Thesis (M.A.)--香港中文大學硏究院中國歷史學部. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves [416]-[425]). / Thesis (M.A.)--Xianggang Zhong wen da xue yan jiu yuan Zhongguo li shi xue bu. / Chapter ´¡ --- 導言 --- p.1-8 / Chapter ´Ł --- 孫中山政治哲學之一´ؤ´ؤ民族主義 --- p.9-71 / Chapter （一） --- 反滿為主的民族主義　 --- p.9-17 / Chapter （二） --- 五族共和到積極的民族主義 --- p.18-26 / Chapter （三） --- 對西方及日本的失望 --- p.27-38 / Chapter （四） --- 以反帝國主義為中心的民族主義 --- p.38-46 / Chapter （五） --- 與列寧的帝國主義論比較 --- p.47-63 / Chapter ´Ø --- 孫中山政治哲學之二´ؤ´ؤ民權主義 --- p.72-128 / Chapter （一） --- 革命與改良的斗爭 --- p.74-90 / Chapter （二） --- 共和制的理想國 --- p.90-97 / Chapter （三） --- 訓政與專政 --- p.97-104 / Chapter （四） --- 民權主義和人民民主專政　　 --- p.104-111 / Chapter （五） --- 對資產階級代議制的批評　　　 --- p.111-118 / Chapter ´Ð --- 孫中山政治哲學之三´ؤ´ؤ民生主義 --- p.129-191 / Chapter （一） --- 民生主義的形成期 --- p.129-136 / Chapter （二） --- 平均地權與節制資本 --- p.136-141 / Chapter （三） --- 發展國家實業 --- p.142-146 / Chapter （四） --- 民生主義與社會主義　 --- p.146-170 / Chapter （五） --- 耕者有其田　 --- p.170-176 / Chapter ´Þ --- 發展的三民主義 --- p.192-196 / Chapter ´Æ --- 孫中山的聯俄政策（一） --- p.197-270 / Chapter （一） --- 蘇俄的東方政策 --- p.203-208 / Chapter （二） --- 列寧論中國 --- p.209-217 / Chapter （三） --- 列寧論民族解放運動　 --- p.218-231 / Chapter （四） --- 孫中山與蘇俄人士的接觸 --- p.232-244 / Chapter （五） --- 孫中山與馬林第一次會談 --- p.244-258 / Chapter ´Œ --- 孫中山的聯俄政策（二） --- p.271-304 / Chapter （一） --- 陳炯明叛變 --- p.271-280 / Chapter （二） --- 孫中山與馬林第二次會談 --- p.281-287 / Chapter （三） --- 對國民黨組織及紀律的不滿 --- p.288-299 / Chapter ´′ --- 孫中山的聯共政策 --- p.305-364 / Chapter （一） --- 由中共一大到三大 --- p.307-324 / Chapter （二） --- 國民黨改組與共產黨員加入 --- p.324-332 / Chapter （三） --- 國民黨右派的彈劾案　 --- p.332-358 / Chapter ´′ --- 孫中山的工農政策 --- p.365-401 / Chapter （一） --- 孫中山對群眾運動的態度 --- p.365-376 / Chapter （二） --- 一九二四年後的工農運動 --- p.376-397 / Chapter ´♭ --- 三大政策與統一戰綫 --- p.402-410 / Chapter ´· --- 結論 --- p.411-415

李學全. / 據手稿本影印. / Thesis (M.A.)--香港中文大學. / Ju shou gao ben ying yin. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 906-934). / Li Xuequan. / Thesis (M.A.)--Xianggang Zhong wen da xue. / 前言 --- p.1 / Chapter 第一章 --- 辛亥革命前對外的爭取 --- p.9 / Chapter 第二章 --- 武昌起義後至民國初年的外交 --- p.86 / Chapter 第三章 --- 反袁與大亞洲主義的重現 --- p.183 / Chapter 第四章 --- 反對參戰及德國之關係 --- p.261 / Chapter 第五章 --- 大戰後外交上的挫折 --- p.328 / Chapter 第六章 --- 走向聯俄之路 --- p.397 / Chapter 第七章 --- 帝國主義──中國的禍根 --- p.517 / 結語──孫中山的外交原則與策略 --- p.607 / Chapter 注釋 --- 前言 --- p.636 / 第一章 --- p.637 / 第二章 --- p.663 / 第三章 --- p.708 / 第四章 --- p.747 / 第五章 --- p.773 / 第六章 --- p.809 / 第七章 --- p.867 / 參考書目 --- p.906 / 前言 --- p.1 / Chapter 第一章 --- 辛亥革命前對外力的爭取 --- p.9 / Chapter 第二章 --- 武昌起義後至民國初年的外交 --- p.86 / Chapter 第三章 --- 反袁與大亞洲主義的重現　　　　　　　 --- p.183 / Chapter 第四章 --- 反對參戰及與德國之關係　　　　　　　 --- p.261 / Chapter 第五章 --- 大戰後外交上的挫折　　　　　　　　　 --- p.328 / Chapter 第六章 --- 走向聯俄之路 --- p.397 / Chapter 第七章 --- 帝國主義´ؤ´ؤ中國的禍根 --- p.527 / 結語──孫中山的外交原則與策略 --- p.607 / 注釋 前言 --- p.636 / 第一章 --- p.637 / 第二章 --- p.663 / 第三章 --- p.708 / 第四章 --- p.747 / 第五章 --- p.773 / 第六章 --- p.809 / 第七章 --- p.867 / 參考書目 --- p.906

