This DPhil thesis is a collection of three theoretical and empirical papers studying labor markets in several advanced economies. Two chapters examine the relationship between the banking sector and the labor market in the US and the UK, while one evaluates a policy that has been proposed to help labor markets in the Euro Area adjust to economic shocks. In the first chapter, I develop a New Keynesian DSGE model that integrates a banking sector subject to moral hazard with a standard random search model of the labor market. I estimate the model using US data and study the role of the banking sector in determining labor market fluctuations. In the second chapter, I estimate a structural VAR model of the UK and US economies and identify bank lending shocks using a mix of sign and short-run exclusion restrictions. Consistent with the predictions of the DSGE model, an expansionary loan supply shock decreases job-destruction and increases job-creation, reducing the unemployment rate persistently. Bank lending shocks are also important drivers of labor market fluctuations, particularly during the Great Recession. Lastly, in the third chapter, I calibrate to the Euro Area a currency union DSGE model to evaluate the aggregate properties of European Unemployment Insurance (EUI). I find that EUI cannot contemporaneously stabilize the monetary union and achieve convergence in regional unemployment and inflation rates.

abstract: Although margin trading has significant impacts on the stock market, extant research has mainly focused on its effect on stock price volatility and has rarely examined its influence on the rate of returns. In addition, little systematic research has examined the differential effects of margin trading under different circumstances. This thesis examines the effects of margin trading in bull market, bear market, balanced market and among stocks included in main board, SMEs(small and medium-sized enterprises) board, GEM(growth enterprises board), as well as large-cap and small-cap in China. I further studied the long-, medium-, and short-term influences of margin trading on the volatility of stock price, return rate, and liquidity of the market by both using the SVAR model and conducting panel data analyses. The findings show that: a)Volatility. Margin trading can effectively curtail the medium- and short-term volatility of the share price under any market condition but has no prominent influence on long-term volatility. b)Profitability. Margin trading enhances profitability in the bull market with an apparent leverage effect while having no significant effects on short-term profitability in the balanced market and the bear market. c) Individual shares with different attributes. The influences of margin trading on the large-cap and small-cap shares, shares with high vs. low PE ratio, shares included in the main board and SMEs stocks vary in different types of market. d) Liquidity. The influences of margin trading on the fluidity of market are significantly different in the bull, bear, and balanced markets. Finally, I set up a new trading strategy based on the above conclusions. The result from hypothetical trading demonstrates that the newly-created trading strategy works better than the long-term holding strategy, highlighting the practical implications of this thesis in addition to its implications for research / Dissertation/Thesis / Doctoral Dissertation Business Administration 2018

Storbritannien beslutade år 2016 att gå ur EU, ett fenomen som kom att benämnas som ”Brexit”. Utträdet kommer att påverka de företag som är verksamma på den brittiska marknaden. Denna studie ämnar undersöka hur företagen förbereder sig inför Brexit. Utgångspunkten är institutionell teori där företag antas påverkas av förändringar i sin omgivning. Tre multinationella företag som bedriver verksamhet i Sverige och Storbritannien har studerats genom intervjuer med deras representanter. Även tre branschorganisationer har studerats på samma sätt, varav deras syn har använts i trianguleringssyfte för att stödja fallföretagens uttalanden. Analys har skett genom kodning av intervjuerna, med hjälp av nyckelord och teman.   Studiens resultat visar att endast ett av företagen förbereder sig inför Brexit. Utifrån analysen dras slutsatsen att företag som blir mer involverade i Brexit får en tydligare bild av dess framtida effekter, och därmed även förbereder sig i en högre grad.

Graphical models in statistics and econometrics provide capability to describe causal relations using causal graph in classical regression analysis and others econometric tools. Goal of this thesis is description of causal modelling of time series with help of structural models of vector autoregression. There is description of procedure of building structural VAR model, principle of graphical models and building model for causal dependence analysis. For purpose of comparison there are used data from both USA and Czech Republic and comparison of similar models for both countries is presented. Best models are then selected, to show causal relations between macroeconomic variables. For purpose of analysis, impulse-response functions are used to show impact of demand shock on GDP and other macro indicators.

This project, elaborated within the master degree presents plates welding. Based on the literature study the problems of laser welding were designed optimal welding parameters. The material, on which were in the experimental part test and geometry analysis performed was steel Hardox 400 with thickness 5 mm. These welds were compared with welds made by MAG. Equipment used for werding was fiber laser.

