The specific objectives of this investigation are as follows: 1. To determine which half -- verbal half or performance half -- of the Wechsler-Bellevue Intelligence Test contributes most to total intelligence quotient for schizophrenics. 2. To determine whether any significant correlation exists between test scores and patterns of schizophrenics and normals. 3. To determine whether there exists any premature aging process in schizophrenics.

This diploma thesis on the topic of the recovery process in individuals with a schizophrenic disorder presents the stories and experience of people suffering from schizophrenia and their road to recovery. The thesis describes the recovery process in selected areas of life - health, partner and family relationships, work, housing and spirituality. The theoretical part consists of three chapters and is focused on describing what a schizophrenic disorder is, the stigmatization of people with mental disorders, the topic of peer consultants and the approach to recovery. The practical part consists of qualitative research; data were acquired in the form of a semi-structured interview. The Clustering Method was chosen to analyse the data. The result of the thesis is a description of the recovery process in selected areas of respondents' lives.

No description available.

This work explores three phenomenological views of subjectivity in light of methodological transitions within phenomenology since its inception. Jean-Luc Marion offers a critique of Husserl 's transcendental ego in Cartesian Questions. This critique characterizes Husserl's transcendental ego as a 'schizophrenic ego'. This criticism is aimed at phenomenology's intentionality thesis as well as the method of reduction(s). Marion is influenced by Emmanuel Levinas' ethics and takes issue with a 'theoretical bias' within Husserl 's thought, a bias that characterizes subjectivity in the same terms as objectivity. I frame Marion's and Levinas' views of subjectivity in terms of two seemingly opposed 'origins' of subjectivity: Marion's notion of subjectivity embraces a notion of an originally auto-affected subject, while Levinas' position privileges an originally hetero-affected subject. I argue that both these views of subjectivity remain within dualist perspectives. Both thinkers try to overturn a hierarchy of reason over sensation/ emotion/ feeling by calling for a radically passive institution of subjectivity through either a givenness prior to subjectivity (Marion) or the face to face encounter with an Other (Levinas). However, both positions end up instituting a new hierarchy, one where reason is subjugated to feeling. Rather than dismantling dualism both thinkers end up defending a revised hierarchical thinking. I argue that Husserl's transcendental ego is indeed a 'schizophrenic ego' (i.e., a split ego) in Marion's sense but that this is not a problem for classical phenomenology but an alternative to either an auto-affected subject or a hetero-affected subject. Husserl's works on internal time-consciousness and passive and active synthesis illustrate a necessary correlation between passivity/ activity, matter/ form, reason/ emotion, ego/ world and self/ other which moves beyond the hierarchical thinking associated with traditional dualist thought. Husserl's notions of correlation and synthesis actually suggest a subject that is always intentionally related to the world and others and is also intentionally self-related. The implicit aim of this work is to suggest an alternative to an ethics of irreducibility endorsed by both Marion and Levinas. Husserlian phenomenology offers the possibility of an ethics of reciprocity, which paradoxically does not undermine the irreducibility of the subject, others or the world. / Thesis / Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)

