Submitted by Reginaldo Soares de Freitas (reginaldo.freitas@ufv.br) on 2016-04-18T16:16:44Z No. of bitstreams: 1 texto completo.pdf: 350102 bytes, checksum: f63374577f4c51e4a93a1ed9f2503a88 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-18T16:16:44Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 texto completo.pdf: 350102 bytes, checksum: f63374577f4c51e4a93a1ed9f2503a88 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-07-21 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Trichoderma spp., antagonistas a vários fitopatógenos, são comumente isoladas do solo, da rizosfera, e como endofíticos. Nosso objetivo foi selecionar isolados de Trichoderma spp. nas culturas do feijão e da soja em Minas Gerais e avaliar o antagonismo a S. sclerotiorum, agente causal do mofo-branco de ambas as culturas. Obtiveram-se 48 isolados, sendo 30 da rizosfera, 11 epifíticos, quatro endofíticos e três de restos culturais. Com base no sequenciamento das regiões ITS, TEF1-α e RPB2, incluíram-se os isolados em oito espécies de Trichoderma: 29 como T. harzianum; 5 como T. koningiopsis; 4 como T. hamatum; 4 como T. atroviride; 2 como T. asperelloides; 2 como T. longibrachiatum; 1 como T. asperellum e 1 como T. neokoningii. Oito isolados inibiram completamente o crescimento do patógeno em teste de pareamento. Oito isolados foram os mais eficientes no crescimento em meio de cultura. Vinte e quatro isolados foram os mais eficientes em parasitar escleródios no solo, com 79-99% de eficiência. Em ágar-água, 31 isolados inibiram a germinação miceliogênica entre 78-100%, e sete isolados inibiram a germinação carpogênica em mais de 85%. Sete isolados inibiram 100% a infecção em folíolos destacados e um isolado inibiu em 79% a infecção em hastes destacadas. Dois isolados de T. harzianum, UN34 e IM2, foram os mais promissores: UN34 por reduzir a sobrevivência e as germinações miceliogênica e carpogênica de escleródios; e IM2 por reduzir a infecção em folíolos e hastes destacados. De acordo com os resultados, existe um potencial dos isolados de Trichoderma spp. no controle biológico de S. sclerotiorum. / Trichoderma spp., antagonists to plant pathogens, are commonly isolated from soil, rhizosphere, and as endophytic. We aimed to select Trichoderma spp. isolates from bean and soybean crops in Minas Gerais and to evaluate their antagonism to S. sclerotiorum, the causal agent of white mold on both crops. We got 48 isolates: 30 rhizospheric, 11 epiphytic, four endophytic, and three isolates from crop debris. Based on the sequencing of ITS, TEF1-α, and RPB2 regions, the isolates were classified in eight Trichoderma species: 29 as T. harzianum, 5 as T. koningiopsis, 4 as T. hamatum, 4 as T. atroviride, 2 as T. asperelloides; 2 as T. longibrachiatum, 1 as T. asperellum, and 1 as T. neokoningii. Eight isolates completely inhibited pathogen growth in dual culture test. Eight isolates were the most efficient in growing in culture medium. Twenty-four isolates were the best in parasitizing sclerotia in soil, with 79-99% of efficiency. In water-agar, 31 isolates inhibited miceliogenic germination from 78-100%, and seven isolates inhibited the carpogenic germination by more than 85%. Seven isolates inhibited 100% infection on detached leaflets and one isolate inhibited 79% infection on detached stems. Two isolates of T. harzianum, UN34 and IM2, were the most promising: UN34 for reducing the survival and both miceliogenic and carpogenic germination of sclerotia; and IM2 for reducing infection in both leaflets and stems. According to the results, there is a potential of the isolates of Trichoderma spp. in the biocontrol of S. sclerotiorum.