Schema therapy is a leading contemporary approach to treating mental illness. The therapy integrally uses self-report measures of negative schemas (“long lasting patterns of emotions, cognitions and memories”), and the negative parenting patterns that are linked to the development of these schemas. However, the negative parenting measures are insufficient, and there are no corresponding measures of positive schemas or positive parenting patterns. Study 1 focused on the development of a measure for positive schemas, the Young Positive Schema Questionnaire (YPSQ). Study 2 focused on the development of a measure for positive parenting patterns, the Positive Parenting Schema Inventory (PPSI). Finally, Study 3 empirically showed that the subscales of the Young Parenting Inventory (YPI) were not robust, and it provided a revised alternative (YPI-R2). For all three studies combined, community samples (n = 204 to 628) were collected from five countries in Asia (India, Indonesia, Malaysia, Singapore, and the Philippines) as well as the United States. The factor structure of the three instruments (the YPSQ, PPSI and YPI-R2) was stable in both Eastern and Western samples (in multigroup confirmatory factor analysis). All three scales showed prediction of mental health over and above what was possible with previous measures (incremental validity). The scales were not simply proxies for previously measured constructs (divergent validity). These scales also demonstrated significant associations with other established measures of parenting (construct validity). They also showed associations with negative schemas, well-being and ill-being (convergent validity). This thesis provides the tools needed to include a focus on positive as well as negative schemas and parenting patterns in both research and clinical practice. It also shows the benefits of so doing.

