Exhibit marketing can be a remarkably useful promotional practice that generates new applications and can adjust to different situations in the fierce marketplace. However, academics show little interest in this concept as well as its connection to former schools of thought. Accordingly, the purpose of this literature review is to evaluate and integrate the findings of multiple qualitative research studies to provide an overview of the concept of exhibit marketing. This study will provide a content analysis through a meta-synthesis with the citation index as a foundation. Extracted perspectives from different scholars are carefully analysed and summarized using the proposed theoretical framework. Findings revealed that the concept of exhibit marketing has close relation to the Nordic School of Thought.

The purpose of this problem is to make a comparative study of the philosophy of the formal discipline concept of the traditional school of thought and the modern progressive movement in order to determine their relative contributions to our present educational system.

Made available in DSpace on 2010-04-20T20:48:01Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 3 71040100493.pdf.jpg: 13845 bytes, checksum: d7d83ec3451f3e6dfe8ad8ad94a80f78 (MD5) 71040100493.pdf.txt: 462826 bytes, checksum: 6baf8c38ab8358db07d836206783f8e5 (MD5) 71040100493.pdf: 1385079 bytes, checksum: 9bc2949cb81d006cc2eff951203c2e4c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-03-27T00:00:00Z / The study of a discipline and its history may help in its better understandig, in a deeper and broader sense. Considering a discipline as the accumulation of scientific knowledge in a certain area of thought through an established evolutive process, this academic work intends to establish and presents how Marketing evolved. It’s assumed that the buiding blocks of a discipline are the academic papers published in academic Journals, which are the vehicle of class associations, either those presented in congress, both promoted by class associations representing a school of thought. So far, this academic work presents the evolution of main schools of thought in Marketing, within most representative papers. / Estudar a evolução de uma disciplina, sua história, pode auxiliar em um entendimento melhor desta disciplina, de forma mais ampla e profunda.. Considerando uma disciplina como a acumulação de conhecimento científico dentro de uma área de conhecimento estabelecida através de um processo de construção evolutiva, este estudo procura estabelecer e apresentar o processo evolutivo do Marketing. Assume-se neste trabalho que os building blocks da construção de uma disciplina se dá através dos artigos acadêmicos aceitos e publicados em Journals que são veículos de associações de classe, ou apresentados em congressos, ambos promovidos por associações de classe que reflitam os interesses de uma escola de pensamento. Assim, neste trabalho, são apresentadas as evoluções das principais escolas de pensamento da disciplina Marketing juntamente com os artigos de autores mais representativos.

The full text will be made available at the end of the embargo period.