Thesis (MPhil (General Linguistics))—University of Stellenbosch, 2009. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The term "schizophrenia" refers to a psychiatric condition which affects an individual's thought and speech (Eaton and Chen 2006). The verbal expression of schizophrenics can therefore be used as a tool for insight into the nature of schizophrenia as well as the cognitive processes of schizophrenics (Wróbel 1990:1). This thesis reports on a comparative evaluation of three pragmatic assessment tools, namely the Pragmatic Protocol (Prutting and Kirchner 1987), the Profile of Communicative Appropriateness (Penn 1985), and the Framework for Assessing (Children's) Conversational Skills (Rumble 1988), in order to establish which of these tools is most suitable for assessing the first language (L1) and second language (L2) pragmatic abilities of late bilingual schizophrenics. Four late bilingual schizophrenic patients participated in this study. A thirty minute informal interview was conducted with each of the participants in both their L1 and L2 and the speech samples were transcribed and then analysed by means of each of the pragmatic assessment tools. A careful examination of the results yielded by the three assessment tools, showed, firstly, that when presenting the results of a pragmatic assessment of schizophrenic speech, it is crucial that both quantitative and qualitative information be included: if the latter is excluded, a significant amount of information is hidden from the clinicians and/or linguists doing the assessment, as well as the people to whom they report their findings. Secondly, with respect to the characteristics of schizophrenic speech, the three instruments used in this study show that whereas most of the aspects of schizophrenics' linguistic abilities seem intact, their pragmatic skills are definitely impaired. Thirdly, regarding differential symptomatology in bilingual schizophrenics, this study concludes that none of the three assessment tools contributes to a better understanding of this phenomenon, and that, in fact, it is highly unlikely that any pragmatic assessment tool would be able to capture this phenomenon. Finally, it is recommended that clinicians assess bilingual patients in both languages, whenever possible, in order to determine the full range of symptoms experienced by the patient, to gain a better indication of the severity of the illness and to track the progress of the illness. / AFRIKAANS OPSOMMING: Die term "skisofrenie" verwys na 'n psigiatriese toestand wat 'n individu se denkprosesse en spraak beïnvloed (Eaton en Chen 2006). Die verbale uitinge van skisofrene kan dus gebruik word om insig oor die aard van skisofrenie, sowel as die kognitiewe prosesse van skisofrene, te verkry (Wróbel 1990:1). Hierdie tesis lewer verslag oor 'n vergelykende evaluering van drie pragmatiese assesseringsinstrumente, naamlik die "Pragmatic Protocol" (Prutting en Kirchner 1987), die "Profile of Communicative Appropriateness" (Penn 1985), en die "Framework for Assessing (Children's) Conversational Skills" (Rumble 1988), om sodoende vas te stel watter een van hierdie drie die mees gepaste instrument is vir die assessering van tweetalige skisofrene se pragmatiese vaardighede in hul eerstetaal (T1) en tweedetaal (T2), spesifiek in gevalle waar die T2 later (d.w.s. nie binne die eerste sewe lewensjare nie) verwerf is. Vier sulke tweetalige skisofrene het deelgeneem aan die studie. Daar is met elkeen van die deelnemers 'n informele onderhoud gevoer vir 30 minute in hul T1, gevolg deur 30 minute in hul T2. Die onderhoude is getranskribeer en daarna geanaliseer deur middel van elk van die drie assesseringsinstrumente. 'n Noukeurige ondersoek en vergelyking van die resultate van die drie instrumente het eerstens getoon dat dit belangrik is om die resultate van 'n pragmatiese analise van skisofreniese spraak op beide 'n kwantitatiewe en kwalitatiewe wyse aan te bied: wanneer kwalitatiewe inligting weggelaat word, bly 'n betekenisvolle hoeveelheid van die informasie verborge vir die klinici en/of taalwetenskaplikes wat die assessering doen, asook die mense aan wie hulle hulle bevindinge rapporteer. Tweedens, met betrekking tot die eienskappe van skisofreniese spraak, wys die drie instrumente wat in hierdie studie gebruik is dat alhoewel meeste aspekte van skisofrene se taalvaardighede ongeskonde is, hulle pragmatiese vaardighede ooglopend aangetas is. Derdens, rakende differensiële simptomatologie in tweetalige skisofrene kom hierdie studie tot die gevolgtrekking dat geen van die drie instrumente bydra tot 'n beter begrip van hierdie verskynsel nie, en dat dit selfs hoogs onwaarskynlik is dat enige pragmatiese assesseringsinstrument hierdie verskynsel sou kon vaslê. Uiteindelik word daar aanbeveel dat klinici, wanneer dit ookal moontlik is, tweetalige pasiënte in beide tale behoort te assesseer om sodoende die volledige reeks van simptome wat 'n pasiënt ervaar vas te stel, om 'n beter aanduiding te bekom oor die erns van die siekte, en om die progressie van die siekte te volg.

Dieser Beitrag ist mit Zustimmung des Rechteinhabers aufgrund einer (DFG-geförderten) Allianz- bzw. Nationallizenz frei zugänglich.

This work deals with the issue of dual diagnosis, namely patients with schizophrenic disease who are addicted to drugs and their view of the anxiety process. Theoretical background research is devoted to schizophrenic disease, addictive disorders and specifics in the treatment of patients with dual diagnosis. The aim of this research was to find out how users of addictive substances with a schizophrenic circuit disorder evaluate and experience the process of their anxiety. To create the above goal, I set the main research question, concretized by three sub- questions: (1) How do drug users with schizophrenic disorders assess and experience the process of their anxiety? (1.1.) "How do drug users with schizophrenic disorders have insight into their difficulties in treatment?" (1.2.) "How the level of these difficulties changed before the end of treatment"? (1.3.) "What aspects of recovery do these patients consider important?" The research set was selected by methods of improbable purpose. The research group finally consisted of four patients, i.e. hospitalized in the Psychiatric Hospital X. Sources of data for the case study in this case are medical documentation of patients (anamnestic data, records of group and individual therapies) and semi-structured interviews. The obtained data fixed by audio...