Doctor of Philosophy / Department of Psychological Sciences / Laura A. Brannon / Sun exposure, with its link to the development of skin cancer and other health issues, can be a serious health hazard. In particular, those who primarily work outdoors and are consistently exposed to the sun’s rays are at elevated risk for such health problems. Previous research efforts have focused on appealing to these outdoor workers to practice sun protection behaviors, such as using sunscreen, wearing a hat, or wearing items of clothing that reduce the amount of skin exposed to the sun’s rays. In an effort to promote such sun protection behaviors, study 1 used a 3 X 2 between-subjects design to investigate the effects of tailored messaging and the inclusion of content regarding financial consequences of skin cancer on outdoor workers’ intention to practice sun protection behaviors. Results from study 1 suggest that tailored messaging was equally as effective as targeted messaging, with both being more effective than generic messaging. This finding indicates that some degree of personalization is necessary when promoting safe sun practices to outdoor workers, but that tailoring to individuals is unnecessary. Additionally, the inclusion of financial content in messaging resulted in participants having greater intentions to practice sun protection behaviors. In study 2, managers and supervisors of outdoor workers were studied in determining the importance of consequences related to employee well-being and financial consequences for employers when it comes to encouraging sun protection behaviors in their employees. Using a four-level between-subjects intervention, it was found that managers and supervisors who received messages that emphasized the financial consequences of employee sun exposure had greater intentions to encourage sun protection behaviors in their employees than those who received a message focused solely on employee well-being. This finding indicates that employers may be most concerned with financial consequences when it comes to promoting employee health. Together, studies 1 and 2 provide insight into the most effective methods for promoting sun protection for outdoor workers.

The Anna Shale (Pennsylvanian) is an organic-rich, marine black shale that commonly overlies the Herrin (No. 6) Coal of the Carbondale Formation, Illinois Basin. Disk-shaped iron sulfide concretions, called pyrite suns, which are commonly up to 10 cm or more across are found in the lowest few centimeters of the Anna Shale in coal mines near Sparta in southwestern Illinois. This area is the only known location where pyrite suns of this size have been found, suggesting that unusual geochemical and/or depositional conditions led to their formation. The primary objective of this study was to evaluate the geochemical conditions at the time of Anna Shale deposition in the area where the pyrite suns formed.

By the 1960s-70s, most Western commentators agreed that Japan had rehabilitated itself from World War II, in the process becoming on the whole a reliable member of the international community. From the late 1970s onwards, however, as Japan’s economy continued to rise, this premise began to be questioned. By the late 1980s, a new ‘Japan Problem’ had been identified in Western countries, although the presentation of Japan as a dangerous ‘other’ was nevertheless familiar from past historical eras. The term ‘Japan-bashing’ was used by opponents of this negative view to suggest that much of the critical rhetoric about a ‘Japan Problem’ could be reduced to an unwarranted, probably racist, assault on Japan. This thesis argues that the invention and popularisation of the highly-contested label ‘Japan-bashing’, rather than averting criticism of Japan, perversely helped to exacerbate and transform the moderate anti-Japanese sentiment that had existed in Western countries in the late 1970s and early 1980s into a widely disseminated, heavily politicised and even encultured phenomenon in the late 1980s and 1990s. Moreover, when the term ‘Japan-bashing’ spread to Japan itself, Japanese commentators were quick to respond. In fact, the level and the nature of the response from the Japanese side is one crucial factor that distinguishes ‘Japan-bashing’ in the 1980s and 1990s from anti-Japanese sentiment expressed in the West in earlier periods. Ultimately, the label and the practice of ‘Japan-bashing’ helped to transform intellectual and popular discourses about Japan in both Western countries and Japan itself in the 1980s and 1990s. Moreover, in doing so, it revealed crucial features of wider Western and Japanese perceptions of the global order in the late twentieth century. Debates about Japan showed, for example, that economic strength had become at least as important as military power to national discourses about identity. However, the view that Western countries and Japan are generally incompatible, and share few, if any, common values, interests or goals, has been largely discarded in the early twenty-first century, in a process that demonstrated just how constructed, and transitory, such views can be.

