This article deals with the translation into Italian of the Swahili novel Utengano by Said Ahmad Mohamed, which was published in March 2005 under the title `Seperazione`by an Italian Publishing House, Rubbettino Editiore. Translation is a very important form of intercultural communication, which can provide contact with new readers, expected and unexpected ones. In the following pages I will decribe the main features of my translation of the novel Utengano, highlighting the main differences between the first version, that I produced as an appendix to the M.A. thesis, and the manuscript that I submitted to the publishing house.

I would like to present the latest novel by Said Ahmed Mohamed, Babu alipofofuka (\''When Grandfather came to life again\''), published at the end of the last year. The mine will be only a first, preliminary and very inadequate attempt as, I am sure, this work will challenge us for quite a few years. In fact, after five realistic novels the author has adopted a new technique, turning to magic realism as he himself defines his work, but perhaps it is a too limitative definition. He depicts our world in a near future, when Tanzania and other African countries will have already undergone the process of globalization. The results are disastrous: impoverished and dulled masses are governed by a handful of immensely rich, powerful and arrogant persons mostly of foreign origin, deprived of all human qualities, who have thrown away any inhibition and deliberately sunk in all sorts of physical and moral debasement; nothing embarrasses nor frightens them anymore as they feel unpunishable.

The Swahili novel, a literary genre lately appeared in Tanzania, has undoubtedly found a brilliant and mature expression in the works of the Zanzibarian writer Said Ahmed Mohamed. His novel Utengano, published in 1980, is a unique work in the Swahili literary production of the Seventies and Eighties, with regard to both the themes treated and the very elaborated style of the author, who has given a dense and homogeneous quality to this genre, which is by definition open and composite, totally different from the short story, the organisation of different elements representing a challenge to the capacities of a writer in terms of composition. In this paper I will focus on a feature of Utengano which, in my view, points out to the good achievement of a novel, namely the author`s utterance of a leitmotiv or general abstract idea creating cross-references and symbolic relations between the different levels of a literary text. The leitmotiv I found in Utengano is the idea of dynamism, in other words motion, energy that produces changes, which permeates the whole work unifying the different levels of expression. These latter will be analysed separately to allow a clear exposition, but the dialectical relationship between the `what` and the `how´ represents the key to the reading of this novel.

Literary theory represents a way of thinking and a body of writing that is dedicated to the analysis of literary texts. It is a means through which literary critics come to appreciate the nature of the literary texts they seek to analyze and the methodology that informs their practice. Analyzing three 21st Century Swahili novels, this paper examines a paradigm shift: literary theory becomes the sub¬ject under examination as opposed to its conventional role where it would ideally offer systematic views of what such texts would mean. Said Ahmed Mohamed’s Dunia Yao (2006) and Nyuso za Mwanamke (2010) on the one hand, and Kyallo Wadi Wamitila’s Musaleo! (2004), on the other, represent a new kind of writing that experiments on literary theory as a subject for criticism. In these texts, we read about the tenets and practice of a variety of literary theories including Russian formalism, Saussurean and Jakobsonian structuralism, Derrida’s deconstruction, Edward Said’s post-colonial theory, and Carl Gustav Jung’s psychoanalytical theory. While this experiment that the two novelists engage in may appear elitist for the average reader at first, the paper contends that this form of writing will in the long term assist in the domestication of literary theory. Further, the three texts could greatly assist in pedagogical issues if read alongside other mandatory course books on literary theory.

Literary theory represents a way of thinking and a body of writing that is dedicated to the analysis of literary texts. It is a means through which literary critics come to appreciate the nature of the literary texts they seek to analyze and the methodology that informs their practice. Analyzing three 21st Century Swahili novels, this paper examines a paradigm shift: literary theory becomes the sub¬ject under examination as opposed to its conventional role where it would ideally offer systematic views of what such texts would mean. Said Ahmed Mohamed’s Dunia Yao (2006) and Nyuso za Mwanamke (2010) on the one hand, and Kyallo Wadi Wamitila’s Musaleo! (2004), on the other, represent a new kind of writing that experiments on literary theory as a subject for criticism. In these texts, we read about the tenets and practice of a variety of literary theories including Russian formalism, Saussurean and Jakobsonian structuralism, Derrida’s deconstruction, Edward Said’s post-colonial theory, and Carl Gustav Jung’s psychoanalytical theory. While this experiment that the two novelists engage in may appear elitist for the average reader at first, the paper contends that this form of writing will in the long term assist in the domestication of literary theory. Further, the three texts could greatly assist in pedagogical issues if read alongside other mandatory course books on literary theory.

