of abacterial T cell mediated prostate inflammation, which functions as a model for human autoimmune prostatitis. Previous studies using the POET3 demonstrated that inflammation increased proliferation and differentiation of PSC enrichments. Based on these findings, it was speculated that inflammation impacts prostate stem cells to enhance mechanisms of survival, possibly as a means of tissue protection.</p><p>Since androgen receptor (AR) signaling is the major driver of cellular differentiation and survival in the prostate, it was further hypothesized that inflammation promotes AR signaling in the PSC. To address this hypothesis, PSC and their resulting organoids from inflamed and non-inflamed (naïve) POET3 mice as well as human patient samples were assessed for AR and its signaling components.</p><p>These data were expanded by single cell mRNA sequencing using Fluidigm’s C1 platform, which revealed changes in stem cell populations, differential expression of interleukin 1 alpha (IL-1⍺) and its signaling components, and upregulation of various genes associated with immune regulation. Thus, experiments described herein probed the impacts of inflammation on AR, IL-1⍺, and T cell regulatory abilities in the PSC.</p>The results of these studies indicate that indeed, inflammation increases PSC survival. Inhibition of IL-1⍺ via inflammation-mediated up-regulation of IL-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1RA) promotes AR signaling, resulting in proliferation, differentiation, and AR target gene expression which can be modulated by Enzalutamide (a clinical AR inhibitor). Furthermore, PSC from inflamed mice are able to suppress cytotoxic T cell function in <i>ex vivo</i> assays. These studies set the foundation for new ways to treat proliferative diseases of the prostate by targeting IL-1⍺, AR, and immune regulation in the PSC.