Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:30:22Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2007-02-23Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T19:00:20Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 rodrigues_mg_me_mar.pdf: 873360 bytes, checksum: 5cb646524d6087c9105390da133dde59 (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / O objetivo desta Dissertação é analisar, ao longo das obras do jovem Sartre até a publicação de L’être et le néant (1943), a gênese e o desenvolvimento das noções de “consciência” e “má-fé”, desde suas conotações psicológicas, passando pela psicanálise e chegando à ontologia, onde a trajetória de Sartre nos encaminha a uma reflexão ética. / The objective of this Dissertation is to analyze, throughout the works of young Sartre to the publication of L’être et le néant (1943), the genesis and the development of the concept of conscience and bad-faith, from its psychological meanings, going through the psychoanalysis and arriving at the ontology, where the path of Sartre directs us to an ethical reflection.

Dissertação (mestrado)—Universidade de Brasília, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Filosofia, 2012. / Submitted by Alaíde Gonçalves dos Santos (alaide@unb.br) on 2012-10-22T09:50:59Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2012_MiguelMendoncadeAlvarenga.pdf: 1452537 bytes, checksum: 0f24c7c7bababa4f616bcd5db9cf3357 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Guimaraes Jacqueline(jacqueline.guimaraes@bce.unb.br) on 2012-10-22T13:28:25Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 2012_MiguelMendoncadeAlvarenga.pdf: 1452537 bytes, checksum: 0f24c7c7bababa4f616bcd5db9cf3357 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2012-10-22T13:28:25Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2012_MiguelMendoncadeAlvarenga.pdf: 1452537 bytes, checksum: 0f24c7c7bababa4f616bcd5db9cf3357 (MD5) / Neste trabalho, pretendo contextualizar o livro Os Comunistas e a Paz, de Jean-Paul Sartre, que não possui nenhuma tradução no Brasil. Foi escrito em 1952, como uma coletânea de artigos do autor para a célebre revista que passou a dirigir após a Liberação: Les temps modernes. É um livro importante, pois marca o início do engajamento sartriano na causa comunista e a ruptura com Merleau-Ponty, que via, no livro, uma traição ao ideal de uma esquerda independente do Partido Comunista Francês. Para tanto, reconstituirei o fundo de cultura que animava a esquerda francesa na primeira metade do século XX, naquilo que Lottman denominou “Rive Gauche”, ou margem esquerda. O conjunto dos escritores, artistas e políticos em Paris, de 1930 a 1950. Depois, discutirei um pouco a filosofia de Sartre em sua dimensão existencialista, dialética, comunista; finalmente, discutirei, brevemente, o cerne ou a essência da crítica dirigida por Merleau-Ponty, bem como as cartas que levaram à ruptura entre os dois, até então, amigos próximos. No primeiro capítulo, é abordado o período e o processo de formação do comunismo francês, da Revolução Russa à guerra, e todo o contexto subseqüente, da Guerra Fria, que engendrou a indignação de Sartre, quando da prisão de Duclos e a redação do livro. No segundo capítulo, introduzo alguns elementos da filosofia de Sartre e, no terceiro, a crítica que Merleau-Ponty faz ao autor, crítica que passa a se delinear mais claramente em seu pensamento a partir da redação do livro em tela. Aí (neste capítulo), são apresentadas as divergências dos autores no que concerne a questões ontológicas de implicação política, à noção de engajamento (central na filosofia dos dois) e podem-se vislumbrar as conseqüências, para a filosofia contemporânea francesa do livro traduzido. _______________________________________________________________________________________ ABSTRACT / In this work, I contextualize the book The Communists and Peace, by Jean-Paul Sartre, which has no translation in Brazil. It was written in 1952 as a collection of articles by the author for the famous magazine he directed after the Liberation, Les Temps Modernes. It is an important book because it marks the beginning of Sartrean engagement in the communist cause and the break with Merleau-Ponty, who saw in the book a betrayal of the ideal of an independent left from the French Communist Party. To this end, I will try to reconstruct the culture that animated the French left in the first half of the twentieth century, what Lottman called "Rive Gauche", or the left margin. The group of writers, artists and politicians in Paris, from 1930 to 1950. Then I discuss some of Sartre's philosophy in its existential, dialectical, communist dimensions, and finally I discuss briefly the core or essence of the criticism directed by Merleau-Ponty, as well as the letters that led to the rupture between both, even then close friends. The first chapter addresses French Communism´s process of formation, from Russian Revolution to the Second World War, and all the subsequent context of Cold War, which has brought the wrath of Sartre and the writing of the book in reason of the arrest of Duclos. In the second chapter, I introduce some elements of Sartre´s philosophy, and in the third, the criticism that Merleau-Ponty directed to the author, a criticism that became clearer in his mind from the writing of the book on screen. Then (this chapter) presents differences of the authors regarding ontological questions of political implication, the notion of engagement (central for both). In this chapter might be foreseen the consequences for contemporary French philosophy of the book translated.

