O bullying escolar é um importante problema de saúde pública que vem sendo extensivamente estudado em países de alta renda. Nos países de baixa e média renda, características individuais e contextuais associadas ao bullying são pouco conhecidas. A presente tese é composta por três estudos. O estudo 1 objetivou realizar revisão sistemática sobre fatores contextuais associados ao bullying escolar. A busca utilizou as bases de dados MEDLINE, PsychInfo, Web of Knowledge e SciELO. Trinta e um estudos foram incluídos. Resultados sugerem associação entre maior desigualdade de renda em classes, escolas e países e maior risco de bullying. A relação entre tamanho da classe e da escola com bullying foi inconclusiva; escolas sem normas anti-bullying, com menor apoio e pior gestão da classe pelo professor tiveram maior risco de bullying. O estudo 2 visou identificar características individuais e contextuais associadas ao bullying verbal na escola, entre adolescentes brasileiros. Utilizou-se dados da Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde do Escolar (PeNSE) 2009, com estudantes do 9º ano escolar. Realizou-se modelos de regressão logística multinível para identificar associações com variáveis de três níveis (indivíduo, escolas, cidades). A prevalência de bullying verbal em adolescentes brasileiros foi 14,2%. Somente 1,8% e 0,3% da variância do bullying verbal ocorreu nos níveis de escola e capital, respectivamente. Nenhuma característica das cidades se associou ao bullying. Escolas privadas apresentaram mais bullying que escolas públicas. Desigualdade de renda não se associou ao bullying. Meninos, os mais jovens, os que não moravam com pai e mãe, os expostos à violência doméstica, os com baixo peso ou sobrepeso sofreram mais bullying. O estudo 3 objetivou identificar padrões de comportamento relacionados a saúde, incluindo bullying, entre adolescentes brasileiros. Utilizou-se dados da segunda edição da PeNSE, coletados em 2012. Realizou-se análise fatorial exploratória e confirmatória, além de regressão linear para descrever características socio-demográficas associadas a cada padrão. Identificou-se três padrões de comportamento: o padrão \"comportamento problema\", compreendeu comportamento agressivo (incluindo bullying), consumo de álcool, cigarro e drogas e sexo não seguro; o padrão \"comprometedor da saúde\" incluiu indicadores de alimentação não saudável e comportamento sedentário; e o padrão \"promotor da saúde\" incluiu indicadores de alimentação saudável e atividade física. Os padrões \"comportamento problema\" e \"comprometedor da saúde\" se associaram aos mais velhos e aos residentes em regiões mais desenvolvidas, sendo o primeiro associado a escolas públicas e ao sexo masculino, enquanto o segundo ao sexo feminino. O padrão \"promotor da saúde\" se associou ao sexo masculino e aqueles com mães com maior nível educacional. Concluiuse que contextos de desigualdade parecem mais propícios à ocorrência de bullying de acordo com a revisão. Entretanto, dados do Brasil não corroboram essa hipótese para bullying verbal. Ambiente escolar com adoção de regras anti-bullying e professores mais solidários devem ser estimulados. As características das escolas e cidades estudadas explicaram pouco o bullying verbal. Características individuais sugerem sub-grupos de maior risco, podendo subsidiar políticas anti-bullying. Perpetrar bullying compôs o padrão de \"comportamento problema\", indicando que as intervenções devem ser mais amplas e direcionadas a múltiplos comportamentos / School bullying is an important public health problem, which has been extensively studied among high-income countries. In low- middle-income countries, there is a lack of information about associations between both individual-level and contextual-level characteristics with bullying. The aim of Study 1 was to carry out a systematic review of contextual factors associated with school bullying. Searches were performed in MEDLINE, PsychInfo, Web of Knowledge and SciELO. 31 studies were included. Results suggested that greater income inequality in schools, classes and countries is associated with increased risk of bullying. The influence of class and school size on bullying was inconclusive; schools without anti-bullying rules, with less support and poorer classroom management by the teacher had a higher risk of bullying. The aim of study 2 was to identify individual and contextual characteristics associated with verbal bullying, among Brazilian adolescents. We used data from the National Survey of School Health (PeNSE 2009) on students in 9th grade. We performed multilevel logistic regression models to identify associations with variables from three levels (individual, school, city). The prevalence of verbal bullying among Brazilian adolescents was 14.2%. Only 1.8% and 0.3% of the bullying variance occurred at school and capital levels, respectively. No city characteristic was associated with bullying. Private schools showed more bullying than public. Income inequality was not associated with bullying in Brazil. Boys, those of younger age, those not living with both parents, those exposed to domestic violence, those underweight or overweight suffered more bullying. The aim of Study 3 was to identify health-related behavior patterns, including bullying, among Brazilian adolescents. We used data from the second edition of PeNSE, carried out in 2012. We conducted exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis to identify behavior patterns, and linear regression models to describe sociodemographic characteristics associated with each pattern. We identified three behavior patterns; the problem-behavior pattern, which comprised aggressive behavior (including bullying), alcohol drinking, smoking, drugs use and unsafe sex; the health-compromising pattern, which included unhealthy diet indicators and sedentary behavior; and the health-enhancing pattern, which included healthy diet indicators and physical activity. The problembehavior and health-compromising patterns were associated with older age and from more developed regions. The former was associated with male gender and attending public school, while the latter was associated with female gender and more educated mothers. The health-enhancing pattern was associated with male gender and more educated mothers. In conclusion, the review suggested that bullying is more likely to occur in unequal contexts, but we could not confirm this hypothesis for verbal bullying in the Brazilian setting. Schools should be encouraged to adopt anti-bullying rules and to train teachers in bullying prevention. Among Brazilian adolescents the school and city variables explained litle of verbal bullying victimization. Individual characteristics indicated high risk sub-groups, which could be used to support anti-bullying policies. Bullying perpetration comprised part of the problem behavior pattern, suggesting that interventions should be more broaden