Introducció. Actualment, està àmpliament acceptat que l'esquizofrènia posseeix una etiologia multifactorial i que existeix una complexa interacció entre factors genètics i factors ambientals. Amb l'objectiu de coneixerà quins són els mecanismes etiològics i patofisiològics que determinen el trastorn una part de la investigaci6 s 'ha centrat, en els últims anys, en la detecció de marcadors de vulnerabilitat en subjectes amb risc al trastorn. Aquesta vulnerabilitat, denominada 'esquizotipia', es pot identificar en subjectes clínicament no afectats. Objectiu. L'objectiu d'aquesta investigació s'ha dirigit a intentar contestar a alguns interrogants que encara no tenen resposta. Per exemple, per què alguns familiars, essent portadors del genotip esquizofrènic, no han presentat mai la malaltia?, existeixen formes esquizotípiques de menor risc per a la presentació del trastorn?, poden alguns patrons esquizotípics 'ajudar' a que la vulnerabilitat es mantingui latent i no es manifesti en forma de trastorn? En termes generals, l'estudi s'ha centrat en la identificació de marcadors de vulnerabilitat dels trastorns de l'espectre esquizofrènic en pares no afectats de pacients amb esquizofrènia (subjectes d'edats avançades amb poca probabilitat de presentar el trastorn) comparats amb pares normals de subjectes normals. Metodologia. S' han avaluat 26 parelles de pares no afectats de pacients amb esquizofrènia i 26 parelles de pares normals de subjectes normals (n= 104) en variables de personalitat i comportamentals (esquizotipia psicomètrica -O-LIFE-, trastorns de personalitat -Qüestionari d'avaluació IPDE-, psicopatologia general -SCL-90- i lloc de control -MHLC-) i variables neuropsicològiques (dèficit atencional -CPT-IP-, funció executiva -TMT part B- i memòria i aprenentatge verbal -CVLT-). Resultats. Els pares dels pacients esquizofrènics, comparats amb els controls, mostren significativament puntuacions mes altes al factor d'anhedònia introvertida, al trastorn paranoide de la personalitat i al trastorn per evitació de la personalitat, més característiques de psicopatologia general i un major lloc de control intern relacionat amb la salut. També realitzen mes errors d'omissió en la tasca atencional, presenten una major interferència proactiva al test de memòria i aprenentatge verbal i mostren una tendència a dedicar mes temps a completar la tasca executiva. Els resultats mostren que les associacions entre les variables de personalitat i les neuropsicològiques són de poca magnitud i les diferències entre ambdós grups no segueixen un patró clarament determinat. Conclusions. Els pares dels pacients esquizofrènics presenten més trets esquizotípics negatius que els pares del subjectes normals. L'anhedònia introvertida podria considerar-se com una forma de menor risc a l'esquizofrènia ja que s'evidencia en subjectes (pares) d'edats avançades que ja han superat l'edat de risc i amb poca probabilitat de presentar mai el trastorn. Tanmateix, es confirma que el trastorn paranoide de la personalitat forma part dels trastorns de l'espectre esquizofrènic. Els pares dels pacients atribueixen un major pes i la internalització i al poder dels altres en relació a l'estat de salut, i en general, presenten més característiques psicopatològiques que el grup control. Quant a les variables neuropsicològiques, els pares dels pacients realitzen pitjor la tasca atencional, són més lents en l'anticipació, planificació i flexibilitat de les respostes en el test executiu. Els indicadors de memòria i aprenentatge verbal no discriminen a ambdós grups, i únicament els pares dels pacients presenten una major interferència proactiva. Finalment, el patró de personalitat i el neuropsicològic corresponen a dos fenotips diferents relacionats amb l'esquizofrènia que no es troben íntimament units en subjectes amb aquestes característiques. / Introducción. En la actualidad, está plenamente aceptado que la esquizofrenia posee una etiología multifactorial y que existe una compleja interacción entre factores genéticos y factores ambientales. Con el objetivo de conocer cuales son los mecanismos etiológicos y pato fisiológicos que determinan el trastorno una parte de la investigación se ha centrado, en los últimos años, en la detección de marcadores de vulnerabilidad en sujetos con riesgo al trastorno. Esta vulnerabilidad, denominada 'esquizotipia', puede ser identificada en sujetos clínicamente no afectados. Objetivo. El objetivo de esta investigación se ha dirigido a intentar contestar algunos interrogantes que aun hoy en día no tienen respuestas. Por ejemplo, ¿por qué algunos familiares, aun siendo portadores del genotipo esquizofrénico, no han presentado nunca la enfermedad?, ¿existen formas esquizotipicas de menor riesgo para la presentación del trastorno?, ¿pueden algunos patrones esquizotípicos 'ayudar' a que la vulnerabilidad quede dormida y no se manifieste en forma de trastorno? En términos generales, este estudio se ha centrado en la identificación de marcadores de vulnerabilidad de los trastornos del espectro esquizofrénico en padres no afectados de pacientes con esquizofrenia (sujetos de edades avanzadas con poca probabilidad de presentar el trastorno) comparados con padres normales de sujetos normales. Metodología. Se han evaluado 26 parejas de padres no afectados de pacientes con esquizofrenia y 26 parejas de padres normales de sujetos normales (n=104) en variables de personalidad y comportamentales (esquizotipia psicométrica -O-LIFE-, trastornos de personalidad ¬Cuestionario de evaluación IPDE-, psicopatología general -SCL-90- y locus de control ¬MHLC-) y variables neuropsicológicas (déficit atencional -CPT-IP-, función ejecutiva -TMT parte B- y memoria y aprendizaje