This thesis is focused on habitat preferences of carnivores in fragmented landscape. By using the scent station method, fine-scale utilization of forest-farm edges by mammalian predators in dependence on patch size was examined. Preferences for edge structures was detected and these structures were equally utilized by carnivores in large as well as in small forest fragments. This shows that edge effect was present in all fragments regardless the patch size.

As a result of increased terrorist activity around the world, the development of a canine training aid suitable for daily military operations is necessary to provide effective canine explosive detection. Since the use of sniffer dogs has proven to be a reliable resource for the rapid detection of explosive volatiles organic compounds, the present study evaluated the ability of the Human Scent Collection System (HSCS) device for the creation of training aids for plasticized / tagged explosives, nitroglycerin and TNT containing explosives, and smokeless powders for canine training purposes. Through canine field testing, it was demonstrated that volatiles dynamically collected from real explosive material provided a positive canine response showing the effectiveness of the HSCS in creating canine training aids that can be used immediately or up to several weeks (3) after collection under proper storage conditions. These reliable non-hazardous training aids allow its use in areas where real explosive material aids are not practical and/or available.

The thesis was conducted as the master thesis for a Master's in innovation and design. The aim of this thesis was to investigate in what ways scent can be used as an olfactory stimulation within exhibitions and to access the possible effects that occur from bridging historical contexts with scent within the exhibitions – as a tool for embodied storytelling. The olfactory study focuses on Leksmedjan Smetuna in Rademachersmedjorna, Eskilstuna. The thesis theoretical framework presents theories on sense of smell, museum experiences, storytelling, and embodied storytelling. A space analysis and a qualitative interview with a museum pedagogue at Västermanland´s county museum. An observational smellscape with different scented elements is conducted as well, with visiting children at Leksmedjan Smetuna in Rademachersmedjorna – where children get the chance to experience historical scents from the 17th century, through their sense of smell. This with the aim to visualize the physical-, emotional- and social effects that occur during children´s sensory museum experiences. The scented elements for the observational smellscapes were designed and produced during the thesis design process and are based on theoretical and empirical data collection. The results of the thesis bring forth important perspectives regarding children´s sensory museum experiences that incorporate scented elements. / Examensarbetet genomförs som ett examensarbete för en Master i innovation och design. Syftet med denna studie är att undersöka på vilka sätt doft kan användas som luktstimulering inom utställningar, samt att visualisera möjliga effekter som uppstår genom att överbrygga historiska sammanhang med hjälp av doft inom utställningar – som ett verktyg för embodied storytelling. Doftstudien fokuserar på Leksmedjan Smetuna i Rademachersmedjorna, Eskilstuna. Studiens teoretiska ramverk presenterar teorier om människans luktsinne, museiupplevelser, storytelling med en fördjupning av embodied storytelling. Studiens empiriska metodarbete utgörs av en rumsanalys och en kvalitativ intervju med en museipedagog på Västermanlands länsmuseum. Metodarbetet inkluderar även en observerande smellscapes med besökande barn på Leksmedjan Smetuna i Rademachersmedjorna, Eskilstuna – där barnen får chansen att uppleva historiska dofter från 1600-talet, genom sitt luktsinne. Detta i syfte att visualisera de fysiska-, emotionella- och sociala effekterna som uppstår under barns sensoriska museiupplevelser av studiens doftelement. Doftelementen som ingår i studiens observerade smellscapes, designades och producerades under studiens designprocess och baseras på den teoretisk och empirisk datainsamling. Studiens resultat lyfter fram viktiga perspektiv på barns sensoriska museiupplevelser som innehåller doftelement.