Estudo transversal do universo de pré-escolares (1544) de creches filantrópicas de Santo André, SP, Brasil, para estimar por antropometria seu crescimento e estado nutricional. Observou-se que o crescimento alcançado no conjunto está acima do referencial CDC/NCHS. Não se encontrou desnutrição, mas sim sobrepeso e obesidade, respectivamente em 16,8 e 10,8% das crianças, com tendência crescente com a idade. Entre os fatores de risco para esta condição encontrou-se o sexo feminino e o peso de nascimento mais elevado. Estes resultados apontam para a presença de uma etapa adiantada de transição epidemiólogica nutricional inclusive na população de pré-escolares de baixa renda deste Município / Cross sectional study of the universe (n=1544) of preschool children attending to philanthropic daycare centers of Santo André (SP- Brazil), to evaluate by anthropometrics their growth and nutritional status. The attained growth by the whole group was above the CDC/NCHS reference. There was no undernutrition but overweight and obesity with a prevalence of 16,8 and 10,8%, respectively, with a trend to increase with age. Higher birth weight and feminine gender were risk factors for these nutritional problems. The results pointed out an advanced step of nutritional transition, affecting the children between 2 and 6 years of age, of low income families, in this Municipality

Injuries, illnesses and deaths happening in schools are a growing menace in Gauteng province, South Africa. This qualitative research study sought to evaluate the administrative efficacy of first aid (FA) provisioning in Gauteng schools in the wake of rampant injuries, deaths and disfigurement among learners and teachers, as documented in the local print and electronic media. An emergent research design underpinned by a phenomenological theoretical perspective unravelled the administrative efficacy of the provisioning of FA in two pre-schools, two primary schools and two high schools in Gauteng province. Observations in one school, semi-structured face-to-face interviews with one pre-school manager, three FA appointed persons, one deputy headmaster and a subject head of department, as well as focus group discussions with learners and teachers in two schools, were the data-gathering tools. A thematic analysis approach was the method adopted to analyse data. Research findings indicate very low levels of FA literacy and competency among learners, teachers, pre-school managers and principals in the sampled schools. I recommend and advocate a national conversation aimed at instituting a massive drive to make it mandatory for all learners and teachers to be trained in FA. / Educational Leadership and Management / D. Ed. (Education Management)