verbal -CVLT-). Resultados. Los padres de los pacientes esquizofrénicos, comparados con los controles, muestran significativamente puntuaciones más elevadas en el factor de anhedonia introvertida, en el trastorno paranoide y por evitación de la personalidad, mas características de psicopatología general y un mayor locus de control interno relacionado con la salud. También cometen más errores de omisión en la tarea atencional, presentan una mayor interferencia proactiva en la tarea de memoria y aprendizaje verbal y muestran una tendencia a tardar más en completar la tarea ejecutiva. Los resultados muestran que las asociaciones entre las variables de personalidad y las neuropsicológicas son de poca magnitud y las diferencias entre ambos grupos no siguen un patrón claramente determinado. Conclusiones. Los padres de los pacientes esquizofrénicos presentan más síntomas esquizotípicos negativos que los padres de normales. La anhedonia introvertida podría considerarse como una forma de menor riesgo a la esquizofrenia ya que se evidencia en sujetos (padres) de edades avanzadas que han superado la edad de riesgo y con muy poca probabilidad de presentar ya el trastorno. Asimismo se confirma que el trastorno paranoide forma parte de los trastornos del espectro esquizofrénico. Los padres de los pacientes atribuyen un mayor peso a la internalización y al poder de los otros en relación al estado de salud, y en general presentan más características psicopatológicas que el grupo control. En cuanto a las variables neuropsicológicas, se puede observar que los padres de los pacientes muestran una ejecución más pobre en la tarea atencional, son más lentos en la anticipación, planificación y flexibilidad de las respuestas en la tarea ejecutiva. Los indicadores de memoria y aprendizaje verbal no discriminan a ambos grupos y únicamente los padres de los pacientes muestran una mayor interferencia proactiva. Finalmente, los resultados muestran que el patrón de personalidad y el neuropsicológico son dos fenotipos diferentes relacionados con la esquizofrenia que no se encuentran íntimamente ligados en sujetos de estas características. / It has been widely accepted that schizophrenia has a multifactorial etiology and also that there is a complex interaction between genetic and ambiental factors. In the last years, many research efforts have been focused to detection of vulnerability markers in subjects at risk. This vulnerability is called 'schizotypy' and can be identified in subjects that are clinically non-affected. Objective. The present study was designed to find answers to questions that are still unresolved. For instance, why some schizophrenic parents who have the schizophrenic genotype have never presented the disease? Are there low risk schizotypic forms to the manifestation of the schizophrenia? Can some schizotypic patterns reduce the vulnerability to a latent status making the schizophrenic disorder not to be manifested? In concrete, the main objective has been the identification of vulnerability markers of the schizophrenic spectrum disorders in non-affected parents of schizophrenic patients compared with normal parents of normal subjects, this is, in subjects who are beyond the age of risk, therefore, they have low probability to manifest the disorder. Methodology. A total of 104 subjects (26 couples of non-affected parents of schizophrenic patients and 26 couples of normal parents of normal subjects matched for age and intellectual level) has been evaluated on behavioral and personality measures (psychometric schizotypy -O-LIFE-, personality disorders ¬IPDE-, general psychopathology -SCL-90- and locus of control -MHLC-) and on neuropsychological measures (attentional deficit -CPT-IP-, executive function TMT part B- and memory and verbal learning -CVLT -). Results. Parents of schizophrenic patients show significant higher scores in introvertive anhedonia factor, paranoid and avoidant personality disorder, general psychopathological characteristics and higher internal locus of control related to health, when compared with the parents of the control group. Moreover, parents of schizophrenic patients make more omission errors in the attentional task, show a higher proactive interference in the memory and verbal learning test and have a tendency to spend more time in the executive task. Results show that links between personality and neuropsychological characteristics are not relevant and the differences found between both sample groups do not show a clear trend. Conclusions. Parents of schizophrenic subjects present more negative schizotypic traits than normal parents. Introvertive anhedonia can be considered as a lower risk factor to the schizophrenia manifestation, because it is present in subjects who have low probability to manifest the disorder. The present study confirms that the paranoid disorder can be classified as one of the schizophrenic spectrum disorders. Patients' parents give more importance to internalism locus of control and to power of the others related to health. In general, they present more psychopathological characteristics than the control group. For the neuropsychological variables, it can be observed that parents of schizophrenic patients performed more poorly attentional task, they are slower in the anticipation, planification and flexibility giving the answers to an executive task. Verbal memory and learning markers do not differ between groups. Parents of schizophrenic patients show a higher proactive interference. Results show that the personality and the neuropsychological patterns are two different phenotypes related with the schizophrenia, which have not an important connection in subjects with those characteristics.