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Thesis (DPhil)--University of Stellenbosch, 2004. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: It is a general assumption in psychology that past social relationships and experiences influence present social behaviour. With attachment theory and current social-cognitive theory as conceptual basis, the present study focused on the association between past experiences with significant others and the current processing of interpersonal information. By means of a 2x3x4 experimental design the study investigated the influence of chronic accessibility and subliminal priming (of significant other representations) on the accuracy and speed of processing scripted interpersonal information. One hundred and thirty seven university students took part in two sessions no more than two weeks apart. In session one they completed the Attachment Style Questionnaire (ASQ; Feeny, Noller & Hanrahan, 1994), and provided the names of positive and negative significant others. According to a median split of the Confidence Scale of the ASQ, they were assigned to a chronic positive or a chronic negative group, assuming that the information based on predominantly positive or negative experiences with positive or negative significant others will be chronically more accessible. In session two, in an individual computer task, they were subliminally primed (33 ms) with a control word or the name of the positive or negative significant other to increase the accessibility of the appropriate memory structures. They were then asked to read a positive, negative, mixed or ambiguous script of an interpersonal event and complete a memory test of 36 interpersonal statements (nine positive, nine negative, nine ambiguous and nine filler statements). The accuracy and response time for every statement was recorded, and the response times of accurate responses for positive and negative scripts were included in the main analysis. Separate univariate analyses of the differences between positive and negative priming per polarity of chronic group and script supported the priming hypothesis. The average response time of the chronic negative group was fastest when they received a negative prime (p = .039), and the positive group was fastest when they received a positive prime (p = .000). The results of a two-way analysis of variance for chronic group and script showed a highly significant interaction effect between chronic group and script (p = .000). When the primes were congruent to the scripts, the chronic groups were significantly faster in recognising statements from a congruent script. The results supported the conjunctive model of priming. The implications of these findings for the understanding of the cognitive structures and processes involved in processing interpersonal information are discussed, with specific reference to relational schemas and attachment working models. Possible directions for future research as well as the application of the results are also described. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Dit is ‘n algemene aanname in die sielkunde dat sosiale verhoudinge en ervarings uit die verlede ‘n invloed het op huidige sosiale gedrag. Vanuit die bindingsteorie en die huidige sosiaal-kognitiewe teorie as konseptuele uitgangspunt, fokus die huidige studie op die assosiasie tussen ervaringe met betekenisvolle persone in die verlede en die huidige prosessering van interpersoonlike inligting. Met behulp van ‘n 2x3x4 eksperimentele ontwerp is ondersoek ingestel na die invloed van chroniese toeganklikheid en subliminale opwekking (van geheuevoorstellings van betekenisvolle ander) op die akkuraatheid en spoed waarmee interpersoonlike tekste verwerk word. Eenhonderd-sewe-en-dertig universiteitstudente het deelgeneem aan twee sessies wat nie meer as twee weke na mekaar plaasgevind het nie. Tydens sessie een het die deelnemers die Attachment Style Questionnaire (ASQ; Feeny, Noller & Hanrahan, 1994) voltooi en die name van positiewe en negatiewe betekenisvolle persone voorsien. Op grond van die mediaan-verdeling van die Selfvertroue Skaal van die ASQ is die deelnemers toegewys aan ’n chronies positiewe of chronies negatiewe groep, met die veronderstelling dat inligting gebaseer op oorwegend positiewe of negatiewe ervarings met positiewe of negatiewe betekenisvolle ander deurlopend meer toegankilk sal wees. Tydens sessie twee, wat ’n individuele rekenaartaak behels het, is ’n subliminale stimulus (33 ms) van ’n kontrole-woord, of die naam van ’n positiewe of negatiewe betekenisvolle ander aan hulle aangebied om die toeganklikheid van die toepaslike geheue-strukture verder te verhoog. Daarna is hulle versoek om ‘n positiewe, negatiewe, gemengde of dubbelsinnige teks van ’n interpersoonlike gebeurtenis te lees en ’n geheuetoets van 36 stellings te voltooi wat bestaan het uit nege positiewe, nege negatiewe, nege dubbelsinnige en nege neutrale stellings. Die akkuraatheid en reaksiespoed van elke stelling is gemeet en die reaksietyd van die akkurate response op stellings uit positiewe en negatiewe tekste is in die primêre ontleding ingesluit. Die resultate van onafhanklike eenveranderlike ontledings van die verskille tussen positiewe en negatiewe opwekking per polariteit van chroniese groep en teks, het die hipotese van opwekking ondersteun. Die gemiddelde responstyd van die chroniese negatiewe groep was die vinnigste wanneer hulle die negatiewe stimulus ontvang het (p = .039) en die van die positiewe groep was die vinnigste wanneer hulle die positiewe stimulus ontvang het (p = .000). Die resultate van ’n tweerigting variansieontleding van chroniese groep en teks het ‘n beduidende interaksie tussen chroniese groep en teks aangedui (p = .000). Wanneer die opwekkingstimuli kongruent met die tekste was, was die chroniese groepe betekenisvol vinniger in die herkenning van stellings van die kongruente teks. Die resultate ondersteun ’n konjunktiewe model van opwekking. Die implikasies van die bevindinge vir die verstaan van die kognitiewe strukture en prosesse betrokke by die verwerking van interpersoonlike inligting word bespreek, met spesifieke verwysing na verhoudingskemas en die gebruiksmodelle in bindingsteorie. Riglyne vir toekomstige navorsing op die gebied word verskaf, en die implikasies vir die praktiese toepassing van die resultate word bespreek.

The most well-known premises of this thesis are two realities of human relationality. The first is essential to many expressions of theistic religious faith: relationships with gods can become intimate. The second is tragic: intimate relationships (such as between parents and children or between romantic partners) can become psychologically abusive. Naming these realities at once raises the question: can relationships with gods become psychologically abusive? If so, how so? Psychologists of religion increasingly study experiences of psychological harm in relating to gods but have not formulated the empirical question of experiencing psychological abuse by gods. Meanwhile, this question has received serious and thoughtful consideration in the writings of theologians, philosophers of religion, and biblical scholars and appears online as the topic of various opinion pieces and blog posts. Several of these authors have argued by analogy and/or by anecdote that the God of Jewish and/or Christian faith—or some version of this God—is indeed abusive. But without further theorization, neither analogical arguments, however valid, nor anecdotal evidence, however vast, can guide empirical research into possible experiences of psychological abuse in intimate relationships with gods. The central argument of this thesis is for the possibility and prima facie plausibility of supposing that some individuals undergo psychological abuse in their Divine relationships. For this argument, I take insights from psychodynamic theories of intimate Divine relationships and delve into the literature surrounding experiences of psychological abuse. For purposes of clinical interpretation and empirical research, I define and model Divine abuse. / 2020-09-01