O bullying escolar é um importante problema de saúde pública que vem sendo extensivamente estudado em países de alta renda. Nos países de baixa e média renda, características individuais e contextuais associadas ao bullying são pouco conhecidas. A presente tese é composta por três estudos. O estudo 1 objetivou realizar revisão sistemática sobre fatores contextuais associados ao bullying escolar. A busca utilizou as bases de dados MEDLINE, PsychInfo, Web of Knowledge e SciELO. Trinta e um estudos foram incluídos. Resultados sugerem associação entre maior desigualdade de renda em classes, escolas e países e maior risco de bullying. A relação entre tamanho da classe e da escola com bullying foi inconclusiva; escolas sem normas anti-bullying, com menor apoio e pior gestão da classe pelo professor tiveram maior risco de bullying. O estudo 2 visou identificar características individuais e contextuais associadas ao bullying verbal na escola, entre adolescentes brasileiros. Utilizou-se dados da Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde do Escolar (PeNSE) 2009, com estudantes do 9º ano escolar. Realizou-se modelos de regressão logística multinível para identificar associações com variáveis de três níveis (indivíduo, escolas, cidades). A prevalência de bullying verbal em adolescentes brasileiros foi 14,2%. Somente 1,8% e 0,3% da variância do bullying verbal ocorreu nos níveis de escola e capital, respectivamente. Nenhuma característica das cidades se associou ao bullying. Escolas privadas apresentaram mais bullying que escolas públicas. Desigualdade de renda não se associou ao bullying. Meninos, os mais jovens, os que não moravam com pai e mãe, os expostos à violência doméstica, os com baixo peso ou sobrepeso sofreram mais bullying. O estudo 3 objetivou identificar padrões de comportamento relacionados a saúde, incluindo bullying, entre adolescentes brasileiros. Utilizou-se dados da segunda edição da PeNSE, coletados em 2012. Realizou-se análise fatorial exploratória e confirmatória, além de regressão linear para descrever características socio-demográficas associadas a cada padrão. Identificou-se três padrões de comportamento: o padrão \"comportamento problema\", compreendeu comportamento agressivo (incluindo bullying), consumo de álcool, cigarro e drogas e sexo não seguro; o padrão \"comprometedor da saúde\" incluiu indicadores de alimentação não saudável e comportamento sedentário; e o padrão \"promotor da saúde\" incluiu indicadores de alimentação saudável e atividade física. Os padrões \"comportamento problema\" e \"comprometedor da saúde\" se associaram aos mais velhos e aos residentes em regiões mais desenvolvidas, sendo o primeiro associado a escolas públicas e ao sexo masculino, enquanto o segundo ao sexo feminino. O padrão \"promotor da saúde\" se associou ao sexo masculino e aqueles com mães com maior nível educacional. Concluiuse que contextos de desigualdade parecem mais propícios à ocorrência de bullying de acordo com a revisão. Entretanto, dados do Brasil não corroboram essa hipótese para bullying verbal. Ambiente escolar com adoção de regras anti-bullying e professores mais solidários devem ser estimulados. As características das escolas e cidades estudadas explicaram pouco o bullying verbal. Características individuais sugerem sub-grupos de maior risco, podendo subsidiar políticas anti-bullying. Perpetrar bullying compôs o padrão de \"comportamento problema\", indicando que as intervenções devem ser mais amplas e direcionadas a múltiplos comportamentos / School bullying is an important public health problem, which has been extensively studied among high-income countries. In low- middle-income countries, there is a lack of information about associations between both individual-level and contextual-level characteristics with bullying. The aim of Study 1 was to carry out a systematic review of contextual factors associated with school bullying. Searches were performed in MEDLINE, PsychInfo, Web of Knowledge and SciELO. 31 studies were included. Results suggested that greater income inequality in schools, classes and countries is associated with increased risk of bullying. The influence of class and school size on bullying was inconclusive; schools without anti-bullying rules, with less support and poorer classroom management by the teacher had a higher risk of bullying. The aim of study 2 was to identify individual and contextual characteristics associated with verbal bullying, among Brazilian adolescents. We used data from the National Survey of School Health (PeNSE 2009) on students in 9th grade. We performed multilevel logistic regression models to identify associations with variables from three levels (individual, school, city). The prevalence of verbal bullying among Brazilian adolescents was 14.2%. Only 1.8% and 0.3% of the bullying variance occurred at school and capital levels, respectively. No city characteristic was associated with bullying. Private schools showed more bullying than public. Income inequality was not associated with bullying in Brazil. Boys, those of younger age, those not living with both parents, those exposed to domestic violence, those underweight or overweight suffered more bullying. The aim of Study 3 was to identify health-related behavior patterns, including bullying, among Brazilian adolescents. We used data from the second edition of PeNSE, carried out in 2012. We conducted exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis to identify behavior patterns, and linear regression models to describe sociodemographic characteristics associated with each pattern. We identified three behavior patterns; the problem-behavior pattern, which comprised aggressive behavior (including bullying), alcohol drinking, smoking, drugs use and unsafe sex; the health-compromising pattern, which included unhealthy diet indicators and sedentary behavior; and the health-enhancing pattern, which included healthy diet indicators and physical activity. The problembehavior and health-compromising patterns were associated with older age and from more developed regions. The former was associated with male gender and attending public school, while the latter was associated with female gender and more educated mothers. The health-enhancing pattern was associated with male gender and more educated mothers. In conclusion, the review suggested that bullying is more likely to occur in unequal contexts, but we could not confirm this hypothesis for verbal bullying in the Brazilian setting. Schools should be encouraged to adopt anti-bullying rules and to train teachers in bullying prevention. Among Brazilian adolescents the school and city variables explained litle of verbal bullying victimization. Individual characteristics indicated high risk sub-groups, which could be used to support anti-bullying policies. Bullying perpetration comprised part of the problem behavior pattern, suggesting that interventions should be more broaden