Denna undersökning är en empirisk studie som söker att analysera vilka typer av frågor lärare ställer i sin undervisning och vilken kunskap dessa möjliggör för eleverna. Som grund för analysen ligger intervjuer med två lärare på mellanstadiet och observationer av dessas lektioner. Genom att använda ett sammandrag av intervjuerna har syftet varit att åskådliggöra lärarnas tankar kring frågor i undervisningen, och visa vad som ligger till grund för deras användning av dessa under de observerade lektionerna. De observerade lektionerna och analysen av dessa är undersökelsens huvudfokus. Genom analysen av observationerna gick det att se att frågor används i alla aspekter av lektionerna och att och att nära nog all kommunikation mellan lärare och elever försiggår med frågor som bas. Frågor används således inte enbart till att överföra kunskap , men också till att exempelvis motivera eller disciplinera elever. Något man kunde se i analysen var att alla frågetyperna som är definierade i undersökningen förekom under observationerna. Således erbjuds eleverna varierade former för kunskap, men kontrollerande och slutna frågor som gärna används till ren faktaförmedling dominerar. En annan intressant aspekt vid observationerna var att upptäcka att frågorna inte alltid var av den typ man skulle tro. Ibland fungerade exempelvis frågor som i formuleringarna framstod som öppna mera som slutna frågor, och ibland tvärt om.

This paper examines the effects of monetary policy on macroeconomic variables in Botswana as a developing small macro-economy using the Markov-switching structural vector autoregressive (MS-SVAR) framework, utilising time-series data from 1994: Q1 to 2019: Q4. The study makes use of bank rate (interest rate), inflation and output gap. The first model is a structural vector autoregressive (VAR) model that takes the form employed by Rudebusch and Svensson (1999), whilst the second one makes use of the same structure but includes Markov switching in the policy rule (i.e., Markov switching SVAR). Regime-switching models can effectively describe the data generating process when considering both in-sample and out of sample evaluations compared to the linear models, which submerge the structural changes that have occurred in the economy over the years. The results from the SVAR shows that monetary policy has a symmetric impact on the output gap and inflation. Therefore, it can be noted that non-linearities in the structural model do not necessarily imply asymmetric effects of shocks. Furthermore, the MS-SVAR shows that the Central Bank of Botswana responds differently to policy shocks in different regimes. This underscores the importance of regime-switching features in providing a more accurate description of the economy.

In this study, we investigate the relationship between national and global uncertainty with house prices. Uncertainty is measured with the economic policy uncertainty index developed by Baker et al. (2016). The relationship is evaluated with eight SVAR-models that are Cholesky decomposed to restrict the contemporaneous relationship between variables, this is used to model the housing market. We create two models for each country, one that includes the local uncertainty and one that includes global uncertainty. The studied countries are two larger and two smaller economies in the EU, namely Sweden, Denmark, Germany, and France. We investigate the impulse response functions to establish the short-run dynamics and then compare them amongst each other. The results show that uncertainty has a negative effect on house prices and that global uncertainty hasa larger impact than local uncertainty, except for Sweden´s case. Germany is most resilient to the effect of uncertainty among the studied countries. This can be because of the size of the rental housing market in Germany. Interestingly we also find that in all cases except for Denmark our models don’t find a consistent relationship between short-term interest and housing prices in the short run, which can be an indication of a bubble. Further studies are required to investigate how different housing policies affect the volatility of the housing market that is created by uncertainty.

