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No. of bitstreams: 1 antoniocarlossiqueiradutra.pdf: 2859848 bytes, checksum: f27630613964bc7e4c5081edc34baa49 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-08-31 / A dissertação ―Senha do Mundo, narrativas de jovens em experiência de acesso à cultura‖ é um trabalho que transpõe tempos distintos na relação de ação e reflexão nas fronteiras que vinculam os territórios da Educação e da Cultura. Trata-se, por um lado, de uma pesquisa que nasceu como dissertação, do meu olhar contemporâneo - na condição de gestor de uma Secretaria Municipal de Cultura - e que desse lugar vem pensando os efeitos possíveis, sobre os sujeitos em seus percursos escolares, de políticas públicas que garantam ao cidadão o direito de acesso à Cultura em suas múltiplas dimensões. Paralelamente, é um trabalho que evoca uma densa experiência processada num tempo passado, bem como as narrativas dela constituídas tomando-se por base os processos de significação elaborados em função da vivência compartilhada por um grupo de jovens que, pela relação com a cultura, encontraram uma possibilidade de redefinição dos rumos da própria vida e passaram a trilhar um caminho de sucesso escolar e profissional, rompendo um círculo vicioso de pobreza e exclusão que marcava suas vidas. A questão central de investigação pode ser assim descrita: quais as percepções que os sujeitos participantes de uma experiência singular com a produção cultural no interior do espaço escolar possuem, hoje, sobre a vivência do direito à cultura e de que modo essa percepção manifesta-se em suas narrativas individuais e grupais? Para tanto, buscou-se criar condições que permitissem a emergência das narrativas de sete jovens participantes de um projeto de arte e cultura, no contraturno escolar ao longo dos anos de 1995 a 2005, em uma escola de periferia urbana de Juiz de Fora. A opção metodológica que gerou o desenvolvimento da pesquisa pautou-se na busca da construção de dispositivos disparadores de lembranças eleitos no processo de pesquisa. Esses objetos menemônicos escolhidos trazem também, as minhas narrativas e reinterpretações sobre o vivido, tendo como foco a mobilização de diferentes linguagens advindas de diferentes suportes culturais, de modo coerente com aquilo que pautou a vivência de uma escola que dialogava sistemicamente com dimensões múltiplas da cultura. Cartas, videoclipe com 135 fotos da trajetória do grupo além de um grupo focal, assumem a função desses disparadores e são capazes de desacomodar as camadas de memórias no indivíduo. Para interpretar as narrativas foram incorporados os conceitos de Ecléa Bosi sobre memória dos cidadãos ligados às classes trabalhadoras; direito a cultura através das propostas e estudos de Marilena Chauí; as idéias sobre narrativas de Michel Conelly e Jean Clandinin, além do pensamento estruturado de Michel de Certeau em torno do conceito cultura no plural. Como elo de ligação entre o tempo do passado, na experiência do vivido, e o tempo presente, como um momento de reinterpretação e ressignificação optei por, ao longo do texto, utilizar a poesia de Carlos Drummond de Andrade como uma metanarrativa articuladora de tempos, intérprete da experiência e produtora de sentidos sensíveis para o leitor. Essa escolha se justifica pela história do grupo e a relação que guarda com as palavras tratadas com beleza pelo poeta e por dialogarem diretamente com nossas narrativas. / The dissertation entitled ―Password to the World, youth narrative in their experience towards culture access‖ goes back in time in its relationship with action and reflection on the threshold between Education and Culture. This is a Master´s Degree Dissertation which conveys a contemporary view from the management of the Municipal Secretariat of Culture of Juiz de Fora, considering the possible effects of public policies which warrant the access to culture in its multiple dimensions. It is also a work which evokes deep past experiences, as well as their resulting narratives. The meaning-construction processes resulting from the experience of a group of youths is taken as the very basis of this work due to their relationship with culture, which allowed the students to realign their pathway towards both successful school and professional life, breaking away from the vicious circle of poverty and social exclusion which underpinned their lives. The key issue being investigated can be put as follows: how do the students experiencing a unique opportunity of cultural production within the school context perceive their right to culture and how does this reflect on their individual and group narratives? In order to answer these questions, conditions were offered so that these narratives were produced by seven youths taking part in an art and culture-based project in an urban municipal school of Juiz de Fora between 1995 and 2005. As for the methodology, devices were selected during research in order to evoke their memories. These mnemonic devices also brought back my memories and reinterpretations of those experiences, focusing on the mobilization of different languages resulting from different cultural frameworks, consistent with what featured the experience of a school which effectively communicated across multiple cultural dimensions. Letters and a