The essay at hand is a New Historicist reading of C. S. Lewis’ dystopian fantasy novel That Hideous Strength. According to New Historicist theory it is informed by many disciplines, namely, philosophy, history, literary theory, theology, social science, and psychology, and it attempts to lessen injustices of race and class. The essay examines how satire operates in the novel, focusing on its societal targets: totalitarianism, laboratory animals, and education. Lewis’ philosophical idea expressed in his “The Abolition of Man” – that a society that averts from what he calls universal, timeless, objective values will eventually lead to a loss of that which is truly humane – is a main theme of the novel as well as for this essay. Another, complementary, main theme is that a cultivation of the heart is necessary for individuals of society since childhood if society is going to stay humane.

This dissertation examines early modern literary engagements with the rhetorical and ethical dimensions of law reform. One of the most important mechanisms of social regulation in late-Elizabethan and early-Jacobean England, law reform was a matter of, first, the “perfection” of the organization and expression of existing laws, legal instruments, and legal processes. However counter-intuitively, these officially-sponsored reforms were calculated to prevent more radical innovations that would generate “inconveniences,” systemic contradictions and uncertainties that threatened the law’s ability to produce just results. Second, law reformers generated a discourse on “execution” that targeted the character of legal representatives. This tradition of character criticism, delivered directly from the Lord Keeper’s mouth or circulated through other legal-political, literary, theatrical, didactic, and religious works, encouraged officers’ conscientious execution of their duties and alerted the English public to the signs of the abuse of authority. Law reform created a distinct critical orientation toward legal and governing activities that was reproduced throughout a system of justice in which an extraordinary number of subjects participated. It was a critical orientation, moreover, that was refracted in literature sensitive to the implications of the socio-political dominance of legal language, traditions, and officers. The principles and practices of law reform—along with the conflicts and anxieties that inspired and sprang from them—were appropriated by amateur and professional writers alike. Close readings reveal that Inns-of-Court revellers, Francis Bacon, John Donne and Shakespeare all engaged deeply with the potential, as well as the ethical and practical limitations, of law reform’s central role in local and national governance. In the Gesta Grayorum and Donne’s “Satyre V,” the reveller and the satiric speaker improvise on legal forms to compensate for the law’s imperfections that threaten the security and prosperity of the English subject. In Shakespeare’s Measure for Measure and The Winter’s Tale, the character of the legal-political officer and reformer is tested as he attempts to put policies and principles into practice.

This dissertation examines early modern literary engagements with the rhetorical and ethical dimensions of law reform. One of the most important mechanisms of social regulation in late-Elizabethan and early-Jacobean England, law reform was a matter of, first, the “perfection” of the organization and expression of existing laws, legal instruments, and legal processes. However counter-intuitively, these officially-sponsored reforms were calculated to prevent more radical innovations that would generate “inconveniences,” systemic contradictions and uncertainties that threatened the law’s ability to produce just results. Second, law reformers generated a discourse on “execution” that targeted the character of legal representatives. This tradition of character criticism, delivered directly from the Lord Keeper’s mouth or circulated through other legal-political, literary, theatrical, didactic, and religious works, encouraged officers’ conscientious execution of their duties and alerted the English public to the signs of the abuse of authority. Law reform created a distinct critical orientation toward legal and governing activities that was reproduced throughout a system of justice in which an extraordinary number of subjects participated. It was a critical orientation, moreover, that was refracted in literature sensitive to the implications of the socio-political dominance of legal language, traditions, and officers. The principles and practices of law reform—along with the conflicts and anxieties that inspired and sprang from them—were appropriated by amateur and professional writers alike. Close readings reveal that Inns-of-Court revellers, Francis Bacon, John Donne and Shakespeare all engaged deeply with the potential, as well as the ethical and practical limitations, of law reform’s central role in local and national governance. In the Gesta Grayorum and Donne’s “Satyre V,” the reveller and the satiric speaker improvise on legal forms to compensate for the law’s imperfections that threaten the security and prosperity of the English subject. In Shakespeare’s Measure for Measure and The Winter’s Tale, the character of the legal-political officer and reformer is tested as he attempts to put policies and principles into practice.

Texte remanié de: Thèse de doctorat--Lettres, sciences sociales et humaines--Paris 7, 2004. / Bibliogr. p. 271-301. Index.