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:32:43Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2006-05-04Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:23:55Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 venegas_f_dr_botfca.pdf: 1153063 bytes, checksum: 9f832b2c549da2249defccb8d2f58d82 (MD5) / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) / Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP) / O presente estudo objetivou determinar a severidade da doença mofo branco (Sclerotinia sclerotiorum (Lib.) de Bary) e os componentes de produção do feijoeiro (Phaseolus vulgaris L.), var. Pérola, submetido a aplicação do fungicida procimidone, via fungigação (pivô central) e pulverizador automotriz (Uniport). O estudo foi realizado sob condições de produção comercial em campo, no Município de Primavera do Leste - MT. O experimento foi conduzido no delineamento de blocos casualizados com 5 tratamentos: volumes de calda de 55.000 e 110.000 L ha1 via fungigação, e 120 e 200 L ha1 no pulverizador automotriz, com 4 repetições de 4 ha cada, sendo 4 deles envolvendo duas aplicações de procimidone (1,2 kg ha -1 cada aplicação), aos 42 dias e aos 52 dias após a semeadura (DAS), e um deles sem aplicação deste produto. O critério adotado em todas as avaliações da severidade da doença foi o da porcentagem das plantas lesionadas utilizando escala diagramática de severidade da doença mofo branco. Os valores foram usados para calcular a área abaixo da curva de progresso de doença (AACPD). Foram analisados também, o número dos apotécios do fungo durante o ciclo da cultura e o peso dos escleródios residuais do patógeno na colheita. Nesta ocasião foram avaliados os seguintes componentes da produção da cultura: número de plantas por metro linear, número de vagens por planta, número de grãos por vagem, peso médio de 200 grãos e produtividade. Os valores da AACPD, apotécios aos 42, 49 e 56 DAS, escleródios em 2 kg de solo e os parâmetros de produtividade da cultura foram submetidos à análise de variância e ao teste de comparação de médias de Tukey no nível de 5 % de significância, utilizando o programa computacional STAT. Não foram constatadas diferenças significativas entre as diferentes técnicas de aplicação estudadas em relação ao 2 parâmetros de... / The aim of this research was to evaluate the white mold severity (Sclerotinia sclerotiorum (Lib.) of Bary), bean crop production components and yield (Phaseolus vulgaris L.), variety Perola, according to the application of procimidone fungicide, through fungigation (center pivot) and automotive sprayer (Uniport). The study was carried under field production commercial conditions, in Primavera do Leste MT - Brazil. The experiment consisted of 5 treatments (with 4 repetitions of 4 ha each), all with two procimidone applications (1.2 kg ha-1 each application, same as, 0.6 kg a.i. per hectare) to the 42 and 52 days after seeding. The water depths of 5.5 and 11.0 mm were tested in the application through central pivot, providing volumes of 55.000 and 110.000 L ha-1, respectively, and the volumes of 120 and 200 L ha-1 in the automotive sprayer. The severity of disease was evaluated by the percentage of the area affected by plant damage using diagramatic grade scale of white mold severity, as described by Azevedo (1998). The values were used to calculate the area under the disease progress curve (AUDPC). They were also analyzed, the number of the fungus apothecia during the crop cycle and the residual sclerotias weight in harvest. On this occasion, it was also evaluated the crop yield parameters: number of plants per plot (final estande), pods per plant, grains per pod, medium weight of 200 grains and productivity of grains. The AUDPC values, apothecia to 42, 49 and 56 days after seeding, sclerotias in 2 soil kg and the crop productivity parameters were submitted to the variance analysis and Tukey Test at 0.05 of probability. This test was also applied in the comparison among the different fungicide application methods, independent of spray volumes in each one. The statistical processing was accomplished by STAT program. The results showed that weren't differences among 4 application techniques... (Complete abstract, click electronic address below).

