eligranados@nysnet.com.ar; marferahumada@yahoo.com.ar / Las investigaciones específicas en torno a la concepción de la Psicología han indicado que uno de los atributos esenciales que se le asigna es su carácter científico. Acceder a las concepciones de ciencia y método científico que tienen un colectivo social posibilita aproximarnos a representaciones cognitivas con el objeto de comprender los supuestos que subyacen y determinan un hacer particular. En esta investigación lo realizamos con 169 estudiantes de la carrera de Psicología, a los cuales se les administró Redes Semánticas Naturales. Para precisar las fundamentaciones que sobre ciencia y método científico presentan los alumnos durante tres momentos de su formación (al principio, a la mitad y al final) se aplicaron entrevistas en profundidad y cuestionario. Los resultados muestran escasas variaciones del concepto ciencia, presentando una fuerte impronta del modelo tradicional. Respecto al método científico, se destaca la incorporación de terminología específica y alusiones a procedimientos metodológicos, según corrientes teóricas de la Psicología. La investigación aporta elementos conceptuales para favorecer la reflexión docente en torno a la enseñanza de las competencias en el área de la investigación en Psicología. / Revisión por pares

Submitted by JOSIANE SANTOS DE OLIVEIRA (josianeso) on 2018-04-20T16:59:25Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Edgard Charles Stuber_.pdf: 853738 bytes, checksum: 573a1be7979fbca9175606c1199e2e9a (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-04-20T16:59:25Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Edgard Charles Stuber_.pdf: 853738 bytes, checksum: 573a1be7979fbca9175606c1199e2e9a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-12-15 / Nenhuma / Esta tese visa analisar e discutir a resolução de problemas complexos, a fim de defender que não há métodos infalíveis, mas apenas múltiplas tentativas seguidas da eliminação de erros com o acúmulo de informação. Comumente o conceito de inovação tem sido associado à tecnologia ou ao lançamento de produtos e neste trabalho será feita uma abordagem de inovação pela resolução de problemas. A argumentação se desenvolve com uma perspectiva historicista, que tem início com o processo biológico do algoritmo evolutivo da seleção natural proposto por Charles Darwin para os organismos vivos até chegar na espécie humana que tem a mente, que lhe possibilita encurtar o tempo de resolução dos problemas com a sua intencionalidade. Diversos métodos científicos serão analisados ao longo da evolução cultural, desde o início do pensamento filosófico do atomismo até a Revolução Científica. Apesar de a ciência ser o empreendimento humano mais refinado para solução de problemas, a resistência para introdução de novas ideias ou de novas perspectivas sempre foi um entrave no desenvolvimento da civilização humana. A discussão da geração de conhecimento é relevante e será expandida em torno da epistemologia da biologia da cognição dos organismos vivos e dos sistemas sociais complexos. Ao final, depois do estudo da resolução de problemas na natureza e na ciência, será feita uma análise do mundo empresarial. A conclusão é que as organizações, de forma muito similar aos organismos vivos, tendem à extinção e podem apenas resolver seus problemas complexos fazendo uso do método de tentativa e erro com experimentação para acelerar o aprendizado com vistas a retardar sua obsolescência num ambiente de acelerada mudança. / This dissertation aims at analyzing and discussing the solving of wicked problems with a view to defending the idea that there are no infallible methods, only multiple attempts followed by elimination of errors and consequent accumulation of information. The concept of innovation has been commonly associated to technology or the launching of new products; so here innovation will be approached through problem solving. The argumentation develops under a historicist perspective; it begins with the biological process of the natural selection evolutionary algorithm proposed for living organisms by Charles Darwin and it goes on until it comes to the human species and the intentionality of our mind, which allows problem solving to be done in a shorter time. Various scientific methods will be analyzed throughout cultural evolution, from the beginning of philosophical atomism up to the Scientific Revolution. Although science is the most refined human endeavor when it comes to solving problems, resistance to the introduction of new ideas or new perspectives has always been an obstacle to the development of human civilization. Discussing knowledge generation is relevant and it will be expanded around the epistemology of the biology of living organisms cognition and complex social systems. Finally, after studying problem solving in nature and in science, an analysis of the business world will be carried out. The conclusion is that organizations, much like living organisms, are prone to extinction and they can only solve their wicked problems by making use of the trial-and-error method with experimentation to accelerate learning with a view to delaying their obsolescence in a rapidly changing environment.