Anthropogenic provisioning of water (water developments) to enhance abundance and distribution of wildlife is a common management practice in arid regions where water is limiting. Despite the long-term and widespread use of water developments, little is known about how they influence distribution, competition dynamics, and behavior of native species. To elucidate the potential influences of water developments on native species, we tested hypotheses concerning the occurrence and behavior of native kit foxes (Vulpes macrotis). First, we tested the indirect effect of water hypothesis (IEWH) which proposes that water developments negatively affect the arid-adapted kit fox by enabling a water-dependent competitor (i.e., coyote; Canis latrans) to expand distribution in arid landscapes. We tested the two predictions of the IEWH (i.e., coyotes will visit areas with water more frequently and kit foxes will avoid coyotes) and evaluated relative use of water by canids in the Great Basin and Mojave Deserts from 2010 to 2012. We established scent stations in areas with (wet) and without (dry) water and monitored visitation by canids to scent stations and water sources using infrared-triggered cameras. There was no difference in the proportions of visits to scent stations in wet or dry areas by coyotes or kit foxes at either study area. There was no correlation between visits to scent stations by coyotes and kit foxes. Visitation to water sources was not different for coyotes between study areas, but kit foxes visited water sources more in Mojave than Great Basin. The intense visitation to water by kit foxes in Mojave challenges our understanding that this species does not readily drink water. Our results did not support the IEWH in the Great Basin or Mojave Deserts for these two canids. Second, we tested three hypotheses that have been proposed to explain spatial variation in vigilance behavior. The predator-vigilance hypothesis (PVH) proposes that prey increase vigilance where there is evidence of predators. The visibility-vigilance hypothesis (VVH) suggests that prey increase vigilance where detection of predators is impeded or visibility is obstructed. The refuge-vigilance hypothesis (RVH) proposes that prey may perceive areas with low visibility (greater cover) as refuges and decrease vigilance. We evaluated support for these hypotheses using the kit fox, a solitary carnivore subject to intraguild predation, as a model. From 2010 to 2012, we used infrared-triggered cameras to record video of kit fox behavior at water developments in the Mojave Desert. The RVH explained more variation in vigilance behavior of kit foxes than the other two hypotheses (AICc model weight = 0.37). Kit foxes were less vigilant at water developments with low overhead cover (refuge) obstructing visibility. Based on our results, the PVH and VVH may not be applicable to all species of prey. Solitary prey, unlike gregarious prey, may use areas with concealing cover to maximize resource acquisition and minimize vigilance.

No description available.

Inledning: En marknadsföringsstrategi som används i de fysiska dagligvaruhandelsbutikerna är sinnesmarknadsföring, men det finns för nuvarande kunskapsluckor vad det gäller att använda strategin vid e-handel. Syftet med studien är därav att få en djupare förståelse av hur svenska dagligvaruhandelsföretag arbetar med sinnesmarknadsföring vid e-handel och hur denna marknadsföringsstrategi påverkar kundens helhetsupplevelse.  Teori: Digitaliseringen har lett till att e-handeln fått stor betydelse. Det är därav avstor vikt att företagen genererar en positiv kundupplevelse, vilket förutsätter att förstå kundens beteende. Genom att använda sig av sinnesmarknadsföring stimuleras människans fem sinnen och det skapas möjligheter till att tillfredsställa samtliga kunder.  Metod: För att samla in teoretiskt och empiriskt material till denna kvalitativa studie har flera olika metoder använts i kombination. Semistrukturerade intervjuer med respondenter från ICA och Coop har exempelvis kombinerats med metoden “tänka högt” för att få med kundernas perspektiv.  Empiri: Respondenterna från ICA och Coop vill att det ska vara enkelt att navigera på deras e-handel, men kunderna i studien uppfattar det inte lika enkelt. Vidare upplevdes sinnena på olika sätt.  Analys: ICA och Coop arbetar mycket med synen. Både teorin och kunderna i studien bekräftar att synen blir det första som uppmärksammas. Företagen arbetar mer med smaken än känseln, medans kunderna stimuleras mer av känseln än smaken. Dock har de samma uppfattning om doften. Därefter kommer hörseln, vilket inte var en lika avgörande faktor vid ett köpbeslut.  Slutsats: Företagen arbetar främst med synen genom noga utvalda bilder och recept, vilket påverkade kunderna på olika sätt. Mottagandet av leveransen var viktig för helhetsupplevelsen för kunden, dock påverkades kunden inte av svårigheterna med navigeringen på e- handeln. Det är sinnena i kombination som utgör upplevelsen för kunden. / Introduction: A marketing strategy in the physical grocery stores is sensory marketing, but for now there is a knowledge gap applicable to the strategy used online. The purpose of the study is to get a deeper understanding of how Swedish grocery companies are working with sensory marketing in e-commerce and how this marketing strategy affects the customers' whole experience.  Theory: Digitalization has led to e-commerce becoming very important. It is therefore of great importance for companies to generate a positive customer experience, which assumes to understand the customers behavior. To use sensory marketing and stimulate the humans five senses creates possibilities to satisfy all customers.  Method: To gather theoretical and empirical data to this qualitative study several different methods were used in combination. Semi- structured interviews with respondents from ICA and Coop have for example been combined with “think aloud” to be able to bring the customer's perspective.  Empirical investigation: The respondents from ICA and Coop want their e-commerce investigation to be easy to navigate. However, customers do not perceive it as easily. Furthermore, the senses were experienced in different ways.  Analysis: ICA and Coop work with the sight. Both the theory and the customers that participated in the study confirms that the sight sense is the first that is noticed. The companies work more with the taste than the touch, while the customers are stimulated more by the touch than the taste. They both had the same perception about the scent. The hearing is not a crucial factor in a purchase decision. Conclusion: The companies work mostly with the sight with carefully chosen pictures and recipes. The receiving of the delivery was important for the holistic experience, but the difficulties of navigation on the e-commerce did not affect them that much. It is finally the senses in combination with each other that formed the experience for the customer.