The increasingly universal information society has required also the Swedish Armed Forces to participate in the information flow, for example by publishing images from its operations in an open digital image archive. With use of the image archive’s photographs from the Swedish Armed Forces’ military operations in Afghanistan in 2011 and 2012, the study seeks to examine the way in which the Swedish army depicts its involvement in the region. From a postcolonial perspective, based on Edward Said’s notions on Orientalism, this semiotic analysis examines the image publications in order to reveal what messages the images convey. How are Afghan women respectively Afghan men depicted in contrast to Swedish soldiers? How are Swedish soldiers portrayed in relation to their Afghan military allies? Such are the questions at hand. The study makes use of a methodological framework based on Roland Barthes and Charles Saunders Pierce and looks to reveal the denotative and connotative meanings in the image material. The result of the study shows a depiction of the military intervention in Afghanistan that largely portrays Afghan women and girls in need of saving and emancipation, while Swedish soldiers are ascribed the role of the hero. Moreover, images depicting Swedish soldiers as modern, powerful and progressive in contrast to weak and underdeveloped Afghan men are also recurrent in the material. The cooperation between the Swedish military and its Afghan allies is throughout the material depicted in a positive manner, and symbolic gestures of friendship between the two frequent the image publications. At large, a positive perspective permeates the Swedish military’s depiction of its operations in Afghanistan, and its soldiers are portrayed as powerful bringers of Western liberty and equality. Meanwhile, the East is depicted as all that the West is not: uncivilised, weak and infantile.

A presente dissertação teve o objetivo principal de investigar o diálogo que Andrés Bello (1781 1865) e Manuel Said Ali (1861 1953) estabeleceram com tradições de estudos da linguagem nas obras Gramática de la lengua castellana destinada al uso de los americanos (1853[1847]) e Difficuldades da Língua Portugueza (1919[1908]), respectivamente. Em vista disso, esta pesquisa analisou tanto a escolha de retórica assumida por eles (isto é, o posicionamento desses estudiosos perante certos autores ou linhas de estudos anteriores), quanto a metalinguagem utilizada na sistematização de quatro questões da língua, a saber: (i) a relação entre pronomes e artigos e (ii) os tempos e modos verbais do castelhano, em Bello (1853[1847]); e (iii) a colocação pronominal e (iv) os infinitivos pessoais do português, em Said Ali (1919[1908]). Para a análise da metalinguagem, atentamos para os seguintes parâmetros: significante, significado, exemplos (dados de língua) e taxonomia. Os resultados evidenciam o talento dos dois estudiosos em suas reflexões sobre o português e do castelhano; as inovações e adaptações metalinguísticas que registraram nos dois materiais principais de análise; e os diálogos de continuidade e ruptura que estabeleceram com determinados textos e autores. As inovações percebidas no âmbito metalinguístico das obras nem sempre corresponderam ao que verificamos no âmbito retórico. Contudo, as dimensões metalinguística e retórica revelaram a preocupação que ambos os estudiosos tinham com a consideração de domínios ainda pouco explorados no momento de elaboração de seus textos: o domínio transfrasal, em Bello, e os domínios fonético e psicológico, no caso de Said Ali / This paper aims to investigate the dialogue that Andrés Bello (1781 - 1865) and Manuel Said Ali (1861 - 1953) established with traditions of language studies in the works Gramática de la lengua castellana destinada al uso de los americanos (1853 [1847]) and Difficuldades da Língua Portugueza (1919 [1908]), respectively. Considering this, the present research analyzed both the choice of rhetoric which they assumed (which is the positioning of these scholars towards certain authors or previous lines of studies) and the metalanguage used in the systematization of four issues of language, namely: (i) the relationship between pronouns and articles and (ii) verbal modes and tenses in Castilian, in Bello (1853 [1847]) , and (iii) pronoun placement and (iv) personal infinitives in Portuguese, in Said Ali (1919 [1908]). For the analysis of metalinguistic terms, we observed the following parameters: signifier, signified, examples, and taxonomy. The results clearly show the talent of these two scholars in their reflections on Portuguese and Castilian; metalinguistic innovations and adaptations that they recorded in the two main materials of analysis; and continuity and discontinuity dialogues established with certain texts and authors. Innovations perceived in the metalinguistic scope of these works do not always correspond to what we found in the rhetorical scope. However, the metalinguistic and rhetorical dimensions unveiled the worry both scholars had with the consideration of domains still not widely explored during the making of their works: the transphrasal context, in the case of Bello, and the phonetic and psychological dimensions, in the case of Said Ali