This dissertation investigates the balance of power theory of international relations in the works of Jonathan Swift and his mentor Sir William Temple. Both Temple and Swift are known to have championed balance-of-power foreign policy, yet no sustained study of the subject exists. To begin, I argue that Temple used balance as a metaphor for division or separation. His policy of preserving the “Balance of Christendom” translates to sowing division among European states, and for the same reason he rejects balance of power at home. Proceeding to Swift, while commentators have long known that he advocated the classical theory of constitutional balance, they have neglected his engagement with international balance. Swift assimilates Temple’s positions into a universal theory based on classical authors; he sees balance of power as an element in the broader quarrel of ancients and moderns. The ancient view posits an independent agent who operates within the constraints of a system; the modern, by contrast, either exaggerates agency to the point of divine-right absolutism or minimizes it to the extent that only an impersonal, clockwork-like system remains. In both cases, the moderns pursue material power at each other’s expense, neglecting the intangible benefits of due separation. This theory has important ramifications for Swift’s international writings. For years scholars have emphasized Swift’s conspiracy theorizing in the Conduct of the Allies, but I argue that he discredits the Whig war cry of “Balance of Europe,” which sought military power (the balance of forces) as an end in itself, and reasserts balance as a policy of slicing Europe into as many separate kingdoms as possible. Ultimately, however, Swift’s most lasting contribution appears in Gulliver’s Travels. Here he depicts maritime power as the quintessential means by which moderns pursue absolute power, and intimates a political “Balance of Earth” as a satirical correction. This study, the first to focus on the international dimension of Swift’s political theory, offers a corrective to literary studies that favor domestic politics and yields insights into the evolution of balance-of-power theory and the intersection of culture and foreign policy at the dawn of the British empire. / text

Cette thèse étudie la représentation de la machine chez Robida. La partie centrale de notre recherche s’intéresse à révéler ses significations et interroge sa mise en scène littéraire et visuelle dans chacun des romans de la trilogie d’anticipation scientifique la plus connue de l’auteur-illustrateur. La quête se transforme en un voyage continu entre le lisible et le visible, le dit et le non-dit, la description littéraire et l’imagination, la réalité et la fiction. Nous nous intéressons à l’évolution de la vision de Robida : dans Le Vingtième siècle, l’image de la machine bienfaisante, facilitant la vie de l’homme, économisant du temps et de l’argent, et contribuant largement à son bonheur et à son divertissement, à part quelques accidents très limités, se traduit par une complémentarité avantageuse entre le texte d’une part et les vignettes, les tableaux et les hors-textes se trouvant dans le récit, d’autre part. Celle-ci se transforme, dans La Guerre au vingtième siècle, en une inquiétude vis-à-vis de l’instrumentalisation de la machine pour la guerre, qui s’exprime par une projection de la narration vers l’illustration in-texte, et sensibilise le lecteur en montrant le caractère violent et offensif d’appareils uniquement nommés. Celle-ci devient finalement, dans La Vie électrique, synonyme d’un pessimisme total quant à l’implication de la machine dans la société et à la puissance du savoir scientifique dans l’avenir, qui s’affiche dans des hors-textes sombres et maussades. Dans ce cadre, la machine illustrée exige une lecture iconotextuelle, une importance accordée au détail, aux éléments présents ou absents, aux modalités de passage d’un mode de présentation à l’autre, à la place anticipée ou tardive de l’illustration, au rapport entre le texte, le dessin et sa légende, aux mots qui migrent vers le dessin et surtout au reste du décor incomplet. Chez Robida, les louanges qui passent à la critique et l’humour qui se fait cynisme, sont assez représentatifs des espoirs et des craintes suscités par la découverte et la mise en application de l’électricité, par ses vertus, mais aussi par son aspect incontrôlable. / This thesis focuses on the presentation of the machine by Robida. The major part of our research aims to reveal its meanings and examines its literary and visual settlement in each novel in the most popular trilogy of scientific anticipation made by the author. The search has the aspect of a continuous travel between what is read and what is seen, the said and the unsaid, the literary description and the imagination, the reality and the fiction. We will be mainly interested by the evolution of Albert Robida’s vision: in Le Vingtième siècle, the image of a beneficial machine, simplifying every day’s life, saving time and money and largely contributing to the happiness and the entertainment of every man’s kind, except some occasional accidents, is reflected by a close and helpful connection between the text, the vignette and the inserts. This image is modified, in La Guerre au vingtième siècle, into an anxiety felt towards the use of the machine as a war weapon, and expressed in the transfer of the narration to the illustration in-texte, aiming to touch the reader and make him aware of the violent and brutal aspect of the machines that are only named. This image causes, in La Vie électrique, a serious pessimistic vision of the use of the machine in the society and the power of the scientific knowledge in the future which is displayed in dark and gloomy hors-texte. In this context, the illustrated machine requires a double reading, details oriented and interested in the presence and the absence of elements, in the transfer between the text and the illustration, in the anticipated or the belated picture, in the relationship between the text, the image and the caption, in the words that have been transferred to the image and mostly the rest of the incomplete picture. In Robida’s work, the praises that become a criticism and the satire being cynicism, are very representatives of the hopes and the fears created by the discovery and the application of the electricity, by its virtues, but also its uncontrollable aspect.