A publicação do livro “The machine that changed the world” de Womack et al. (1990) tornou popular no mundo ocidental o termo Lean, que segundo os autores seria a forma generalizada do sistema Toyota de produção. Desde então, a academia tem se dedicado a estudar diversos aspectos envolvidos com o Lean. Apesar do conhecimento teórico gerado, poucas empresas têm conseguindo aplicar esta estratégia de manufatura apropriadamente e experimentar os supostos benefícios. Este é o caso, por exemplo, da siderúrgica AGR (nome fictício). Em 2004, a empresa iniciou um programa formal para transformação Lean e poucos anos depois os esforços foram descontinuados. Recentemente, novos direcionamentos na empresa conduziram à retomada destes esforços. Neste contexto específico, um questionamento foi realizado: como os esforços Lean podem ser retomados e organizados na AGR? Cabe ressaltar que implicitamente este questionamento desdobrou em uma revisão da literatura que identificou diferentes pontos de vista teóricos sobre o fenômeno Lean. Neste sentido, Fujimoto (1999), como pensador mais proeminente da escola de pensamento evolucionária – utilizando uma abordagem interpretativista – argumenta que a Toyota apresenta uma capacidade de aprendizagem evolucionária que permite a emergência de um novo sistema de manufatura ao longo do tempo. A provável ausência desta capacidade de aprendizagem em empresas que buscam se tornar Lean indicaria uma das razões pelas quais se tem dificuldade em alcançar e sustentar este sistema. Observando a descrição desta capacidade na Toyota, verifica-se que a mesma ocorre via construção social da realidade. Desta forma, uma aprendizagem similar poderia ser gerada ao operacionalizar-se a Soft Systems Methodology no processo de estruturação da transformação Lean. Uma pesquisa-ação foi conduzida para avaliar esta possibilidade na prática e ao mesmo tempo auxiliar a AGR com a situação problemática na retomada dos esforços Lean. / The term lean became popular in the Western world after publication of "The machine that changed the world" (Womack et al., 1990) which argues it is the generalized form of the Toyota Production System. Since then, the academy has been investigating several aspects about it. Despite theoretical knowledge contribution, few companies have been able to implement this manufacturing strategy properly and, therefore, have experienced the supposed benefits. This is the case of AGR (fictitious name) steelmaking facility. The company started a lean transformation program in 2004 and few years later the efforts were discontinued. Recently new directions led other attempt at lean efforts. In this particular context, an inquiry was made: how the lean efforts can be organized and reinitiate in AGR? It is noteworthy that this implicitly unfolded a literature review that identified different theoretical views on the lean phenomenon. Fujimoto (1999) as the most prominent thinker of evolutionary school of thought – using an interpretivist approach – argues that Toyota has an evolutionary learning capability that enables the emergence of a new manufacturing system over time. The absence of a similar learning capability in companies seeking lean practices indicates one possible reason why they are difficult to achieve and sustain. Fujimoto (1999) describes it operating at Toyota through social construction of reality. Thus, a similar learning could be generated applying the Soft Systems Methodology as the structuration process for lean transformation. An action research was conducted to evaluate this proposition in practice and at the same time to help AGR in the attempt at lean efforts.

A publicação do livro “The machine that changed the world” de Womack et al. (1990) tornou popular no mundo ocidental o termo Lean, que segundo os autores seria a forma generalizada do sistema Toyota de produção. Desde então, a academia tem se dedicado a estudar diversos aspectos envolvidos com o Lean. Apesar do conhecimento teórico gerado, poucas empresas têm conseguindo aplicar esta estratégia de manufatura apropriadamente e experimentar os supostos benefícios. Este é o caso, por exemplo, da siderúrgica AGR (nome fictício). Em 2004, a empresa iniciou um programa formal para transformação Lean e poucos anos depois os esforços foram descontinuados. Recentemente, novos direcionamentos na empresa conduziram à retomada destes esforços. Neste contexto específico, um questionamento foi realizado: como os esforços Lean podem ser retomados e organizados na AGR? Cabe ressaltar que implicitamente este questionamento desdobrou em uma revisão da literatura que identificou diferentes pontos de vista teóricos sobre o fenômeno Lean. Neste sentido, Fujimoto (1999), como pensador mais proeminente da escola de pensamento evolucionária – utilizando uma abordagem interpretativista – argumenta que a Toyota apresenta uma capacidade de aprendizagem evolucionária que permite a emergência de um novo sistema de manufatura ao longo do tempo. A provável ausência desta capacidade de aprendizagem em empresas que buscam se tornar Lean indicaria uma das razões pelas quais se tem dificuldade em alcançar e sustentar este sistema. Observando a descrição desta capacidade na Toyota, verifica-se que a mesma ocorre via construção social da realidade. Desta forma, uma aprendizagem similar poderia ser gerada ao operacionalizar-se a Soft Systems Methodology no processo de estruturação da transformação Lean. Uma pesquisa-ação foi conduzida para avaliar esta possibilidade na prática e ao mesmo tempo auxiliar a AGR com a situação problemática na retomada dos esforços Lean. / The term lean became popular in the Western world after publication of "The machine that changed the world" (Womack et al., 1990) which argues it is the generalized form of the Toyota Production System. Since then, the academy has been investigating several aspects about it. Despite theoretical knowledge contribution, few companies have been able to implement this manufacturing strategy properly and, therefore, have experienced the supposed benefits. This is the case of AGR (fictitious name) steelmaking facility. The company started a lean transformation program in 2004 and few years later the efforts were discontinued. Recently new directions led other attempt at lean efforts. In this particular context, an inquiry was made: how the lean efforts can be organized and reinitiate in AGR? It is noteworthy that this implicitly unfolded a literature review that identified different theoretical views on the lean phenomenon. Fujimoto (1999) as the most prominent thinker of evolutionary school of thought – using an interpretivist approach – argues that Toyota has an evolutionary learning capability that enables the emergence of a new manufacturing system over time. The absence of a similar learning capability in companies seeking lean practices indicates one possible reason why they are difficult to achieve and sustain. Fujimoto (1999) describes it operating at Toyota through social construction of reality. Thus, a similar learning could be generated applying the Soft Systems Methodology as the structuration process for lean transformation. An action research was conducted to evaluate this proposition in practice and at the same time to help AGR in the attempt at lean efforts.