video clip with 135 photos of the group´s trajectory apart from a focus group worked as triggers and were capable of mixing the individual´s memory layers. In order to interpret the narratives, Ecléa Bosi´s concepts on the memory of working class citizens were used, as well as Marilena Chauí´s studies on the right to culture, Michel Conelly´s and Jean Clandinin´s ideas on narratives and Michel de Certeau´s structured thinking on the concept of culture in the plural. Working as a binding element between the experienced past and the living present as a moment of reinterpretation and resignificance, the poem by Carlos Drummond de Andrade was chosen as a metanarrative which framed time, interpreting experience and producing meaningful messages to the reader. This choice can be explained by the group´s history and its relationship with the words which were so beautifully used by the poet and interacted so closely with our narratives.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-08-20T13:48:04Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Maria Augusta Martiarena de Oliveira_Tese.pdf: 13075828 bytes, checksum: 48508a7b888274a5be348a464b6fb1a8 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-12-14 / This research is dedicated to analyze the school culture (institutions and school practices) which was used as elements of social distinction of pelotense elite, to comprove the modernity of the practices and institutions related to that group. For the achievement of this research we used written and iconographic sources, extracted from the city of Pelotas press and official documents. This research is developed about the 1910 to 1930 decades, a period characterized as a transitional context.. We realize that, at that juncture, the Pelotense elite used the educational institutions and their school practices as representations of educational and urban modernity. For realizing this research we found in the New Cultural History, especially Le Goff and Burke, a basis. For working with images we chose an approximation with authors who have worked with photos, such as Kossoy, Freund, Bauret, Fabris and Leite. The references used to assist in working with the press was, mainly, Luca and Bastos. On the history of educational institutions, school culture and school architecture, met basement, especially in Frago, Escolano, Julia, Werle, Magalhães and Bencostta. For the contextualization of the period studied, it was used, notably, Nagle, Carvalho, Faria Filho e Souza, at the national level, and Corsetti, Pesavento and Tambara in regional context. With respect to the concept of elite and distinction, we chose the approach of Bourdieu. The analysis of the sources coupled with theoretical allowed the perception of how certain practices, especially Scouting, exhibitions of handicrafts and civic events were used to update the elite pelotense s state in relation to modernity. Moreover, some institutions were directly linked to the ideology of the elite, such as the School of Agronomy and Veterinary. In this study, one notices a clear distinction between education and grassroots education elites. It is noteworthy, though, the role of philanthropy in visbilidade of that group. / Esta pesquisa dedica-se à análise da cultura escolar (instituições e práticas escolares), os quais foram utilizados como elementos de distinção social da elite pelotense, na busca em demonstrar a modernidade nas práticas e instituições relacionadas ao referido grupo. Para a realização de tal investigação, foram utilizadas fontes escritas e iconográficas, extraídas da imprensa da cidade de Pelotas e de documentos oficiais. O recorte temporal desta investigação se insere entre as décadas de 1910 e 1930, período caracterizado como um contexto de transição. Acredita-se que, nessa conjuntura, a elite Pelotense utilizou as instituições educacionais e suas práticas escolares como representações da modernidade educacional e urbana. Para a realização desta pesquisa buscou-se formar um referencial teórico embasado na Nova História Cultural, especialmente em Le Goff e Burke. Para trabalhar com imagens optou-se por uma aproximação com autores tais como Kossoy, Freund, Bauret, Fabris e Leite. Com relação à imprensa utilizou-se, principalmente, Luca e Bastos. Sobre a história das instituições educacionais, cultura escolar e arquitetura escolar, encontrou-se embasamento especialmente em Frago, Escolano, Julia, Werle, Magalhães e Bencostta. Para a contextualização do período estudado, utilizou-se, notadamente, Nagle, Carvalho, Faria Filho e Souza, em âmbito nacional, e Corsetti, Pesavento e Tambara, em âmbito regional. Com relação ao conceito de elite e distinção, optou-se pela abordagem de Bourdieu. A análise das fontes aliada ao embasamento teórico permitiu a percepção de como determinadas práticas, notadamente o escotismo, as exposições de trabalhos manuais e as festas cívicas foram utilizadas para afirmar a atualização da elite pelotense no que tange à modernidade. Além disso, algumas instituições encontravam-se diretamente ligadas ao ideário da elite, como por exemplo, a Escola de Agronomia e Veterinária. Neste estudo, percebe-se a clara diferenciação entre a educação das camadas populares e a educação das elites. Destaca-se, ainda, o papel da filantropia na visbilidade do referido grupo.