Tesis para optar al grado de Magíster en Literatura

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Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-27T17:27:33Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Frederico Moreira Guimaraes.pdf: 665143 bytes, checksum: 2230f7ab02d9b7faf62c27a5445bc63e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-06-14 / This paper consists in analyse the conception of literature expressed in What is the Literature?, trying to elucidate what Sartre understands by engaged literature. This paper intends to show that the position of the author is linked in his biggest philosophical project, which means, the human s comprehension in the world from his condition as existent, whose unique basis is the freedom. Having its origin and ending in freedom, the literature runs towards the neighbor in which he belongs as human, his own freedom, and it is completed in a dialetic exercise of gratuities the reading. In this meaning, the mainly function of the engaged literature is to make it a mirror of the society itself in order to do men become conscious of themselves and of the reality and take their own decisions. The engaged literature, nevertheless, cannot be comprehended as an ideological pamphleteering, but as an action of the writer compromised to freedom and to his time / O presente trabalho consiste em analisar a concepção de literatura expressa em Que é a Literatura?, procurando elucidar o que Sartre entende por literatura engajada. Pretende-se mostrar que a posição do autor está ancorada em seu projeto filosófico maior, a saber, a compreensão do homem no mundo a partir de sua condição como existente, cujo fundamento único é a liberdade. Tendo sua origem e fim na liberdade, a literatura se dirige ao próximo naquilo que ele possui de mais humano, a sua própria liberdade, e se efetiva num exercício dialético de gratuidades a leitura. Nesse sentido, a principal função da literatura engajada é a de fazer-se espelho da sociedade para si mesma, a fim de que os homens possam tomar consciência de si próprios e da realidade e fazerem suas próprias escolhas. A literatura engajada, portanto, não pode ser compreendida como uma panfletagem ideológica, mas como uma ação do escritor comprometido com a liberdade e com o seu tempo

The thesis argues that for Jean-Paul Sartre and Martin Heidegger, the free will debate has been rendered intractable by a fundamental misunderstanding of the terms involved. This is exacerbated by a failure to identify and adopt an appropriate methodological approach to the problem. Both philosophers argue that this error in the free will debate is symptomatic of a broader misunderstanding of philosophical enquiry and the method it necessitates. For Heidegger, the entire history of ‘analytic/western' ontology has been fatally misconceived as a result of an effort to define the being of entities in static terms. The insistence on the question of what a being ‘is' obstructs any meaningful enquiry by conceding its existence at the outset of the investigation. Sartre's project is founded on Heidegger's argument, pushing it into a definitive claim about the nature of consciousness. He argues that as the only being for whom ‘meaning' is possible, consciousness is distanced from beings by ‘nothingness' which ensures its ontological freedom. The thesis will argue that Sartre has misconstrued Heidegger's work, making comprehension of his freedom all the more complicated. We propose that a thorough investigation of their projects will reveal an account of ontological freedom that does not suffer from the shortcomings of existentialism whilst avoiding the methodological missteps of the traditional discourse.

The thesis: "The easiest thing of all is to pass judgement on what has a solid substantial content; it is more difficult to grasp it and most of all difficult to do both together and produce the systematic exposition of it". (Hegel). Since at least 1960 there has been a considerable amount of critical attention paid to Beckett. Besides articles, reviews, chapters and paragraphs, by 1979 more, than sixty books had been published devoted exclusively to him. A lot of this critical work has been of the highest standard and certainly it is hard to imagine how a serious appreciation of Beckett could survive without it. But it is my opinion that at the heart of his writing there is an inescapable mass of involvement with the fundamental issues of existence that has yet to be dealt with adequately. In this thesis I intend to attack this central core of Beckett's work by associating it with the discipline which, by definition, operates in the same area - philosophy. This will provide a new "reading" of Beckett and at the same time show how far philosophical analogy can illuminate a writer.

¿Qué es lo que sucede cuando deseamos? ¿Cuál es nuestra relación con el objeto deseado o la persona deseada?, y, ¿qué sucede con nosotros cuando deseamos algo? ¿Qué es el deseo? Para responder estas preguntas, la presente tesis abarca el tema del deseo utilizando como texto base El ser y la nada de Jean-Paul Sartre. La hipótesis que se sustenta, a partir de este texto, es la de que el hombre es fundamentalmente deseo y que este deseo es principalmente deseo-de-ser. Con tal fin se han dispuesto tres capítulos: El primer capítulo está dedicado a indagar lo dicho por Sartre acerca de la conciencia (Parasí), en cuya constitución se da razón de la existencia del deseo y de por qué el hombre es fundamentalmente deseo. El segundo capítulo está destinado a analizar la relación que existe en la conciencia (Parasí) y las cosas (En-sí). Esta relación constituye una de las maneras en la que el hombre intenta fundar su ser; así, se indaga el modo en el que el hombre toma posesión de las cosas con el objetivo nunca alcanzado de hacer pleno su ser. El tercer y último capítulo está dedicado al intrincado vínculo que existe entre un Para-sí y sus prójimos. En esta ocasión también se ve las formas en las que una persona intenta apropiarse de otras, sin nunca lograrlo. En conclusión, el hombre es fundamentalmente deseo-de-ser, una búsqueda perpetua de ser causa de sí como un En-sí autofundado, síntesis que nunca ha ocurrido pero que siempre es indicada y nunca realizable. / Tesis