This thesis examines the changing relationships between television, politics, audiences and the public sphere. Premised on the notion that mediated politics is now understood “in new ways by new voices” (Jones, 2005: 4), and appropriating what McNair (2003) calls a “chaos theory” of journalism sociology, this thesis explores how two different contemporary Australian political television programs (Sunrise and The Chaser’s War on Everything) are viewed, understood, and used by audiences. In analysing these programs from textual, industry and audience perspectives, this thesis argues that journalism has been largely thought about in overly simplistic binary terms which have failed to reflect the reality of audiences’ news consumption patterns. The findings of this thesis suggest that both ‘soft’ infotainment (Sunrise) and ‘frivolous’ satire (The Chaser’s War on Everything) are used by audiences in intricate ways as sources of political information, and thus these TV programs (and those like them) should be seen as legitimate and valuable forms of public knowledge production. It therefore might be more worthwhile for scholars to think about, research and teach journalism in the plural: as a series of complementary or antagonistic journalisms, rather than as a single coherent entity.

The critical component of this thesis, “Hitler Comedy”, is a dissertation on the intersection between comedy theory in general, and the specific practice of Hitler comedy. Focusing on Bertolt Brecht’s play The Resistible Rise of Arturo Ui (1941; directed by Heiner Müller in 1995), and Dani Levy’s film Mein Führer: the Truly Truest Truth About Adolf Hitler (2007), my argument critiques existing “instrumentalist” theories of comedy as didactic and morally reductive. Moving beyond prevailing conceptualisations of comedy as corrective and/or forgiving, my dissertation emphasises the centrality of pleasure, displeasure and disruption for audience members in the process of their experiencing Hitler comedies. / The creative component of this thesis is a script and a DVD recording of Hitlerhoff, a theatre and multimedia work that combines the characters of Adolf Hitler and David Hasselhoff into a single hybrid figure. Hitlerhoff is a spectacular black comedy that uses comedy to entertain and unsettle, and to disrupt audience members’ expectations. Hitlerhoff is a practical demonstration of the ability of “irresponsible” comedy to act as a potent catalyst for “responsible”, ethically engaged discussions.

This thesis attempts to examine the birth and development of the pox metaphor in sixteenth-century English literature. In researching this literary history of a disease---of syphilis' life as an early modem metaphor---I have attempted to contextualize the pox metaphor's development within the social and economic constructs that led to the early modern conflation of excessive consumption with poxy corruption. This conflation freed the metaphor from the confines of discussion on disease and allowed early modern authors the freedom to apply pockifed tropes to describe various social ills and abuses. Initially these pox metaphors were restricted to sexualized subject matter such as inconstant women, but through the rise of satire, the metaphor became a means of describing London as rampant, diseased and corrupt. Finally, Shakespeare was able to take the pox and apply it to the economic sickness that was affecting England by inscribing appetites with consuming pox-inspired qualities that were, in effect, a commentary on the uncontrolled rise of the capitalist state and the dangers of desire.