Orientador: Maria do Carmo Martins / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Educação / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-08T00:04:16Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Lima_IdelsuitedeSousa_D.pdf: 2911107 bytes, checksum: a201550d937662f90fbc24d5eba88335 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006 / Resumo: A escrita desta tese tem como motivo principal apresentar uma história social do currículo evidenciando aspectos relacionados a processos e práticas em torno da escolarização. Aborda o estudo das práticas curriculares na perspectiva de compreender a problemática do conhecimento na organização social da escola. A narrativa contempla a discussão sobre a reforma curricular implementada no Estado do Ceará, em 1998, focalizando três aspectos inter-relacionados, quais sejam: a discussão acerca da influência das diretrizes que formulam as políticas de currículo; a compreensão acerca das deliberações que orientam a produção e implementação do texto curricular; e, o entendimento sobre as práticas escolares que implementam a reforma no processo de produção do conhecimento. O fio condutor da tese busca compreender como a premissa da mudança, que conduz à deliberação da reforma, chega à escola e como essa instituição reinterpreta as políticas educacionais, quer através da seleção dos saberes, quer através das diversas práticas de organização da instituição, quer na implementação da reforma curricular, como elementos constituintes do currículo. A pesquisa reuniu documentos do governo, da Regional de Ensino e da escola. As fontes são constituídas por textos curriculares, deliberações governamentais, relatórios, pautas de reuniões, projetos de trabalho, caderno de planejamento, agenda pedagógica, álbuns de fotografias, cartazes, acervo do mural, entre outros. Ao escolher compreender o espaço no qual a escola discute, planeja, seleciona e organiza os saberes emergiram situações do cotidiano reveladoras de formas de expressão da cultura escolar, das práticas e políticas curriculares / Abstract: The aim of this thesis is to present mainly a social story of the curriculum presenting aspects related to processes and practices dealing with schooling. It deals with the study of curricular practices in a perspective of understanding the problems of knowledge in the social organization of the school. The narrative deals with the discussion on the curricular reform implemented in the state of Ceará, Brazil, in 1998, focusing on three inter-related aspects, which are: the discussion on the influence of the directions that set up the curricular policies; the comprehension on the deliberations that outline the production and implementation of the curricular text; and the understanding of the schooling practices that implement the reform in the process of knowledge production. The mainline of the thesis makes an attempt to understand how the premise of change, that leads to the deliberation of reform reaches the school and how this instrument makes a new interpretation of the policies, whether it be by means of knowledge selection, by means of diverse institutional organizational practices or in the implementation of the curricular reform as building elements of the curriculum. The research united government, regional schooling secretariat and school documents. The sources are made up of curricular texts, government deliberations, reports, meeting agendas, work projects, planning notebooks, pedagogical agenda, photograph album, posters, note board material, among others. Daily situations will emerge that reveal the form of expression of the school culture, of the practices and the political curriculum, when choosing to understand the area in which the school discusses, plans, selects and organizes knowledge / Doutorado / Educação, Conhecimento, Linguagem e Arte / Doutor em Educação

Orientador: Vera Lúcia Sabongi De Rossi / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Educação / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-22T11:05:25Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Silva_ElianaNunesda_D.pdf: 6486065 bytes, checksum: 7205a0749b14722c965a4b0d46f9068a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012 / Resumo: Esta pesquisa, desencadeada pelos depoimentos de ex-alunos, de uma ex-professora e referenciada por fontes documentais diversas, tem como objeto de estudo a história da Escola Mista que existiu no bairro Felipão, no município de Campinas (Estado de São Paulo), entre as décadas de 1920 e 1960. Tal narrativa é interpretada pela via principal da cultura escolar e das tensões existentes entre os processos instituídos pelas reformas educativas, no decorrer dos embates entre projetos políticos e pedagógicos no contexto republicano. Justificativas, inspiradas na ampla revisão bibliográfica, apontaram que são raros os estudos sobre a história da educação rural no Brasil e que a diversidade de escolas públicas primárias paulistas é tema ainda insuficientemente investigado pela História da Educação Brasileira. Com aportes teórico-metodológicos inspirados principalmente em Viñao Frago (2001), Portelli (1997), Souza & Faria Filho (2006), Demartini (1989), Schwartzman et. al. (2000), pautou-se na seleção e na análise de fontes documentais imagéticas, escritas (em especial