This thesis defends an ontological and epistemological account of Michel Foucault's post-structuralist philosophy, to argue that political philosophy needs to take into account the historical and political contingency of subjectivity and discourse. I show that by addressing the historical and political contingency of knowledge, Foucault's work overcomes the flaw of foundational epistemology in political philosophy, which treats true discourse as universal and disinterested. In doing so I hope to have to refuted the mainly positivistic and humanist schools of thought that lay claim to universal and foundationalist notions, by demonstrating the extent to which their misgivings about Foucault's work are informed by and founded upon an unjustified a-historicism. The thesis is composed of three chapters, the first of which deals with an ontology of the subject, the second, with an ontology of social relations, and the last with epistemology. In each chapter I use dialectical analysis to reveal how interests necessarily mediate subjectivity, social relations, and knowledge. The first two chapters defend Foucault's conception of power, by way of an analysis of the relations between Foucault's work and Sartre's existential phenomenology. I show how both Foucault and Sartre successfully address the problem of historicism for political philosophy with their respective conceptions of human freedom. The final chapter defends Foucault's conception of the relations between power and discourse, to show how it overcomes the a-historicism of universal, foundational epistemology. These three chapters demonstrate the importance of accounting for historicism in political philosophy. Claims to universal interest, because knowledge is conditioned by conflicts of interest, often mask political domination. It is important, then, to remember, in political philosophy, that knowledge is evaluative and interested, reflecting historically and politically mediated evaluations. One should be suspicious of ' natural facts' , used to justify actions or beliefs, thereby masking the choices that inform them. I have used the work of Michel Foucault to motivate this claim.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-02T20:13:12Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 3864.pdf: 777082 bytes, checksum: 02f75474e87b44182f4f499c92b97d22 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-03-17 / Financiadora de Estudos e Projetos / Important philosopher and researcher of the twentieth century, Henri Bergson has gained prominence not only for his detailed analysis of consciousness and for the new meaning given to already established philosophical terms, but also for his addressing of the notion of duration, which is present in his major works and is the basis many for many of his conceptions. Bergson's philosophical writings have earned him much admiration and, at the same time, many critcisms, which, as they raise questions concerning fundamental points of the bergsonian philosophy, allow discussions that result in several studies. Among the most prominent criticisms, some are concentrated in the text of the philosopher Jean-Paul Sartre, entitled The Imagination, which addresses important aspects of the work Matter and memory. However, Sartre s criticisms seem to address Bergson s arguments in an one-sided way. Given this, our objective is to analyze the bergsonian reflections presented in Matter and memory trying to show that Sartre's positions regarding to Bergson were taken in a superficial way, which leads us to assert that Bergson's philosophy has not, as claimed by the author of The imagination, failed in his conceptions. For that, we will emphasize two fundamental notions present in Matter and memory, which were widely criticized by Sartre, namely the notions of perception and consciousness, as well as the conclusions presented in the finalization of the work about the dualism of body and spirit. / Importante filósofo e pesquisador do século XX, Henri Bergson ganhou destaque não apenas por suas análises minuciosas da consciência e pelo novo sentido concedido a termos filosóficos já consagrados, mas também pela abordagem da noção de duração presente em suas principais obras, a qual é a base de muitas de suas concepções. Os escritos filosóficos de Bergson lhe renderam muita admiração e, ao mesmo tempo, muitas críticas, as quais, ao levantarem questões acerca de pontos fundamentais da filosofia bergsoniana, permitem debates que resultam em diversas pesquisas. Dentre as críticas mais destacadas, algumas se concentram no texto do filósofo Jean-Paul Sartre, intitulado A imaginação, que aborda aspectos importantes da obra Matéria e memória. Entretanto, as críticas de Sartre parecem abordar de forma parcial das argumentações de Bergson. Diante disso, nosso objetivo é fazer uma análise das reflexões bergsonianas apresentadas em Matéria e memória buscando mostrar que as posições de Sartre em relação a Bergson foram assumidas de forma superficial, o que nos leva a afirmar que a filosofia bergsoniana não malogrou em suas concepções, tal como afirma o autor de A imaginação. Para tanto, procuraremos enfatizar as duas noções fundamentais presentes em Matéria e memória e que foram amplamente criticadas por Sartre, a saber, a de percepção e a de consciência, assim como as conclusões presentes na finalização da obra acerca do dualismo corpo e espírito.