ABSTRACT Social relationships, habitat utilisation and life history characteristics provide a framework which enables the survival of populations in fluctuating ecological conditions. An understanding of behavioural ecology is critical to the implementation of Natural Resource Management strategies if they are to succeed in their conservation efforts during the emergence of climate change. Egernia whitii from Wedge Island in the Spencer Gulf of South Australia were used as a model system to investigate the interaction of life history traits, scat piling behaviour and chemosensory communication in social lizards. Juveniles typically took ¡Ý 3 years to reach sexual maturity and the results of skeletochronological studies suggested longevity of ¡Ý 13 years. Combined with a mean litter size of 2.2, a pregnancy rate estimated at 75% of eligible females during short-term studies, and highly stable groups, this information suggests several life history features. Prolonged juvenile development and adult longevity may be prerequisite to the development of parental care. Parental care may, in turn, be the determining factor that facilitates the formation of small family groups. In E. whitii parental care takes the form of foetal and neonatal provisioning and tolerance of juveniles by small family or social groups within established resource areas. Presumably, resident juveniles also benefit from adult territorialism. Research on birds suggests that low adult mortality predisposes cooperative breeding or social grouping in birds, and life history traits and ecological factors appear to act together to facilitate cooperative systems. E. whitii practice scat piling both individually and in small groups. Social benefits arising from signalling could confer both cooperative and competitive benefits. Permanent territorial markers have the potential to benefit conspecifics, congenerics and other species. The high incidence of a skink species (E. whitii) refuging with a gecko species (N. milii) on Wedge Island provides an example of interspecific cooperation. The diurnal refuge of the nocturnal gecko is a useful transient shelter for the diurnal skink. Scat piling may release a species ¡®signature¡¯ for each group that allows mutual recognition. Scat piling also facilitates intraspecific scent marking by individual members, which has the potential to indicate relatedness, or social or sexual status within the group. The discovery of cloacal scent marking activity is new to the Egernia genus. E. Whitii differentiate between their own scats, and conspecific and congeneric scats. They scent mark at the site of conspecific scats, and males and females differ in their response to scent cues over time. Scat piling has the potential to make information concerning the social environment available to dispersing transient and potential immigrant conspecifics, enabling settlement choices to be made. This thesis explores some of the behavioural strategies employed by E. whitii to reduce risks to individuals within groups and between groups. Scents eliciting a range of behavioural responses relevant to the formation of adaptive social groupings, reproductive activity, and juvenile protection until maturity and dispersal are likely to be present in this species. Tests confirming chemosensory cues that differentiate sex, kin and age would be an interesting addition to current knowledge. The interaction of delayed maturity, parental care, sociality, chemosensory communication and scat piling highlights the sophistication of this species¡¯ behaviour. An alternative method for permanently marking lizards was developed. Persistence, reliability and individual discrimination were demonstrated using photographic identification and the method was shown to be reliable for broad-scale application by researchers. Naturally occurring toe loss in the field provided a context against which to examine this alternative identification method and revealed the need to further investigate the consequences of routine toe clipping, as this practice appears to diminish survivorship.