Submitted by Maike Costa (maiksebas@gmail.com) on 2016-06-13T14:36:38Z No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivo total.pdf: 9616139 bytes, checksum: 78dd370f267ff790155f61da4c96766d (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-13T14:36:38Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivo total.pdf: 9616139 bytes, checksum: 78dd370f267ff790155f61da4c96766d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-12-15 / The presence of pornography in literature is considered as a category since the nineteenth century for its formal qualities which make it possible analysis that comprehend the intentionality of the insertion of pornographic text and/or its functionality in the literary genres. This second perspective makes it possible the study of the pornographic elements of satire that serves as an instrument for the critic to power. Supported by theoretical postulates of Hodgart (2010) and Frye (2014), according to which pornography serves as an instrument for the construction of satire, under the vision of the attack, we will analyze how pornography was taken as a satirical feature by the humorous and pornographic newspaper O Riso (1911-1912) in the Brazilian Belle Époque. To understand the production and circulation context of O Riso and how it incorporated pornography it is necessary to do a research by means of the methods proposed by Cultural History (CHARTIER, 1991 and 2007). According to Chartier, the history of reading and literature can only be made if the researcher take into account the practices and forms of reading, as well as ownership and representation of the discourse of a given time. We discuss here, more specifically, the pornographic and political discourses that constitute the newspaper O Riso in order to analyze the stress points and organization of those discourses in relation to the political critique restrained in the paper. We aim at understanding the pornographic discourse of the O Riso and its relation with the history of literature by means of the pornography and politics. We analyzed columns that deal with political and social issues as well as the pornographic novel “As Aventuras do Rei Pausolo” and other newspapers that had a direct dialogue with O Riso such as O Rio Nu (1898-1916), O Coió (1901-1902) and O Nabo (1900). The results of our analysis show that, by means of satire instruments and the different ways of appropriation of pornography, it is possible to see that the political criticism used pornography and, also, its inherent character that is the reader's excitement. The discourse that constitutes the newspaper O Riso it is not only the sexual one, but mainly its political positioning which was against the Republican government of Hermes da Fonseca. / La présence de la pornographie dans la littérature commence à être considérée comme catégorie à partir le XIXe siècle à travers ses qualités formelles, qui ont crée des possibilités d’analyse qui couvrent l’intentionnalité de l’insertion du texte pornographique et/ou sa fonctionnalité dans les genres littéraires. Cette seconde perspective possibilite l’étude des éléments pornographiques de la satire, qui servent d’instrument de critique au pouvoir. Basés sur des études théoriques de Hodgart (2010) et Frye (2014), selon lesquelles la pornographie joue le rôle d’instrument pour la construction de la satire, vue par le point de vue de l’attaque, nous voulons analyser comment la pornographie a été prise comme recours satirique par le journal humoristique et pornographique O Riso (1911-1912) à la Belle Époque brésilienne. Pour comprendre le contexte de production et circulation de O Riso et, par conséquent, comment celui-ci s’est approprié de la pornographie, il faut que nous réalisons une recherche par le biais des méthodes proposées par le domaine l’Histoire Culturelle (CHARTIER, 1991 et 2007), selon lequel l’histoire de la lecture et de la littérature ne se fait que si le chercheur prend en compte les pratiques et les modes de lecture, ainsi que l’appropriation et la représentation du discours d’une époque donnée. Notre discussion aborde, de façon plus spécifique, les discours pornografiques et politiques qui ont constitué le journal O Riso pour analyser les points de tension et d’organisation de ces discours en relation à la critique politique qui se présente dans le journal. Le but de notre recherche est de comprendre le discours pornografique dans le journal O Riso et sa relation avec l’histoire de la littérature à travers la pornographie et la politique. Notre corpus est composé par des colonnes qui traitaient des questions socio-politiques et le feuilleton pornographique «As aventuras do Rei Pausolo» présents dans O Riso, en outre, il y a d’autres journaux qui ont gardé un dialogue direct avec O Riso, tels que O Rio Nu (1898-1916), O Coió (1901-1902) et O Nabo(1900). Les résultats de notre analyse montrent que, à travers les instruments de satire et les différents moyens d’appropriations de la pornographie, c’est possible d’apercevoir que la pornographie était à service de la critique politique, en plus de son caractère inhérent qui c’est l’excitation du lecteur. En ce sens, le discours qui constitue le journal O Riso ce n’est pas seulement celui de la sexualité, mais (et principalement) celui du positionnement politique contraire au gouvernement républicain d’Hermes da Fonseca. / A presença da pornografia na literatura passa a ser considerada como categoria a partir do século XIX através de suas qualidades formais, que criam possibilidades de análise que abrangem a intencionalidade da inserção do texto pornográfico e/ou a sua funcionalidade nos gêneros literários. Esse segunda possibilidade dá margem ao estudo dos elementos pornográficos da sátira, que servem de instrumento de crítica ao poder. Amparados em postulados teóricos de Hodgart (2010) e Frye (2014), segundo os quais a pornografia serve se instrumento para construção da sátira, vista pela ótica do ataque, buscaremos analisar de que modo a pornografia foi tomada como recurso satírico pelo jornal humorístico e pornográfico O Riso (1911-1912) na Belle Époque brasileira. Para compreender o contexto de produção e circulação de O Riso e, consequentemente, como este se apropriou da pornografia, é necessário realizar uma investigação por meio dos métodos propostos pela História Cultural (CHARTIER, 1991 e 2007), segundo o qual a história da leitura e da literatura só se faz se o pesquisador levar em consideração as práticas e os modos de leitura, assim como a apropriação e a representação do discurso de uma dada época. Nossa discussão aborda, de modo mais específico, os discursos pornográficos e políticos que constituíram o jornal O Riso para analisar os pontos de tensão e organização destes discursos em relação à crítica política presente no impresso. O objetivo de nossa pesquisa é compreender o discurso pornográfico no jornal O Riso e a sua relação com a história da literatura por meio da pornografia e da política. Nosso corpus é formado por colunas que tratavam de questões político-sociais e o romance folhetim pornográfico “As Aventuras do Rei Pausolo” presentes n’O Riso, além de outros impressos que mantiveram um diálogo direto com o jornal, a saber: O Rio Nu (1898-1916), O Coió (1901-1902) e O Nabo (1900). Os resultados de nossa análise mostram que, através dos instrumentos da sátira e os diferentes modos de apropriação da pornografia, é possível perceber que a esta estava a serviço da crítica política, além do seu caráter inerente que é a excitação do leitor. Nesse sentido, o discurso que constitui o jornal O Riso não é apenas o da sexualidade, mas (e principalmente) o do posicionamento político contrário ao governo republicano de Hermes da Fonseca.