do arquivo da instituição escolar) e na história oral, ou seja, em depoimentos dos entrevistados. Os objetivos principais foram o de narrar a história de uma comunidade de imigrantes italianos; caracterizar a cultura escolar da Escola Mista; analisar a expansão do ensino paulista; e organizar as fontes documentais para o arquivo da escola. Buscou-se problematizar a Escola Mista no movimento mais amplo das reformas educacionais conduzidas pelo governo republicano paulista e suas promessas democráticas de escolarização pública, no contexto da então política nacionalista do Estado Novo e do totalitarismo vigente. No interior da Escola Mista estudada, foi possível visualizar algumas das peculiaridades dessa modalidade de escola primária e suas ambiguidades nesse processo histórico. / Abstract: This research aims at studying the history of a public mixed school which took place at Felipão neighborhood in the city of Campinas São Paulo State between the decades of 1920 and 1960 based on the reports of previous students and a teacher, supported by different types of documents. The school history is interpreted mainly by the school culture and the existing tensions between established proceedings of educational reforms along with the resistance among political educational projects in the republican context. Arguments inspired by a vast range of bibliography reviews show that there are few publications about the rural school history in Brazil and that the diversity of public elementary schools in São Paulo State are themes insufficiently studied by Brazilian School History. Among theoretical and methodological contributions are Viñao Frago (2001) Portelli (1997) Souza & Faria Filho (2006), Demartini (1989), Schwartzman et. al. (2000) based on a source selection and the analysis of documental types pictures, writings (mainly from school files) and oral history from reports of the people who were interviewed. The main purposes were to report the history of a community of Italian immigrants, characterize the mixed school culture, analyze the expansion of teaching in São Paulo State, and organize documental sources of the school files. We brought into question the mixed school movement in a larger aspect of school reform led by the republican government of São Paulo State and its promises of democratization of the public schools within the nationalist politics context of the Estado Novo and the totalitarianism of that time. In the interior of the mixed school it was possible to visualize some of the peculiarities of this type of elementary school and its duality in this process. / Doutorado / Educação, Conhecimento, Linguagem e Arte / Doutora em Educação

Philosophiae Doctor - PhD / In concluding this dissertation I am reminded of Patton's (1990) contention that in order to decide what the appropriate unit of analysis is in a study, you need to decide what it is you want to be able to say something about at the end of the study. The unit of analysis of this study was the characteristics of and strategies for developing a successful school. At the end of this study, in relation to the South African education context, I wanted to say something about what a successful school looks like and, with special reference to school OD, how a school can become successful by examining Modderdam's success story (the case) in relation to TIP's school OD model (the intervention), international and local research on successful schools (the literature), and' current South African education policies and reform initiatives (national education reform). I was particularly concerned with saying something about the implications of this study for education reform in South Africa and, where possible, other contexts. These intentions were based on the two broad aims of this study which were: The nature of this study was illuminative and not scientifically absolute. Based on the principle of learning from success it endeavoured to deepen our understanding of what constitutes a successful school and how a school can become successful. The particular context is the South African education reform process. As such, it aimed to provoke insights rather than definitive answers in response to the aims of this study. The insights that have been generated by this study have manifested at different levels of 'depth'. Chapter eight discussed emerging insights which ranged from findings such as the striking similarity between the case study's successes and the twelve generic characteristics of a successful school based on the literature, to the contention that, unlike schools in a developed context, a school in the South African context cannot be the primary unit of change. Chapter nine consolidated these emerging insights into three key insights which have in some respects gone beyond the aims of this study by, for example, proposing a framework of core conditions for an enabling school level environment. In summarising this study's insights I have attempted to portray the iterative nature of propositional order. In accordance with its two broad aims, the table below summarises this study's main insights and the implications of these insights for education reform in South Africa and beyond. the analysis process by starting with those which are of a more basic, 'findings' level and finishing with those which are of a more deeper,