Diss. (sammanfattning) Linköping : Univ., 2004. / Härtill 4 uppsatser.

本研究之目的：一為探究年輕思覺失調症患者，於荒野臨界中如何形塑其此際體態；二為探討患者主要照顧者面對精神分裂體驗，從何接應患者，如何賦予其心理照顧意義。而後，以對元結構方式，探討患者及其照顧者雙方的心理經驗。研究者將患者「生命經驗」及其主要照顧者「照顧經驗」並置於現象場脈絡中，透過深度訪談，進行現象還原，以接近患者的內在經驗，反思照顧者照顧行動意義。方法上，本研究採取立意抽樣，以年輕思覺失調症患者與其主要照顧者作為研究對象，以配對方式進行資料蒐集，共三對受訪者（6位）接受訪談，患者部分為三位男性，而雙親照顧者部分為一位男性、兩位女性。資料蒐集後，以Henri Ellenberger之現象學分析方法（林耀盛，2002）分析。研究結果發現，年輕思覺失調症患者與其雙親主要照顧者共構之置身結構經驗的定向軌跡為：（1）超常隱匿於日常偽裝之下；（2）超常現身，即特異性經驗被看見，包含病者與雙親照顧者；（3）芻思心緒，反覆思索當前之事件；（4）經驗賦義，理解所發生的事，並給出位置，將其涵容於自我之中；（5）存有的流變：希望與憂懼心思。研究貢獻為在臨床心理實務上可能的幫助：可協助狀態逐漸穩定之個案進行經驗之整理，使其看見自己的狀態，而非僅僅使其擁有病識感、願意配合醫療處遇。而對雙親做為主要照顧者，可協助其釐清對於疾病狀態的未知，及自我照顧技藝的發展。礙於現實收案狀況，難以擴大取樣具異質性的思覺失調症患者，資料豐富度較為不足，為未來研究可改善之處。 / Purpose: This study is exploring (1) how the young schizophrenic patient perceived who he/she is in “the wilderness”; (2) how their caregivers faced with the schizophrenic experiences and constructed the meaning of caring; and (3) disclosing the patients and their caregiver’s mutual situated experiences by the meta-dyadic structure. Methods: Taking a qualitative approach grounded in phenomenological psychology, this study conducted in-depth interviews by which researchers strived to observe, analyze and understand, from their first-person perspective, how they live under such situation. The participants were recruited through purposive sampling. Three patient-caregiver dyads (three male schizophrenic patients with one male and two female caregivers) were interviewed. The analysis step is adopted by Henri Ellenberger’s existential-phenomenological method (Yaw-Sheng Lin, 2002). Results: Five over-arching themes emerged in the analysis on the transformation of experiences of suffering and caring. (1) Camouflaging the “extra-normal” in daily life. (2) “Extra-normal” is understood through the singularity in the daily life, including the patient and caregiver can “encounter” the unique experience. (3) Ruminative reflection about what happening? (4) Make sense of schizophrenic experiences through blurry the boundary between the normal and abnormal to integrate self into life orientation. (5) Existential experience as becoming process through the state of mind of “hope” and “Angst”. Conclusions: The outcome is implicated in clinical practice: (1) Return to young schizophrenic patients’ lifeworld beyond psychopathology comprehension to articulate the intersubjective understanding relationships. (2) Help caregiver to understand their uncanny situation and cultivate the caring ethics for self and the other. Limitation, future research agenda and suggestion are discussed and proposed.