Titel: Individuella skillnader i sensoriska behov: “Need for Scent”, “Need for Sound” och “Need for Vision” skalor. Ett bidrag till ämnets teoriutveckling.   Nivå: C-uppsats, examensarbete i ämnet företagsekonomi Författare: Emma Ekholm och Alexandra von Schreeb Handledare: Jonas Kågström Datum: 2017- maj                                                      Syfte: Avsikten med vår undersökning är att bidra till teoriutveckling inom ämnet sinnesmarknadsföring. Syftet med undersökningen är att analysera om och i så fall hur “Need for Touch” skalan går att omsättas till andra sinnen och användas inom multisensorisk marknadsföring.                                                                                                                        Metod: I denna studie har en kvantitativ studie utförts där 158 enkätsvar samlades in via en webbaserad undersökning där skalorna testades på respondenterna. Enkätsvaren analyserades i analysprogrammet SPSS där faktoranalys, klusteranalys och korrelationsanalys genomfördes. Resultat & Analys: Studien visade att sex faktorer kunde bildas varav faktor ett och två kunde bilda två stycken självständiga skalor, behov av doft (“Need for Scent”) och behov av ljud (“Need for Sound”), medan faktor tre, fyra och fem visar en tredimensionell skala, behov av syn (“Need for vision”). Fyra stycken kluster bildades även där vi fick fram ett kluster som uppvisar mycket högsensoriska beteenden och ett kluster som uppvisar mycket lågsensoriska beteenden.                                                                                             Förslag till fortsatt forskning: Då vi har konstaterat att sinnena doft, ljud och syn bildat självständiga skalor kan fortsatt forskning använda skalorna i konsumentforskning. Fortsatt forskning kan även studera varje kluster på ett djupare plan genom kvalitativa intervjuer. Vidare vore det även intressant att se om våra skalor går att omsätta till sinnet smak, någonting som inte har studerats tidigare. Uppsatsens bidrag: Undersökningen har bidragit till att utveckla den teoretiska grunden inom ämnet sinnesmarknadsföring och genom att vi har utökat Peck och Childers (2013) skala om behov av beröring till tre stycken nya fungerande skalor har vi belyst att det faktiskt är möjligt att använda sig av skalor för doft, ljud och syn för att mäta konsumenters individuella behov av doft, ljud och syn gällande produktutvärdering. / Title: Individual differences in sensory needs, “Need for Scent”, “Need for Sound” and “Need for Vision” scales: a contribution to theory development, in the subject of sensory marketing.  Level: Final assignment for Bachelor Degrees in Business Administration Author: Emma Ekholm and Alexandra von Schreeb Supervisor: Jonas Kågström Date: 2017 - May Aim: The purpose of our study is to contribute to the field of theory development, in the subject of sensory marketing. The aim of the survey is to analyze how the Need for Touch scale can be converted into other senses, and to be used in multisensory marketing. Method: In this study, a quantitative study was performed and 158 questionnaires were collected from a web-based survey where the scales were tested on the respondents. We analyzed our collected data in the statistical program SPSS and a factor analysis, cluster analysis and a correlation analysis were conducted. Result & Analysis: This study present six different factors from the factor analysis, of which factor one and two made two independent scales, “Need for Scent” and “Need for Sound”. Factor three, four and five all includes vision, and developed a three-dimensional scale “Need for Vision”. This study also present four clusters, where we developed one cluster that exhibited very high-sensory behaviors and a second cluster that exhibited very low-sensory behaviors. Suggestions for future research: Since we found that the senses smell, sound and vision could be formed into three independent scales, future research could use the scales on consumer research. Future research could also study each cluster individually on a deeper level with qualitative interviews. Furthermore, it would be interesting to examine if our scales could be transformed into the sense of taste. Which has not yet been studied. Contribution of the thesis:  The study has contributed to develop the theoretical foundation in the subject of sensory marketing, and by expanding Peck and Childers (2013) “Need for Touch” scale to three new functional scales. We highlighted how it is possible to use scales for scent, sound and vision to measure consumers individual need for scent, sound and vision in regarding product evaluation.

