In recent years, a new objection has been raised more often in criminal matters, namely the objection of the accused that the act has been committed in a somnambulate state, when he or she was sleepwalking. The so-called sleepdefence entails a number of interesting issues in criminal law, but also in the merging of law and neurology. Sleep and consciousness are neurological concepts that consist of grayscales; sleep has four stages of Non Rapid Eye Movementsleep (NREM), followed by Rapid Eye Movement-sleep (REM), and a person's consciousness is established in neurology using an eight-step method. Nevertheless, the law seems to have a black and white idea of sleep and consciousness as a being, or non-being, and a person’s consciousness is assumed without further examination when examining criminal liability. In order for a person to be held criminally responsible, both the objective and subjective crime prerequisites must be met. In accordance with the objective prerequisites, the person must have, 1) performed an act that meets the prerequisites of a criminal offense, and 2) that was not justifiable. In accordance with the subjective prerequisite, the accused must be attributed personal responsibility for the act. People considered to have acted in a somnambulate state are free of liability. But on what grounds are they free of liability? Previously, movements undertaken while sleeping were not considered acts at all, since they lacked underlying will, thus generating a deficiency in the objective prerequisites. However, in the studied case material and doctrine, it seems that movements while sleepwalking are treated as a lack of criminal intent, thus excluding responsibility within the context of subjective prerequisites. Probably this confusion arises as a result of the strong presumption that body movements are the same as actions, and partly that the mental states "conscious" and "aware" are considered the same. The author argues that sleepwalking is a state in which the person lacks consciousness, and movements undertaken in this state should not be considered acts. This type of indictment also involves some procedural considerations, in which the accused must make the episode of somnambulism likely, and the prosecutor has to disprove it. Evidence in these cases often includes expert reports from different sleep researchers. A few sleep researchers are prominent and have established a practice on how to investigate the probability of somnambulism. The risk of this practice, however, is that it consists of a checklist that does not always provide room for different experiences of somnambulism. It is likely that the trial, which by its nature must remain a grayscale, will be characterized by the black and white approach of the law.

Syfte: Runt om i Sveriges 290 kommuner jobbar byggnadsinspektörer med att tillämpa Plan- och bygglagen (PBL). Inom lagstiftningen förekommer begreppet sakkunniga, där man i lagändringen 2011 införde krav på certifiering. Majoriteten av alla certifieringsområden för sakkunniga som skulle ha införts uteblev och i nuläget saknas möjlighet att tillämpa lagen som den var menad. Studien undersöker därför hur byggnadsinspektörerna hanterar avsaknaden av certifieringsområden och personer utan certifiering. Målet med studien är att utreda hur kommunernas byggnadsinspektörer skapar mening till tolkningen av begreppet sakkunnig och hur det används vid tillämpningen av Plan- och bygglagen. Metod: Studien har följt en kvalitativ metod i form av intervjuer med nio byggnadsinspektörer i sex olika kommuner. Intervjuerna är konfidentiella. Till metoderna hör också en inledande litteraturstudie. Intervjusvaren har antecknats, generaliserats och jämförts genom metoden komparation. Resultat: I samtliga kommuner förekommer det en blandning av certifierade sakkunniga och de som saknar certifiering. Alla byggnadsinspektörer tolkar begreppet sakkunnig som en certifierad person, men vissa avviker ibland från att använda certifierade personer. Det som påverkar byggnadsinspektörernas tolkning av begreppet sakkunnig är främst det sociala arbetsklimatet och de kollegor som man har. Det kan konstateras att hanteringen är en spegling av inspektörernas meningsskapande och att de flesta kommuner hanterar avsaknaden av certifierade personer genom att se det rimliga i situationen. Konsekvenser: Den problematik som studien framställer besannades via intervjuerna med byggnadsinspektörerna. PBL tillämpas inte som den ska med certifierade sakkunniga, då det saknas föreskrifter för flera områden samt att det saknas certifierade personer i vissa kommuner. Inspektörerna upplever dock inte något större problem med hanteringen, eftersom de täcker upp lagens brister och avsaknad av certifieringsområden genom att tillämpa den äldre plan- och bygglagen (ÄPBL), och gör egna bedömningar. Inspektörerna hanterar det på ett pragmatiskt och rimligt sätt snarare än lagmässigt korrekt. Begränsningar: Studien begränsas till att undersöka sakkunniga inom ramen för PBL. Eftersom certifierade kontrollansvariga har en annorlunda roll jämfört med andra sakkunniga behandlas de inte i denna studie. / Purpose: Throughout the 290 municipalities in Sweden, building inspectors work with applying the Planning and Building Act (PBL).  Within the legislation the term “expert” (in Swedish “sakkunnig”) is present, where the amendment in the law 2011 introduced a requirement for certification. The majority of all certification areas for experts that should have been introduced were left out and at present there is no possibility of applying the law as it was intended. The study therefore investigates how the building inspectors handle the absence of certification areas and persons without certifications. The aim of the study is to investigate how the municipalities building inspectors make sense of the interpretation of the term expert and how it is used in the application of the Planning and Building Act. Method: The study has been following a qualitative method in the form of interviews with nine building inspectors in six different municipalities. The interviews are confidential. The method also includes an initial literature study. The interview answers has been noted, generalized and compared by the method of comparison. Findings: In all the municipalities there is a mixture of certified experts and those who lack certification. All the building inspectors interpret the term expert as a certified person, but sometimes they deviate from using certified persons. The influence on building inspectors’ interpretation of the term expert is foremost the social work environment and the colleagues that one has. It can be stated that the handling is a reflection of the building inspectors’ sensemaking and that most municipalities handle the absence of certified persons by looking at the reasonableness in the situation. Implications: The problem that the study describes has come true through interviews with the building inspectors. PBL is not applied as it should be with certified experts, because there is a lack of regulations for more areas and a lack of certified persons in some municipalities. The building inspectors however do not experience a major problem with the handling because they cover the laws deficiencies and lack of certification areas by applying the older Planning and Building Act (ÄPBL), and making their own assessments. The inspectors handle it in a pragmatic and reasonable manner rather than legally correct. Limitations: The study is limited to investigate experts within the framework of PBL. Because certified persons in charge of inspections have a different role compared to other experts, they are not included in this study.