A publicação do livro “The machine that changed the world” de Womack et al. (1990) tornou popular no mundo ocidental o termo Lean, que segundo os autores seria a forma generalizada do sistema Toyota de produção. Desde então, a academia tem se dedicado a estudar diversos aspectos envolvidos com o Lean. Apesar do conhecimento teórico gerado, poucas empresas têm conseguindo aplicar esta estratégia de manufatura apropriadamente e experimentar os supostos benefícios. Este é o caso, por exemplo, da siderúrgica AGR (nome fictício). Em 2004, a empresa iniciou um programa formal para transformação Lean e poucos anos depois os esforços foram descontinuados. Recentemente, novos direcionamentos na empresa conduziram à retomada destes esforços. Neste contexto específico, um questionamento foi realizado: como os esforços Lean podem ser retomados e organizados na AGR? Cabe ressaltar que implicitamente este questionamento desdobrou em uma revisão da literatura que identificou diferentes pontos de vista teóricos sobre o fenômeno Lean. Neste sentido, Fujimoto (1999), como pensador mais proeminente da escola de pensamento evolucionária – utilizando uma abordagem interpretativista – argumenta que a Toyota apresenta uma capacidade de aprendizagem evolucionária que permite a emergência de um novo sistema de manufatura ao longo do tempo. A provável ausência desta capacidade de aprendizagem em empresas que buscam se tornar Lean indicaria uma das razões pelas quais se tem dificuldade em alcançar e sustentar este sistema. Observando a descrição desta capacidade na Toyota, verifica-se que a mesma ocorre via construção social da realidade. Desta forma, uma aprendizagem similar poderia ser gerada ao operacionalizar-se a Soft Systems Methodology no processo de estruturação da transformação Lean. Uma pesquisa-ação foi conduzida para avaliar esta possibilidade na prática e ao mesmo tempo auxiliar a AGR com a situação problemática na retomada dos esforços Lean. / The term lean became popular in the Western world after publication of "The machine that changed the world" (Womack et al., 1990) which argues it is the generalized form of the Toyota Production System. Since then, the academy has been investigating several aspects about it. Despite theoretical knowledge contribution, few companies have been able to implement this manufacturing strategy properly and, therefore, have experienced the supposed benefits. This is the case of AGR (fictitious name) steelmaking facility. The company started a lean transformation program in 2004 and few years later the efforts were discontinued. Recently new directions led other attempt at lean efforts. In this particular context, an inquiry was made: how the lean efforts can be organized and reinitiate in AGR? It is noteworthy that this implicitly unfolded a literature review that identified different theoretical views on the lean phenomenon. Fujimoto (1999) as the most prominent thinker of evolutionary school of thought – using an interpretivist approach – argues that Toyota has an evolutionary learning capability that enables the emergence of a new manufacturing system over time. The absence of a similar learning capability in companies seeking lean practices indicates one possible reason why they are difficult to achieve and sustain. Fujimoto (1999) describes it operating at Toyota through social construction of reality. Thus, a similar learning could be generated applying the Soft Systems Methodology as the structuration process for lean transformation. An action research was conducted to evaluate this proposition in practice and at the same time to help AGR in the attempt at lean efforts.