Sedan det första steget togs mot en harmoniserad varumärkesrätt inom EU har grafisk återgivning varit ett krav vid registrering av varumärken, men kravet på grafisk återgivning försvinner i och med EU:s nya varumärkesreform. Syftet med denna uppsats är att belysa och utreda vad detta kommer att innebära för möjligheten att registrera okonventionella varumärken. Utredningen är inriktad på följande okonventionella varumärken: doftmärken, smakmärken, ljudmärken, känselmärken, rörelsemärken och hologram. Syftet med kravet på grafisk återgivning har varit att föremålet för varumärkesskyddet ska fastställas på ett exakt sätt, men kravet har lett till att okonventionella varumärken, särskilt sådana som inte kan uppfattas visuellt, har varit svåra att registrera. Genom en granskning av äldre rättspraxis på området identifieras de specifika problem, avseende den grafiska återgivningen, som finns för vart och ett av de utvalda okonventionella varumärkena. Resultatet av granskningen ligger, tillsammans med en analys av den ändrade varumärkesdefinitionen, till grund för utredningen av de konsekvenser som ändringarna, särskilt borttagandet av kravet på grafisk återgivning, kommer att få för möjligheten att registrera okonventionella varumärken. Resultatet av analysen indikerar att möjligheten att registrera okonventionella varumärken kommer att öka i och med att det framförallt är den grafiska återgivningen som har orsakat problemen vid registrering. En teknikneutral återgivning gör det möjligt att använda nya återgivningsmetoder, vilket i sin tur leder till att de krav som ställs på återgivningen, bland annat att den ska vara klar och lättillgänglig, kan uppfyllas på ett bättre sätt än tidigare. / Graphical representation has been a requirement for registration of non-conventional trade marks since the first step was taken towards a harmonized trade mark regulation in the EU. The requirement for graphical representation was removed as a result of the new trade mark reform. The purpose of this thesis is to illuminate and investigate how the removal of the requirement for graphical representation will affect the possibility to register non-conventional trade marks. The investigation focuses on the following non-conventional trade marks: scent marks, taste marks, sound marks, touch marks, motion marks and holograms. The purpose of the requirement for graphical representation has been to determine the precise nature and extent of the protection that the registered mark provides to its proprietor. However, the requirement has led to difficulties regarding registration of non-conventional trade marks, especially trade marks that cannot be perceived visually. The specific problems, regarding graphical representation, for each one of the selected trade marks, are identified through a review of earlier case-law. The result of the review of the earlier case-law and a review of the new trade mark definition, make up the foundation of the analysis of the consequences the removal of the graphical representation will have on the possibility to register non-conventional trade marks. The result of the analysis indicates that the possibility to register non-conventional trade marks will increase as a result of the removal of the requirement for graphical representation, as it is the graphical representation that has caused most problems for non-conventional trade marks during the registration process. As there is no longer a requirement for the representation to be graphical, it will be possible to use new methods for representation. This will in turn lead to that the criteria the representation must meet, for example that it must be clear and easily accessible, can be better achieved than before.

This research study aims to obtain a holistic view of the area of store atmospherics, which forms part of the retail industry. A consumer-centred response approach was followed. Store atmospherics and its influence on consumers’ buying behaviour has received very little attention in the literature to date. Consumers’ views on in-store atmospheric elements and the influence of these elements on their buying behaviour were obtained. The primary research aim that was derived from the preliminary literature was therefore to explore the influence of store atmospherics on consumers’ buying behaviour in apparel retail stores in the Tshwane region. The type of research design used in this study was exploratory, making use of a qualitative approach and a communicative technique of interviews. The selected method was focus group interviews and naïve sketches. The data gathered was analysed by means of Tesch’s inductive descriptive coding technique, better known as thematic analysis. It was found that atmospheric elements have the ability to influence consumers in either a subconscious or a conscious way. This has a direct influence on the amount of time that consumers will spend in-store and ultimately influences their buying decisions and behaviour either positively or negatively. This had a direct influence on the amount of time that consumers will spend instore and ultimately influences their buying decisions and behaviours either positively or negatively, meaning that the consumers’ will display either an approach- or avoidance behaviour. / Business Management / M. Com. (Business Management)