The ability to ordain experts, to assist surveyors in a specific issue, during the cadastral procedure has been regulated in the Swedish law since 1928. Due to this ordination of experts, the surveyors are to guarantee an adequate investigation, even in the parts of the procedure where the authority lacks knowledge. The role of experts in cadastral procedures has not previously been examined. The objective of this master thesis is to examine how often experts are ordinated, what type of experts that is needed within the investigations of cadastral procedures and how the ordination has been made. Cadastral documents have been investigated in order to be able to answer these questions and a couple of surveyors were also interviewed. All cadastral procedures, which where registered in 2013, have been part of the study. The cadastral documents have been examined for each county and a total of 16,279 documents were studied. Among these, 82 cadastral procedures in which an expert was ordinated, was found. This concludes that the ordination of experts within cadastral procedures in Sweden is a rare phenomenon. The authority itself therefore possesses a great skill. The conducted study of the 82 cadastral documents, show that the majority of the ordinated experts possessed skills within the field of valuation. How they were ordinated differs slightly within the study. It might therefore be of interest to discuss this issue within the authority to develop a more uniform approach. The past years, a number of experts within valuation have gathered within the Swedish surveying organization. The idea of this group is to implement their work as valuers and to help their colleagues with difficult valuations, in cases where they otherwise might have ordained an external expert. The general consensus, since this group was established, is that the ordination of experts, within cadastral procedures, has declined. / Möjligheten att förordna en sakkunnig att delta vid en lantmäteriförrättning, för att bistå förrättningslantmätaren i en specifik fråga, har funnits reglerat i svensk lag sedan jorddelningslagen trädde i kraft 1928. Genom att förordna en sakkunnig kan man säkerställa att en fullgod utredning genomförs, även gällande de delar där lantmäterimyndigheten själv saknar den krävda kompetensen. Området kring förordnande av sakkunniga vid lantmäteriförrättningar har tidigare inte undersökts. Syftet med detta examensarbete har därför varit att undersöka hur ofta sakkunniga förordnas, vilka typer av sakkunniga som förordnats men även hur förordnandet skett. Inom ramen av detta arbete har en genomgående aktundersökning samt en översiktlig intervjuundersökning genomförts. Samtliga lantmäteriförrättningar, som registrerades i lantmäteriets digitala arkiv Arken under 2013 har studerats. Akterna undersöktes län för län och totalt studerades 16 279 förrättningsakter. Bland dessa påträffades 82 lantmäteriförrättningar i vilka en sakkunnig blivit förordnad. Utifrån detta kan man dra slutsatsen att förordnande av sakkunnig förekommer sällan och att lantmäterimyndigheten själva förfogar över en stor kompetens. De 82 förrättningsakterna där en sakkunnig förordnats undersöktes mer ingående i en kvalitativ undersökning. Resultatet från denna undersökning har visat att de som förordnats som sakkunniga i majoriteten av förrättningarna varit experter inom värdering. Hur förordnandet av sakkunnig skett, rent formellt, skiljer sig en del mellan de studerade förrättningarna. Det kan därför vara av intresse att diskutera denna fråga inom myndigheten för att utforma ett mer enhetligt arbetssätt. Bland de intervjuade förrättningslantmätarna fanns den motstridiga uppfattningen att ett enhetligt system redan tillämpas. Under de senaste åren har ett antal värderingsexperter samlats inom lantmäteriorganisationen. Tanken med denna grupp är att de ska genomföra komplicerade värderingar åt sina kollegor i förrättningar där en sakkunnig annars skulle förordnats. Den allmänna uppfattningen är att förordnande av sakkunnig har minskat sedan denna grupp inrättades.