Les difficultés rencontrées par la banque centrale du Vietnam dans la dernière décennie, qui se sont traduites par des écarts importants par rapport à l'objectif d'inflation, nourrissent le débat sur l'adéquation subsistante de l'actuelle stratégie de politique monétaire en place dans le pays depuis 1992. Partant de cette idée, cette thèse a pour objectif d'examiner la pertinence du ciblage monétaire quantitatif. De plus, celle-ci recommande quelques aménagements pour améliorer l'efficacité de la politique monétaire. Après un chapitre introductif, le chapitre 2 propose un état des lieux de l'économie du Vietnam. Les deux chapitres suivants enquêtent sur la satisfaction des exigences imposées dans le cadre du ciblage monétaire, à savoir l'existence d'une fonction stable de demande de monnaie à long terme (traitée dans le chapitre 3) et celle d'un pouvoir prédictif significatif sur l'inflation que possède la monnaie (testée dans le chapitre 4). Il s'avère que la fonction de demande de monnaie est stable, et que l'hypothèse selon laquelle l'évolution des agrégats monétaires a un pouvoir prédictif sur l'inflation n'est pas rejetée. Le ciblage monétaire se trouve ainsi toujours approprié pour le pays. Les deux derniers chapitres calculent et suggèrent les indicateurs de politique monétaire à travers des évaluations exhaustives. Il s'agit des mesures de l'inflation structurelle et d'un indice synthétique des conditions financières, qui se révèlent utile pour la prise de décision de la banque centrale. / Difficulties of the central bank of Vietnam during the last decade in controlling price inflation and securing its inflation goals have launched and nurtured a vigorous debate on whether the current monetary policy strategy, in place since 1992 remains always appropriate. lnspired of this idea, this thesis aims to examine the relevance of the quantitative monetary targeting framework. Furthermore, the thesis recommends some arrangement in order to improve monetary policy efficiency. After an introductory chapter, Chapter 2 propose the state of the art of the economy of Vietnam. Two following chapters investigate the conditions that an effective money targeting strategy requires and whether they are fully satisfied in Vietnam. Indeed, the existence of a stable money demand function in the long run is considered in Chapter 3, and a significant predictive power that money should have on inflation is tested in Chapter 4. It is proved that the money demand function is stable and the hypothesis according to which money growth may forecast future inflation cannot be rejected. The monetary targeting is therefore still relevant for Vietnam. The last two chapters compute and suggest various monetary policy indicators by means of exhaustive evaluation exercises. Different core inflation measure and a composite index of financial conditions are introduced, which are justified to be meaningful for the policy making process of the central bank.

Cette thèse propose quatre contributions à l'étude de la politique monétaire dans le contexte de l'économie vietnamienne, depuis 1995-1996 jusqu’à maintenant.Le premier chapitre donne aperçu de l'économie vietnamienne et sa politique monétaire. Il s’agit d’un chapitre qui problématise les questions traitées économétriquement dans le reste de la thèse.Chapitre 2 montrent qu'il y a une relation à long terme entre le taux de change du marché noir et ses variables monétaires. Le taux de change officiel, l’écart de la masse monétaire et de taux d'intérêt intérieur ont des effets positifs significatifs sur le taux de change du marché noir tandis que la production intérieure réelle et le taux d'intérêt à l'étranger ont un impact négatif significatif sur cet indice. Chapitre 3 fournissent de fortes preuves relatives à la relation à long terme entre taux de change et ses fondamentaux monétaires relatifs. Bien que les signes des taux d'intérêt estimés soient ambigu, les coefficients estimés de la monnaie et du rendement sont compatibles avec toutes les variantes traditionnelles du modèle monétaire de la détermination du taux de change. Finalement, nous constatons que le pass-through du taux de change sur l'inflation est fort et rapide, et que le taux de change a un effet positif significatif sur l'inflation. La masse monétaire joue un rôle important dans la détermination de l'inflation alors que le taux d'intérêt ne semble pas avoir un impact significatif sur l'inflation. En outre, le prix du pétrole l’influence considérablement. Un choc de taux d’intérêts des États-Unis joue un rôle insignifiant dans l’explication de la variabilité des variables macroéconomiques domestiques. / This dissertation proposes four contributions to the study of monetary policy in the context of Vietnamese economy from 1995-96 onwards. The first chapter provides an overview of Vietnamese economy and its monetary policy. It provides some issues that are resolved econometrically in the rest of the thesis.The second chapter investigates the black market exchange rate determination. We find that there is a long-run relationship between black market exchange rate and its relative monetary variables. Official exchange rate, money supply differential and domestic interest rate have significant positive effects on black market exchange rate while domestic real output and foreign interest rate have meaningful negative impact on black market exchange rate.The third chapter examines how well versions of monetary models explain the VND/U.S dollar exchange rate. Estimates provide strong evidences of long-run relationship between exchange rate and its relative monetary fundamentals. Although the signs of estimated interest rates are mixed, estimated coefficients of money and output are consistent with any traditional variant of monetary model of exchange rate determination. Eventually, we find that the exchange rate pass-through to inflation is high and rapid, and exchange rate has a significant positive effect of exchange rate on inflation. Estimates also reveal that money supply plays a significant role in shaping inflation while interest rate does not seem to have a meaningful impact on inflation. In addition, oil price also has significant impact on inflation. U.S interest rate shock plays an insignificant role in explaining the variability of domestic macro variables.