This study investigated the legislation (the Education Laws Amendment Act, Act 24 of 2005) dealing with teacher selection and appointment. It focused specifically on the principles equity, redress and representivity changes in legislation. Not only do these principles encourage the equal advancement of everybody’s interests but they also serve as a means of establishing an appropriate balance between conflicting interests. The primary purpose of the study was to determine whether or not the racial group to which the school governing body members belong had an effect on the way in which they interpreted and implemented legislation, and if so, to what these could be ascribed. Five schools’ governing bodies in the Tshwane South District of the Gauteng Province were interviewed using semi structured, open-ended interviews to investigate the extent to which their staff composition has changed as a result of the new legislation. A qualitative research paradigm allowed me to adopt a constructivist/interpretivist approach to data collection and analysis. Indications from data were that the understanding and interpretation of SGBs across racial divides are influenced by their different cultural and linguistic preferences, their different political and educational histories and the contexts in which they work. These differences indicated that deeply entrenched racial stereotypes and strong attachments to a specific school culture, language or ethnic traditions could be influencing the final decision on short listing taken by the SGBs represented in my study. Suggestions are that legislation implementation should be addressed at all stages; that is, reviewing performance, considering reasons for governance difficulty or failure, designing alternative interventions, and interpreting evaluation results as an intervention practice for legislation success. Based on my research findings I would therefore suggest that the key reason for the lack of transformation in the staff composition of public schools is the short period of time that has elapsed since the promulgation of the Education Laws Amendment Act of 2005. Given that transformation is a social process and that stereotypes are key obstacles to transformation, I believe that, as far as the schools in my sample are concerned, their staff compositions will eventually change. / Thesis (PhD)--University of Pretoria, 2008. / Education Management and Policy Studies / unrestricted

This project study addressed the problem of induction teacher attrition at a rural middle school in the Southeastern United States. The study consisted of a program evaluation of a new induction program to ascertain the program's effectiveness in reducing induction teacher attrition. The theoretical framework for this study was Social constructivism. The goals of the evaluation were to (a) examine evidence supporting the effectiveness of the program, (b) identify whether the program helped the school to meet its new-teacher retention goals, and (c) evaluate induction program processes for their possible revision and improvement at other rural middle schools. A qualitative summative program evaluation using an anonymous online survey was used to gather qualitative data from 19 induction contract teachers at the school. Text analysis was used to search and categorize responses and identify frequently used words and phrases. The results showed that the revised induction program did not influence attrition positively or negatively. However, participation in the induction program provided a positive social outlet for new teachers at the school. The evaluation report included recommendations for program improvement, including the hiring of additional staff to improve induction teacher attrition rates. Implementation of these recommendations may affect positive social change by improving rural induction programs and induction teacher retention.

Online professional development (online PD), the acquisition of new skills and knowledge related to the teaching profession via the Internet, is an emerging field for teachers. This mixedmethods research explored the impact of an online PD program on high school teachers’ selfefficacy levels, classroom instruction, and the role that school culture played on teachers accepting or rejecting the online PD. Within a social cognitive theory lens, this study helped frame teacher attitudes and adult learning in the context of school culture. Phase 1 of this study used quantitative data from two surveys called PRE and POST, which were taken before and after the online PD program, respectively. Qualitative data were collected in Phase 2, using the International Society for Technology in Education Classroom Observation Tool (ICOT), participants’ journal reflections, and interviews. Findings indicated statistically significant changes in self-efficacy levels for eight of the 21 survey items and minimal changes in technology use during instruction. Furthermore, various aspects of school culture independently affected teachers’ inclination to accept or reject the online PD. Findings supported the concept of designing personalized professional development programs tailored to the individual’s specific learning styles, attitudes, and experiences of school culture.