A presente dissertação teve o objetivo principal de investigar o diálogo que Andrés Bello (1781 1865) e Manuel Said Ali (1861 1953) estabeleceram com tradições de estudos da linguagem nas obras Gramática de la lengua castellana destinada al uso de los americanos (1853[1847]) e Difficuldades da Língua Portugueza (1919[1908]), respectivamente. Em vista disso, esta pesquisa analisou tanto a escolha de retórica assumida por eles (isto é, o posicionamento desses estudiosos perante certos autores ou linhas de estudos anteriores), quanto a metalinguagem utilizada na sistematização de quatro questões da língua, a saber: (i) a relação entre pronomes e artigos e (ii) os tempos e modos verbais do castelhano, em Bello (1853[1847]); e (iii) a colocação pronominal e (iv) os infinitivos pessoais do português, em Said Ali (1919[1908]). Para a análise da metalinguagem, atentamos para os seguintes parâmetros: significante, significado, exemplos (dados de língua) e taxonomia. Os resultados evidenciam o talento dos dois estudiosos em suas reflexões sobre o português e do castelhano; as inovações e adaptações metalinguísticas que registraram nos dois materiais principais de análise; e os diálogos de continuidade e ruptura que estabeleceram com determinados textos e autores. As inovações percebidas no âmbito metalinguístico das obras nem sempre corresponderam ao que verificamos no âmbito retórico. Contudo, as dimensões metalinguística e retórica revelaram a preocupação que ambos os estudiosos tinham com a consideração de domínios ainda pouco explorados no momento de elaboração de seus textos: o domínio transfrasal, em Bello, e os domínios fonético e psicológico, no caso de Said Ali / This paper aims to investigate the dialogue that Andrés Bello (1781 - 1865) and Manuel Said Ali (1861 - 1953) established with traditions of language studies in the works Gramática de la lengua castellana destinada al uso de los americanos (1853 [1847]) and Difficuldades da Língua Portugueza (1919 [1908]), respectively. Considering this, the present research analyzed both the choice of rhetoric which they assumed (which is the positioning of these scholars towards certain authors or previous lines of studies) and the metalanguage used in the systematization of four issues of language, namely: (i) the relationship between pronouns and articles and (ii) verbal modes and tenses in Castilian, in Bello (1853 [1847]) , and (iii) pronoun placement and (iv) personal infinitives in Portuguese, in Said Ali (1919 [1908]). For the analysis of metalinguistic terms, we observed the following parameters: signifier, signified, examples, and taxonomy. The results clearly show the talent of these two scholars in their reflections on Portuguese and Castilian; metalinguistic innovations and adaptations that they recorded in the two main materials of analysis; and continuity and discontinuity dialogues established with certain texts and authors. Innovations perceived in the metalinguistic scope of these works do not always correspond to what we found in the rhetorical scope. However, the metalinguistic and rhetorical dimensions unveiled the worry both scholars had with the consideration of domains still not widely explored during the making of their works: the transphrasal context, in the case of Bello, and the phonetic and psychological dimensions, in the case of Said Ali