<p>This essay deals with different survival strategies in Hemingway´s <em>The Sun Also Rises</em>, with a focus on three of the characters: Jake, Brett and Cohn. They all try to survive mentally in post-war Europe, and have different ways of handling their traumas.</p>

The solar tachocline is a thin transition layer between the solar radiative zone rotating uniformly and the solar convection zone, which has a mainly latitudinal differential rotation profile. This layer has a thickness of less than $0.05R_{sun}$ and is subject to extreme radial as well as latitudinal shears. Helioseismological estimates put this layer at roughly $0.7R_{sun}$. The tachocline mostly resides in the sub-adiabatic, non-turbulent radiative interior, except for a small overlap with the convection zone on the top. Many proposed dynamo mechanisms involve strong toroidal magnetic fields in this transition region. The exact mechanisms behind the formation of such a thin layer is still disputed. A very plausible mechanism is the one involving a weak, relic poloidal magnetic field trapped inside the radiative zone, which is responsible for expelling differential rotation outwards. This was first proposed by citet{RK97}. The present work develops this idea with numerical simulations including additional effects like meridional circulation. It is shown that a relic field of 1~Gauss or smaller would be sufficient to explain the observed thickness of the tachocline. The stability of the solar tachocline is addressed as the next part of the problem. It is shown that the tachocline is stable up to a differential rotation of 52% in the absence of magnetic fields. This is a new finding as compared to the earlier two dimensional models which estimated the solar differential rotation (about 28%) to be marginally stable or even unstable. The changed stability limit is attributed to the changed stability criterion of the 3-dimensional model which also involves radial gradients of the angular velocity. In the presence of toroidal magnetic field belts, the lowest non-axisymmetric mode is shown to be the most unstable one for the radiative part of the tachocline. It is estimated that the tachocline would become unstable for toroidal fields exceeding about 100~Gauss. With both formation and stability questions satisfactorily addressed, this work presents the most comprehensive analysis of the physical processes in the solar tachocline to date. / Die Sonne besteht aus verschiedenen Zonen, die durch die Art des Energietransports von innen nach aussen unterschieden werden. Der innere Teil heißt Strahlungs-, der äußere Teil Konvektionszone. Die Grenzschicht zwischen den beiden Regionen liegt bei etwa 70% des Sonnenradius. Beide Zonen rotieren in ausgezeichneter Weise um die Sonnenachse. In der konvektiven Zone ändert sich die Rotationsrate mit dem Breitengrad und ist nur schwach von der radialen Position abhängig. Dies wird als latitudinale differentielle Rotation bezeichnet. Im Gegensatz dazu rotiert ein Großteil der Strahlungszone gleichförmig. Der Übergang von gleichförmiger Rotation im Inneren zu differentieller Rotation außen geschieht innerhalb einer sehr dünnen Schicht, die ungefähr mit der Grenzschicht zwischen den beiden Zonen übereinstimmt. Diese Schicht hat eine Ausdehnung von etwa 5% des Sonnenradius und wird als “Tachokline” bezeichnet. Die Existenz der Tachokline wurde vor etwa zwei Jahrzehnten bestätigt. Seit ihrer Entdeckung wurden verschiedenste Modelle vorgeschlagen, um die Existenz einer solchen Schicht zu erklären. Diese Arbeit wendet das bislang beliebteste und erfolgreichste dieser Modelle an, das zuerst von Rüdiger & Kitchatinov (1997) vorgeschlagen wurde. Darin wird angenommen, dass während ihrer Entstehung ein schwaches Magnetfeld im Inneren der Sonne eingeschlossen wurde. Ein solches Feld verdrängt die differentielle Rotation erfolgreich in den äußeren Randbereich der Strahlungszone und erzeugt so die Tachokline. Die Theorie nimmt weiter an, dass die Tachokline aktiv mit der darunterliegenden strahlungsdominierten Zone verbunden ist, gemäß der Beobachtung, dass ein Großteil der Tachokline unterhalb des Fußes der Konvektionszone liegt. Diese Arbeit legt verbesserte numerische Simulationen vor, die dem früheren Modell zwei neue physikalische Effekte hinzufügt: schwache radiale und horizontale Strömungen (“meridionale Strömungen” genannt) und Temperaturgradienten. Es wird gezeigt, dass ein eingeschlossenes Feld von weniger als einem Gauß ausreichend wäre, die beobachtete Dicke der Tachokline zu erkären. In einem weiteren Schritt wird versucht zu ergründen, ob die Tachokline eine stabile Schicht innerhalb der Sonne ist. Es wird gezeigt, dass sie, in Abwesenheit eines Magnetfeldes, stabil bleibt, solange die Winkelgeschwindigkeit am Pol nicht unter 52% derer am Äquator fällt. Da sekundäre Strömungen hauptsächlich horizontal verlaufen, haben Temperaturgradienten wenig Einfluss auf die Stabilität der Tachokline. In Gegenwart eines Magnetfeldes wird die Grenzschicht für Felder stärker als 100 Gauß instabil. Indem sowohl Fragen zur Entstehung als auch zur Stabilität zufriedenstellend angesprochen werden, stellt diese Arbeit die derzeit umfassendste Analyse der physikalischen Vorgänge in der Tachokline dar.