Magister Artium - MA / Imam Malik b. Anas (d. 179 A.H.) is an important intellectual figure in Islam. He is the author of the first hadith collection, the Muwatta, and is the founder of one of the four major Sunni schools of law. His contribution towards formulating a distinct legal school allows millions of Muslims daily to perform their daily rituals of worship. Previous research, however, has not given enough attention to a systematic study of his beliefs. This study intends to address this shortcoming. My thesis examines the belief of imam Malik, particularly his concept of faith and the external expression thereof. It examines the first two eras of Islam, that of the Companions and Followers, which preceded him and their influence on his methodology of formulating his theological and legal views. It further looks at his approach to the textual evidences and his attitude towards speculative reasoning (kalam) regarding theological issues. This study further aims to verify the statements attributed to imam Malik regarding what constitutes correct faith and whether it increases or decreases. It also looks at the conflicting statements attributed to him regarding the increase and decrease of faith and tries to resolve them. Furthermore, it sources reliable biographical information on imam Malik to determine his attitude towards the diverse theological trends such as the Qadarites and Murji’ites prevalent during his time. In addition, the study compares the views of imam Malik with that of the other three founders of the Sunni Sunni legal schools.

F. Bordes marque de son empreinte la construction de la préhistoire dans la seconde moitié du XXe siècle. Une analyse thématique de son oeuvre en trois parties permet de mettre en lumière ses principaux aspects.Une première partie, intitulée « Une approche normative », est consacrée à la démarche de F. Bordes qui est caractérisée par un renouvellement méthodologique. Une seconde partie, au titre de « Les industries lithiques comme fil d’Ariane », est consacrée aux interprétations de F. Bordes concernant l’évolution des cultures préhistoriques et à ses recherches pour reconstituer la vie quotidienne matérielle au Paléolithique. Une troisième partie, « La construction d’une école de pensée », aborde la place particulière de F. Bordes au sein de la communauté des préhistoriens. Enfin, F. Bordes est également Francis Carsac, un auteur de science-fiction, dont l’étude des récits permet de donner un éclairage complémentaire sur ses préoccupations. En conclusion de cette thèse, un regard est porté ce qu’il reste de sa contribution scientifique. / F. Bordes brand of its print the construction of Prehistory in second half of the 20 th century. An analysis set of themes of its work in three parts makes it possible to clarify its principal aspects. A first part, entitled “a normative approach” is devoted to the approach of F. Bordes which is characterized by a methodological renewal. A second part, entitled ”lithic industries like wire of Ariane”, is devoted to interpretations of F. Border concerning the evolution of the prehistoric cultures and with its research to reconstitute the material daily life during the Paleolithic. A third part, “the construction of a school of thought”, analyses the particular place of F. Border within the community of the prehistorians. F. Bordes is also Francis Carsac, a science fiction writer, whose stories study makes it possible to provide supplementary illumination on its concerns. In conclusion of this thesis, a look is carried what it remains of his scientific contribution.

由於顏元著「四書正誤」一書是針對朱熹「四書集註」的不滿而提出反對的觀點，換言之，其「正誤」意即正「四書集註」之誤。本文的緒論為研究動機、研究目的、研究程序及研究範圍，亦對前人研究的文獻大致作檢討。第二章是探討顏元四書學的背景，從橫向如清初對「四書」的研究情形及當時的學風作敘述；縱向從顏元本身的學習歷程、思想的轉變等亦在此章分述。第三章和第四章分別是從顏元「一破一立」的主張去呈顯其四書學。第三章是探討顏元反對「四書集註」之觀點。在形式上，顏元反對朱熹以傳注訓詁的方式去註解古籍；在內容上，他反對以心性義理的角度去詮釋「四書」。此外，他也對「四書集註」有妄改經義或經文處提出反對的意見。第四章是顏元四書學之要旨，從中剖析顏元所認為的訓解「四書」之方式為何。本章是從其主張以實際的事物去訓解古籍；主張透過行為去實踐經書中的道理；主張回復傳統儒學，從「四書」經典本身求義理以及其對「四書」的文句疏通方面去作剖析。第五章是對顏元的四書學作評述，主要是從其價值貢獻及缺失兩方面來談。再者，顏元四書學的定位及影響也一併在此章作探討。第六章是結論以總結全文。