Made available in DSpace on 2016-03-15T19:46:36Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Fernanda Isabel Bitasi.pdf: 811441 bytes, checksum: 59963839d606e8812fb1a25170d39322 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-02-26 / Fundo Mackenzie de Pesquisa / Seeing that irony is a linguistic-discursive strategy aimed at unveiling the human being and his experience s contradictions, and, therefore, revealing an indirect argumentation from the enunciator toward these contradictions, the present dissertation intends to verify the process and function of this strategy in some short narratives by Moacyr Scliar. In other words, our purpose is to understand how the enunciator from each of Scliar s ironic texts, in his own peculiar way, structures the constitutive aspects of irony, in order to tacitly question the reification of the human relations, carried out by the contemporary capitalist society. In this structural organization it is noteworthy that the enunciator s indirect questioning rises from the confrontation it promotes among his ideological point-of-view, the character s and the narrator s worldview. This confrontation allows the inference of the unveiled values that are, as a result, sneakily dethroned by the enunciator, which makes the enunciatee have a deeper reflection on the reason why these values are being questioned. / Visto a ironia ser uma estratégia lingüístico-discursiva que tem por fim desvelar a contradição dos seres e das situações por elas vividas e, por conseguinte, revelar uma argumentação indireta do enunciador frente a essas contradições, o presente trabalho tem por objetivo verificar o funcionamento e a função dessa estratégia em algumas das narrativas curtas de Moacyr Scliar, ou mais precisamente, o modo como o enunciador de cada um de seus textos irônicos estrutura peculiarmente os aspectos constitutivos da ironia a fim de questionar tacitamente a reificação das relações humanas levada a cabo pela sociedade capitalista contemporânea. Nessa organização estrutural, ressaltamos a importância desse questionamento indireto que o enunciador nos sinaliza a partir do embate que ele promove entre o seu ponto de vista ideológico e a visão de mundo das personagens e do narrador. Tal importância reside em que desse confronto é que inferimos os valores que são desvelados e, por extensão, destronados sorrateiramente por esse enunciador, fato este que acaba por fazer os enunciatários refletirem mais sobre o porquê tais valores estão sendo postos em xeque.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-03-15T19:46:38Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Tania Regina Exposito Ferreira.pdf: 689773 bytes, checksum: 2eb058002c5e281a1e1b95c2c4f1bf62 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-02-11 / Fundo Mackenzie de Pesquisa / Which is the Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva s secret? Poor man, migrant northeastern, born in Garanhuns, arrived the São Paulo and, as the majority of the migrant of this region, he had to fight for the survival, being successful each stage until obtaining the highest post in the national hierarchy, of president of the Republic of Brazil. His trajectory intrigues much people. His speaches always had dragged multitudes that believed and believe his speach. He was metallurgist, after that leader syndical pronouncing its speeches in the doors of the plants, was chosen president of the Party of the Workers, elect representative for the people and it the position highest of this country. It intends this research, supported in the analysis of the discursive process and in the literal production, to point the contradictions at two different moments of the speeches of Squid. It has as analysis object two interviews given for it, the first one when Squid, while leader syndicalist, is interviewed by Milton Neves regarding impeachment of then president Fernando Collor de Mello; second, when Squid, already in the presidency, is interviewed in the National Periodical of the Globe in face of the irregularities, committed in its government, that could induce to a probable order of impeachment to its mandate. Under the perspective of the Analysis of Speech of French line, the lexicon, the distinct conditions of production of the speech, formations ideological and discursive and estimated and implied or said and not-said, that they will allow to perceive the two different enunciators, disclosing two discursives processes will be examined, discoursing on the same subject. For in such a way they will serve of support the studies of: Brandão (2004), Orlandi (2005) and Osakabe (1979), these that will guide the search of other bibliographical references. / Qual seria o segredo de Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva? Homem pobre, migrante nordestino, nascido em Garanhuns, chegou a São Paulo e, como a maioria dos migrantes desta região, teve que lutar pela sobrevivência, vencendo cada etapa até conseguir o mais alto posto na hierarquia nacional, o de presidente da República do Brasil. Sua trajetória intriga muita gente. Seus discursos sempre arrastaram multidões que acreditavam e acreditam na sua fala . Foi metalúrgico e, posteriormente, líder sindical, proferindo seus discursos nas portas das fábricas, foi escolhido presidente do Partido dos Trabalhadores, eleito deputado Federal pelo povo e alçou-se ao cargo mais alto deste país. Pretende esta pesquisa, apoiada na análise do processo discursivo e na produção textual, analisar o processo discursivo do presidente Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva, a partir de entrevistas a alguns jornalistas. Tem como objeto de análise duas entrevistas dadas por ele, na primeira, Lula, líder sindicalista, é entrevistado por Milton Neves a respeito do impeachment do então presidente Fernando Collor de Mello; na segunda, já na presidência, Lula é entrevistado pelo Jornal Nacional da Rede Globo em face das irregularidades cometidas no seu governo, que poderiam induzir a um provável pedido de impeachment ao seu mandato. Sob a perspectiva da Análise de Discurso de linha francesa, serão identificadas as condições de produção do discurso, as formações ideológica e discursiva e os pressupostos e subentendidos, ou o dito e o não-dito, que permitirão perceber dois diferentes enunciadores, revelando dois processos discursivos distintos, discorrendo sobre o mesmo assunto. Para tanto, servirão de apoio os estudos de: Brandão (2004), Orlandi (2005) e Osakabe (1979), que nortearão a busca de outras referências bibliográficas.