This study evaluates a sex education programme administered in an Indian high school. To this end, a literature search, empirical study and qualitative data were used to measure the effectiveness of the Education for Living programme. Adolescents are blamed for having pennissive attitudes, or for indulging in amoral sexual behaviour without considering the consequences. The fact is, sexual development of young people is affected in a fundamental sense by what is taking place around them. Many of the taboos, which operated in society years ago, have disappeared. This study looks into the history of the South African Indian community. In particular, this study focuses on the community's values, attitudes and traditional practices toward sexuality, sex and marriage. It further highlights how the processes of westemisation and modernisation have eroded many of these aspects of traditional Indian culture. The study concludes by examining the emergence of new-found patterns of behaviour and attitudes. It is not the intention of this study to provide any conclusive documentation on the subject of the Indian adolescent. However the major findings of this study have been fommlated as recommendations and implications for further research. Since sexuality is an ever-changing, life-long experience, there is a need for continuous acquisition of accurate sexual knowledge. Carefully designed programmes may serve to allay fears, dispel myths, diminish confusion, enhance communication within families and promote health and wellbeing across generations. / Social Work / M.A. (SS) (Mental Health)

This study evaluates a sex education programme administered in an Indian high school. To this end, a literature search, empirical study and qualitative data were used to measure the effectiveness of the Education for Living programme. Adolescents are blamed for having pennissive attitudes, or for indulging in amoral sexual behaviour without considering the consequences. The fact is, sexual development of young people is affected in a fundamental sense by what is taking place around them. Many of the taboos, which operated in society years ago, have disappeared. This study looks into the history of the South African Indian community. In particular, this study focuses on the community's values, attitudes and traditional practices toward sexuality, sex and marriage. It further highlights how the processes of westemisation and modernisation have eroded many of these aspects of traditional Indian culture. The study concludes by examining the emergence of new-found patterns of behaviour and attitudes. It is not the intention of this study to provide any conclusive documentation on the subject of the Indian adolescent. However the major findings of this study have been fommlated as recommendations and implications for further research. Since sexuality is an ever-changing, life-long experience, there is a need for continuous acquisition of accurate sexual knowledge. Carefully designed programmes may serve to allay fears, dispel myths, diminish confusion, enhance communication within families and promote health and wellbeing across generations. / Social Work / M.A. (SS) (Mental Health)

This is a descriptive study with a quantitative, non-experimental and contextual design, with the objective of describing the knowledge of female adolescents with regards to the implications of pregnancy. The study took place in the Bengo Province, more specifically in the school of the suburb Bairro da Açúcareira and the sample was constituted by 100 female adolescents, within the age group 13 to 19 years. Simple random sampling was used for the selection of the sample. For the collection of data a structured questionnaire with closed questions was used. Based on the data obtained the researcher draws the following conclusion: there is a need to develop educational programmes pertaining to the consequences of pregnancy, not only for adolescents but also for the teachers and parents, as the respondents indicated that teachers and parents would be the ideal people for this type of discussion; on the other hand, and of extreme importance, there is a need for specific assistance to adolescents at health centers and hospitals of the province with regard to the lack of entertainment for adolescents in the province is also an aspect that deserves attention on the part of the government of the Province of Bengo. / Health Studies / M.A (Health Studies))

This is a descriptive study with a quantitative, non-experimental and contextual design, with the objective of describing the knowledge of female adolescents with regards to the implications of pregnancy. The study took place in the Bengo Province, more specifically in the school of the suburb Bairro da Açúcareira and the sample was constituted by 100 female adolescents, within the age group 13 to 19 years. Simple random sampling was used for the selection of the sample. For the collection of data a structured questionnaire with closed questions was used. Based on the data obtained the researcher draws the following conclusion: there is a need to develop educational programmes pertaining to the consequences of pregnancy, not only for adolescents but also for the teachers and parents, as the respondents indicated that teachers and parents would be the ideal people for this type of discussion; on the other hand, and of extreme importance, there is a need for specific assistance to adolescents at health centers and hospitals of the province with regard to the lack of entertainment for adolescents in the province is also an aspect that deserves attention on the part of the government of the Province of Bengo. / Health Studies / M.A (Health Studies))