The purpose of this study was to explore the characteristics of school culture that influenced college-going rates for high school graduates in northeast Tennessee. The study involved one-toone interviews with selected high school teachers and principals. Six high schools in northeast Tennessee were used in the study. The significance of this study was to generate a grounded theory that could be used to explain the characteristics of school cultures that were effective in supporting students' college-going rates. This knowledge could be used to inform high school principals, school boards, state legislatures and other government bodies, and colleges and universities. Findings in this study indicated that effective schools needed to establish a school culture that exhibited 5 major characteristics. These major characteristics helped schools improve students' performance, they helped improve students attendance rate and reduced students' drop-out rate, and they improved student college-going rate. The 5 characteristics were: (a) communicating high expectations to all stakeholders, (b) building a strong learning community, (c) promoting positive partnership with parents in the education of their children, (d) establishing partnership with local industries, colleges, and universities, and (e) focusing on students' ownership of their learning, students' performance, and students' continuation to higher education. The conclusion made from this study was that communicating high expectations for stakeholders needed to be combined with support for stakeholders, especially for teachers and students, in order to maximize their potential to achieve high goals. Successful schools also needed to establish knowledge base for a community of learners. The learning community would encompass those areas that made the most impact on students' learning. These were: (1) knowledge supporting growth for the corporate faculty, (2) knowledge supporting growth and orientation of new teachers, and (3) knowledge supporting positive partnership with parents in the education of their children. Parental involvement in the education of their children played a major role in improving students' attendance rate; reducing the drop-out rate, and supporting students' college-going rates.

Sedan resultatet av PISA-undersökningen 2012 publicerades handlar en övervägande del av skoldebatten om att finna åtgärder för att förbättra resultaten inom gymnasieskolan. Fenomenet rörande pojkars underpresterande har fått namnet “pojkkris”. Författarna till föreliggande studie avser att utmana bilden av ”den typiska killen” som underpresterar i kontexten för en rådande ”antipluggkultur”. Utifrån ett studie-och yrkesvägledarperspektiv är det aktuellt att undersöka vilka potentiella faktorer i en ”antipluggkultur” unga män upplever konstruerar identitet i förhållande till sin karriäridentitet. Syftet med föreliggande studie är således att undersöka hur en grupp högpresterande unga män ser på vad det är att vara en ”idealelev” vid det Naturvetenskapliga programmet. Vidare avser studien att undersöka vilka distinktioner de unga männen gör i relation till andra elevgrupper. För att tolka elevernas uppfattningar används sociologiska teorier. Begreppen fält och förmak avser förklara de unga männens syn på den omgivning de befinner sig i. De olika kapitalformerna, habitus, hegemonisk maskulinitet och begreppet distinktion används för att förklara informanternas identitetskonstruktion. För att besvara frågeställningarna används fokusgruppsintervjuer. De slutsatser som sammanfattningsvis görs är att unga mäns maskulinitetsideal i förhållande till hur en idealelev ska vara är komplex. Informanterna konstruerar bilden av en idealelev i termer av en man som får höga betyg i samtliga ämnen utan att behöva studera. Således kan det tolkas att de unga männen beskriver att en lyckad idealelev skall vara naturligt begåvade. / Since the results of the PISA-study 2012 were published, the majority of the current school policy has focused on measures to improve results in secondary schools. The phenomenon to boys underachievement has been named the "boy crisis". The thesis aims to challenge the image of the "typical guy" who underachieve in the context of an "anti-school culture”. Based on a guidance counsellor perspective it is necessary to observe the potential factors in an "anti-school culture" that young men experience constructing their identity in relation to their career identity. The author’s purpose is therefore to investigate a group of high-performing young men´s view of what it means to achieve the idealised image of a student. Sociological theories is used to interpret the students' perceptions. The concepts of fields and antichamber intends to explain the young men's views of their surroundings. The different capital forms, habitus, hegemonic masculinity and the concept of distinction is used to explain the informants' identity construction. Focus group interviews is being used in order to answer the research issues. The conclusive inference is that young men´s masculinity ideals, in relation to how an ideal student should be, is complex. The respondents construct the image of an ideal student in terms of a man who gets great results in all subjects without making an effort. In conclusion, it can be interpreted that the young men describe that a successful student should ideally be naturally talented.