Cette thèse soutient l'idée que dans l'acquisition linguistique, l’analogie en tant que processus cognitif a un rôle déterminant. Il ne s'agit pas de la simple ressemblance (A est comme B) mais d'un processus de calcul de quatrième proportionnel (trouver C, qui est à D comme A est à B). Elle se manifeste à tous les niveaux de l'analyse linguistique : phonologie, morphologie, syntaxe et lexico-sémantique. Ceci vaut pour l'acquisition de langue première et aussi pour l'apprentissage de langue seconde, mais cette fois dans des conditions différentes, la première langue jouant comme arrière-plan. L'analogie opère à partir d'exemples disponibles parce que rencontrés précédemment dans l'expérience linguistique. On rend compte ainsi de la régularité qui s'observe dans le langage sans devoir pour cela recourir à des règles. Le locuteur construit des représentations mentales (schèmes) pour chaque savoir rencontré qu’il intègre, produit et transforme par analogie, ce qui attribue à ce processus le caractère dynamique. / This thesis claims that, in language acquisition, analogy has a fundamental role as a cognitive process; not as a sheer resemblance but as a computation process aimed at computing a proportional fourth (find C, which is to D as A is to B). It operates at all levels of linguistic analysis: phonology, morphology, syntax, and lexico-semantics. This holds for L1 acquisition and L2 learning; in the latter, the conditions are different because L1 operates as a background. Analogy uses the examples that are available because that were previously met in linguistic experience. This accounts for the regularity that is to be observed in language without having to posit rules. The speaker constructs mental representations (schemas) for each knowledge he meets. He integrates, produces, and modifies the knowledge by analogy, which is why this process is dynamic.

The aim of this piece of research is to analyze how Martin Luther King Jr. was portrayed in three U.S newspapers based on framing theory. Through the use of qualitative frame analysis, ten newspaper articles are studied from the period 20/04/1967-11/05/1967. The dates were selected in relation to King’s public opposition to the Vietnam war. The results show that the articles are in most cases characterized by a focus on difference of opinion, polemic responses, and appeals to MLK to stop opposing the war. When understood from the lens of framing theory, this way of writing has been termed the conflict frame. Furthermore, three classroom tasks related to the newspaper articles are suggested. These activities are based on the Swedish curriculum for teaching English as a second language, schema theory, and framing theory.

Childhood sexual assault (CSA) refers to a sexual act that is imposed on a child or adolescent who lacks the emotional capacity, maturity, and cognitive development to understand what they are engaging in, and is incapable or unwilling to give consent. Many individuals who experience CSA also experience adult sexual assault, such as rape. To date, there is limited research that has examined early maladaptive schemas (EMS) and CSA, and no research that examines the relationship between CSA, EMS, and revictimization. The present study examined EMS as mediators of revictimization and mental health outcomes (i.e., depression and PTSD) among 263 college women who experienced CSA. Participants completed the Sexual Experiences Survey (SES-LFV; Koss et al., 2007) which assesses victimization and perpetration of unwanted sexual experiences, the Young Schema Questionnaire (YSQ-SF: Young, 1998) to measure early maladaptive schemas, Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Checklist 5, a brief self-report instrument consisting of 20 items that reflect the symptoms of PTSD outlined in DSM-5, and the Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale (CESD-R; Radloff, 1977) is a brief self-report instrument used to measure symptoms of depression. As hypothesized, CSA was positively correlated with revictimization. CSA was correlated with EMS, specifically, emotional deprivation, mistrust/abuse, social isolation, defectiveness/shame, and self-sacrifice, but not abandonment. Surprisingly, EMS did not mediate the relationship between CSA and revictimization. EMS mediated the relationship between CSA and mental health outcomes, such as, depression and PTSD. EMS social isolation mediated the relationship between CSA and depression symptoms and EMS mistrust/abuse, social isolation, and self-sacrifice mediates the relationship between CSA and PTSD. In conclusion, our findings could be used to further investigate what appropriate early childhood interventions could possibly be used to address and treat early maladaptive schemas.