Solar magnetic fields span a wide range of spatial scales from sunspots and plages to magnetic bright points. A clear understanding of the physical processes underlying the evolution of these magnetic features requires high-resolution spectropolarimetric observations of solar active regions and comparisons with synthetic data from simulations. This thesis is based on observations with the Swedish 1-m Solar Telescope (SST) and the CRISP imaging spectropolarimeter which, processed with a sophisticated image restoration technique, produce data of unsurpassed quality. The Fe I 630.25 nm line is used for all the spectropolarimetric observations. It appears likely that present telescopes resolve the fundamental scales of penumbral filaments. However, the penumbrae of sunspots are still not fully understood, with various theoretical models competing to explain their fine structure and flows. We analyze spectropolarimetric observations with a resolution close to the SST diffraction limit of 0.16 arcsecond. Using inversion techniques, we map the line-of-sight velocities and the magnetic-field configuration of dark-cored penumbral filaments. Over the past decade, sunspots and quiet sun magnetic fields have received considerable attention, with intermediate plage regions being somewhat neglected. We perform a detailed analysis of a plage region and present the first observational evidence of a small-scale granular magneto-convection pattern associated with a plage region. Magnetic bright points are believed to be formed due to magnetic field intensification caused by flux-tube collapse involving strong downflows. Although magneto-hydrodynamic (MHD) simulations agree with this view, only a few observations with adequate spatial resolution exist in support of the simulations. We present several cases of bright-point formation associated with strong downflows, which qualitatively agree with simulations and past observations. However, we find the field intensification to be transient rather than permanent. / At the time of the doctoral defense, the following paper was unpublished: Paper 3: Accepted.

Background: Determinants of vitamin D status are of interest when studying the epidemiology of disease in population groups because vitamin D is now recognized to decrease the risk of diseases such as osteoporosis, cancer, and cardiovascular disease. Understanding modifiable determinants of vitamin D status are important for managing vitamin D deficiency at the individual level and for addressing this issue at population level. Objective: The objective of this study was to evaluate the associations between serum vitamin D status (deficiency and insufficiency) and distinct demographic, dietary, and lifestyle characteristics of adults in the United States using a large, nationally representative sample survey, the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2005-2006. Methods: The study sample consisted of 2340 adults aged 20-59 who had serum 25(OH)D measured and who had completed various questionnaires concerning dietary intake of vitamin D and other lifestyle factors. Multivariate logistic regression was used to estimate the odds ratio (OR) of vitamin D deficiency, insufficiency, and sufficiency in adults based on distinct demographic, dietary, and lifestyle characteristics. Statistical significance was set at α < 0.05. Results: The prevalence of vitamin D deficiency was higher in obese adults than in underweight to normal weight adults (50.9% ± 4.57 vs. 29.3% ± 3.57), higher in adults who reported no sunburns than in adults who reported ≥ 3 sunburns (49.9% ± 3.82 vs. 18.0% ± 3.07), and higher in adults who use sun protective measures regularly than in adults who do not (48.4% ± 3.93 vs. 27.0% ± 3.75). The prevalence of vitamin D deficiency increased as dietary intake of vitamin D decreased. Non-Hispanic black adults were significantly more likely to be vitamin D deficient (OR = 45.27, 95% CI = 17.27-118.64) and insufficient (OR = 9.37, 95% CI = 3.43-25.61) than non-Hispanic white adults. Significant positive associations were found between vitamin D deficiency and several characteristics, namely obesity (OR = 7.43, 95% CI = 4.33-12.77), physical inactivity (OR = 1.63, 95% CI = 1.03-2.58) poor dietary vitamin D intake (OR = 2.34, 95% CI = 1.44-3.81), non-supplement use or supplement use with a low amount of vitamin D (OR = 1.75, 95% CI = 1.05-2.89), and activities that decrease exposure to sunlight (from OR = 2.97, 95% CI = 2.14-4.13 to OR = 5.30, 95% CI = 3.17-8.85). Conclusion: The results of this nationally representative study demonstrate that obesity, physical inactivity, poor dietary intake of vitamin D, and low sunlight exposure increases the risk for vitamin D deficiency in U.S adults. Future studies are needed to investigate whether vitamin D supplementation, sunlight exposure, and vitamin D-fortified foods are efficient in correcting vitamin D deficiency and insufficiency among these groups.