In this paper I investigate the limitations of memory, physical and psychological effects on individuals’ perception that effect memory, and the impact of those limitations on our ability to recall objective truth. The paper is introduced with an explanation of my interest in the subjective narrative voice in historical accounts and questions the possibility of a completely objective voice. In the first chapter, a fantastical biographical story of the life of Tycho Brahe is used as an example of the difficulty in parsing truth from legend. Descriptions of changes in scientific methods exemplify the uncertainty of scientific fact. I propose that Brahe sought empirical data to replace the unfiltered memory perception an anosmic lacks. Additionally, if Brahe had a sense of smell his murder may have been unsuccessful. In the second chapter I describe anosmia, then explain the dominant theories of how olfaction takes place, and memory storage through smell. Memory recall through associated odors is unfiltered by the intellect, and unalterable, while other forms of memory are subject to change as our psyche continually reforms the experience. An objective account of events is impossible. I search instead for histories where myth, legend, truth, and imagination converge.

Notre questionnement trouve sa source dans la mise en place, dans le cadre de la réforme du lycée de 2010, de l'enseignement d'exploration Méthodes et Pratiques Scientifiques (MPS) en Seconde. Cet enseignement pluridisciplinaire, visant à initier les élèves à la démarche scientifique dans le cadre d'un projet, a conduit les enseignants de mathématiques, à interroger et à modifier leurs pratiques. Nous proposons d'analyser ces changements sous l'angle des ressources et du travail des enseignants sur ces ressources. Nous mobilisons les cadres théoriques de la double approche didactique et ergonomique (Robert, 2010a ; Rogalski, 2010) et de l'approche documentaire du didactique (Gueudet et Trouche, 2010). Notre recherche est conduite à partir du suivi de professeurs de mathématiques impliqués en MPS et engagés dans différents collectifs disciplinaires et pluridisciplinaires. Ce suivi est complété par des entretiens avec les collègues des autres disciplines. Nous avons aussi effectué une étude sur l'offre des ressources disponibles pour l'un des thèmes proposés. Cette étude s'inscrit dans le programme de recherche ReVEA (Ressources Vivantes pour l'Enseignement et l'Apprentissage), soutenu par l'ANR. Notre thèse propose de montrer l'impact des ressources et de leur manque depuis la compréhension de la tâche prescrite jusqu'à la tâche effective, ainsi que celui des différents collectifs dans lesquels le professeur de mathématiques est impliqué. Elle questionne également les effets de ce travail sur le développement professionnel concernant en particulier la conception et la mise en œuvre de séances fondées sur des démarches d'investigation. / Our questioning emerges from the establishment of a new teaching, called Scientific Methods and Practices (MPS), as part of the French high school reform in 2010. This multidisciplinary teaching, which aims to initiate pupils to a scientific approach, leds mathematics teachers to question and to change their practices. We propose to analyze these changes in terms of resources and the way teachers work on these resources. We retain two approaches: the double approach didactic and ergonomic of the teaching practices (Robert, 2010a; Rogalski, 2010) and the documentational approach of didactics (Gueudet et Trouche, 2010). Our research is conducted from observations of mathematics teachers involved in MPS and engaged in different disciplinary and multidisciplinary collectives. These observations are supplemented by interviews with colleagues in other disciplines. We also performed a study of resources available for one of the themes proposed. This study is part of the research program ReVEA (Living Resources for Teaching and Learning), supported by the ANR. Our thesis aims to show the impact of resources and lack of resources from understanding the prescribed task to the effective task, and also the impact of the different collectives in which the mathematics teacher is involved. It questions as well the effects of this work on professional development, especially regarding the inquiry-based science teaching.