Dans cette these, nous etudions les schemas boite. Ils ont ete introduits par H.B. Keller en 1971. Dans un premier temps, on s'est interesse a des problemes elliptiques de type Poisson. Plusieurs schemas boite pour des domaines de $\mathbb(R)^2$ mailles par des triangles ou des rectangles ont ete introduits. Dans ce cas, la discretisation s'effectue sur la forme mixte du probleme en prenant la moyenne des deux equations (conservation et flux) sur les cellules du maillage. La methode peut etre qualifiee de ``methode volumes finis mixte de type Petrov-Galerkin ``. Une des difficultes du design de cette famille de schemas reside dans le choix des differents espaces de fonctions (approximation et test) qui doivent satisfaire des conditions de compatibilite de type Babuska-Brezzi. En revanche, cette methode de discretisation ne necessite qu'un seul maillage (le maillage du domaine). De plus, on montre dans la plupart des cas que le schema obtenu est equivalent a un probleme découplé : la résolution d'un probleme variationnel pour l'inconnue principale et une formule locale pour le gradient (le flux). Cette formulation facilite le calcul des inconnues discretes. Des resultats de stabilite et les calculs d'erreurs reposant sur la theorie des elements finis ont ete etablis. Une etude numérique valide ces resultats pour quelques cas tests. Dans le cadre du Groupement de Recherche MoMaS pour le stockage des dechets nucleaires dans la Meuse, j'ai ensuite etudie des problemes de convection-diffusion instationnaires. Un schéma boite permettant d'approcher ces equations dans le cas monodimensionnel a ete introduit. Des coefficients de decentrement propres a chaque maille permettent de controler le schema (precision, stabilite). Afin de generaliser rapidement ce schema au cas bidimensionnel, je me suis concentree sur une extension du schema boite monodimensionnel par la methode ADI (Alternating Direction Implicit).

L'objectif de cette these est d'etendre la theorie arithmetique des D-modules a la geometrie logarithmique. Nous commencons par definir les faisceaux d'operateurs differentiels de niveau m. Nous donnons une description de ces faisceaux D(m) et de leur structure en coordonnees locales dans le cas log-lisse, analogue a celle obtenue par Berthelot dans le cas non logarithmique. Nous etudions ensuite l'action du morphisme de Frobenius sur les modules sur ces faisceaux d'anneaux. Nous montrons tout d'abord que F* induit une elevation du niveau. Le theoreme de descente demontre par Berthelot pour les schemas usuel est par contre en defaut dans le cadre logarithmique. Nous reprenons donc les travaux de Lorenzon, qui associe a un log-schema une algebre canonique A, et nous etablissons une equivalence de categories entre A x D(m) -modules et B x D(0) -modules (indexes). Nous deduisons de cette equivalence de categories la finitude de la dimension cohomologique des faisceaux D(m), lorsque le schema X est lisse sur un corps, et M est defini par un diviseur a croisements normaux.

This study aimed to reveal the effect of cinematherapy on perfectionism and related Early Maladaptive Schemas and investigates the contribution of participants&rsquo / identification with the film and recall of the film on this process. 34 university students from Psychology Department at Middle East Technical University participated in the study. The participants completed a demographic information form, Multidimensional Perfectionism Scale, three Early Maladaptive Schema (Emotional Inhibition, Unrelenting Standards-Hypercriticalness, Approval Seeking-Recognition Seeking) items from Young Schema Questionnaire, Film &Ouml / zdeSleSme &Ouml / l&ccedil / egi (an identification scale developed for this study), and Film Recall Test (specific for the selected film) at pre-, post-, and a 10 days follow-up. There were two groups in this study, the first group only watched the selected film and completed assessment devices. The second group watched the selected film and then got a briefing about perfectionism. ANOVAs were conducted to assess differences on perfectionism and related schemas at different time intervals and between groups. According to results, watching the selected film had an effect on participant&rsquo / s perfectionism. Moreover, cinematherapy had no effect on perfectionism related schemas when they were analyzed together. However, it was found that watching the selected film had a temporary effect on Emotional Inhibition schema. A regression analysis was conducted to investigate the association between identification, recall of the film and perfectionism. According to regression analysis, identification with the film and recall of the film had no association with the participants&rsquo / perfectionism. The findings, and their implications with suggestions for future research and practice, were discussed in the light of relevant literature.