¡§who know to plan in future that will be everything good¡Byou will worry about something happen if do not thing it well¡¨ is explain one thing¡Aperson¡Bcompany¡Bgroup or country who know to plan for future then it will be good¡Aif the leader just thing right now then trouble will be happen maybe¡CThis is a sentence in ¡§ book¡¨ a simple sentence can tell us the important of plan¡Alike the kind of wisdom of saint it is too little to find at present¡C in ¡§ book¡¨ can find that wisdom¡Aof course can find in ¡¨Sun Tzu on the Art of War ¡¨ too¡Afor example on ¡¨Sun Tzu on the Art of War ¡¨ Tactics of chapter IV ¡GIn ancient times the adepts in warfare would first place themselves in an invulnerable position before they would wait to seize some favourable opportunity to defeat the enemy¡CTo secure oneself against defeat depends one¡¦s own efforts¡Awhile the opportunity of victory must be afforded by the enemy¡CThus even the adapts in warfare can only prepare themselves secure against defeat but they can not be sure of opportunities for victory¡Awhich must be provided by the enemy¡CTherefore it may be said¡Gone may victory but no one can create victory¡CVictory or defeat in ¡¨Sun Tzu on the Art of War ¡¨ clearly to tell us ¡Gif you want to get victory you must be more powerful than enemy¡Awe can know whether victory or defeat but can not do it by grudgingly¡CThis is the ¡¨Sun Tzu on the Art of War ¡¨ of wisdom more than other people¡Ause few word can tell us the high-toned reason¡C Research strategy is important for run a company¡Aespecially multinational company need more and more good strategy to help business ¡Cright now ¡§CHINA¡§ is the focal point of around the world¡¦s economy¡A to invest ¡§CHINA¡§ is an assignment of multinational company¡Aso how to invest in ¡§CHINA¡§ become a popularly topic¡CSince 2002 ¡§CHINA¡§ relax restrictions for chain of company¡Aa lot of company have invested¡Aparticularly ¡§7-ELEVEN ¡¨ decide to invested ¡§CHINA¡§ in 2004¡Athe biggest shareholder of ¡§7-ELEVEN ¡¨ of Japan¡¦ IY GROUP decided the first place was ¡§bei jing of china ¡¨ ¡Aat the same time another three alliance of ¡§7-ELEVEN ¡¨¡]Taiwan¡BHong kong¡BThailand¡^had strong interchange with Japan¡¦ IY GROUP by their plan to invest china¡ATaiwan¡¦s 7-ELEVEN even use 3641 store become their stake to negotiate with Japan¡¦ IY GROUP¡Aexpect Japan¡¦ IY GROUP will said yes for invested china¡CRight now to invest China is become very important global-logistical strategy for every multinational company¡C The business environment of global thought¡Athe ¡§7-ELEVEN¡¨ invest to ¡§CHINA¡§ can not just thinking profit of short-term¡Amaybe think about another three alliance of ¡§7-ELEVEN ¡¨ which want to invest ¡§CHINA¡§ too¡Abut if we look at this from a business standpoint¡Aopportunity is come from market so it is difficult to share others¡Ain the contradictory case it is hard to decide how to do will be best strategy or worst strategy¡Hhow to plan the strategy will be a good decide between leader and alliance ¡Hthis thesis is going to analysis differ strategy strength and weakness according to ¡§IY GROUP ¡¨ and ¡§Taiwan ¡¨ position thinking¡CThe tool to support my thesis is use ¡¨Sun Tzu on the Art of War ¡¨¡Ause principles of war of ¡¨Sun Tzu on the Art of War ¡¨ to analysis theory of strategy of ¡§7-ELEVEN ¡¨ invest China¡Ato think any situation in real business¡Aintegrate theory and business