<p>  </p> <p><em>Sclerotinia sclerotiorum </em>is a soilborne pathogen of soybean that causes Sclerotinia stem rot, alternatively called white mold. Sclerotinia stem rot can cause significant yield losses under cool and wet environmental conditions. Two biofungicides, <em>Coniothyrium minitans </em>and <em>Bacillus amyloliquefaciens, </em>are currently available and labeled to limit or suppress <em>S. sclerotiorum</em> in soybean. These biofungicides can be applied in place of synthetic foliar fungicides to provide an alternative mode of action for the control of Sclerotinia stem rot. However, limited information is available regarding the efficacy of <em>C. minitans </em>and <em>B. amyloliquefaciens </em>as biocontrol agents of <em>S. sclerotiorum </em>in soybean and the sensitivity of the biofungicides biological activity on <em>S. sclerotiorum </em>to pesticides commonly used in soybean production systems. This research aims to provide management recommendations for <em>S. sclerotiorum </em>in soybean using <em>C. minitans </em>and <em>B. amyloliquefaciens </em>and to develop guidelines for how to incorporate the biofungicides into an established soybean pest management program. To assess the effectiveness of <em>C. minitans </em>and <em>B. amyloliquefaciens </em>as biocontrol agents of <em>S. sclerotiorum </em>dual culture, amended media, and soil plate assays were conducted along with experiments in the growth chamber and field. The presence of a distinct inhibition zone surrounding the <em>B. amyloliquefaciens </em>colony in the dual culture assay and the absence of mycelial growth on the media plates amended with <em>B. amyloliquefaciens </em>confirmed that the bacteria can control the mycelial growth of <em>S. sclerotiorum </em>through antibiosis. The absence of an inhibition zone surrounding the <em>C. minitans </em>isolate in the dual culture assay along with the degradation of sclerotia following treatment with <em>C. minitans </em>in the soil plate assay indicates an inability to limit the mycelial growth of <em>S. sclerotiorum </em>and confirms that the primary mode of action is mycoparasitism. In the growth chamber, <em>B. amyloliquefaciens</em> at 14.03 L/ha applied using the dip method significantly reduced Sclerotinia stem rot lesion length when compared to the non-treated control and resulted in the lowest lesion area under the disease progress curve (lAUDPC). When <em>B. amyloliquefaciens </em>and <em>C. minitans </em>were applied in the field, no differences were observed between treatments for soybean moisture, test weight, or yield. To evaluate the sensitivity of <em>B. amyloliquefaciens </em>and <em>C. minitans</em> biological activity on <em>S. sclerotiorum </em>to pesticides commonly used in soybean production systems a poison plate assay as well as soil plate, growth chamber, and field experiments were conducted. In the poison plate assay <em>C. minitans </em>was most sensitive to the preemergence herbicide flumioxazin and the synthetic fungicides boscalid and fluazinam, while <em>B. amyloliquefaciens </em>was sensitive only to the synthetic fungicide fluazinam. In the soil plate assay the mycoparasitic activity of <em>C. minitans </em>on sclerotia of <em>S. sclerotiorum </em>was sensitive to flumioxazin, metribuzin, glyphosate, picoxystrobin, and boscalid. In the controlled environment experiments, none of the pesticides tested decreased the efficacy of <em>B. amyloliquefaciens</em>. There were no significant interactions between <em>C. minitans </em>and <em>B. amyloliquefaciens </em>with preemergence herbicides, postemergence herbicides, and synthetic fungicides for soybean moisture, test weight, and yield. This research demonstrates that <em>B. amyloliquefaciens </em>and <em>C. minitans </em>are effective biocontrol agents of <em>S. sclerotiorum </em>in soybean. However, antagonistic relationships exist between the biofungicides and certain preemergence, postemergence, and synthetic fungicides used in soybean production systems.</p>

La sclérotiniose, causée par le champignon Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, est une des maladies les plus importantes de la culture du soya dans l’est du Canada. L’utilisation de cultivars résistants est la manière la plus efficace et économique pour lutter contre l’agent pathogène. Or, la pression de maladie au champ varie considérablement d’une année à l’autre selon les conditions climatiques, ce qui complique l’identification de matériel résistant. Nous avons donc développé une méthode d’inoculation artificielle fiable et reproductible pour évaluer la résistance à la sclérotiniose du soya en serre et au champ. Appelée méthode «du coton», elle consiste à appliquer des morceaux de tampon à démaquiller, trempés dans une suspension de mycélium broyé, sur un bourgeon floral, et à mesurer la longueur de la lésion qui se développe sur la tige après une semaine. Cette méthode simple et rapide donne des résultats comparables à la méthode de référence utilisée au Québec tout en départageant la résistance vraie des mécanismes d’évitement. Nous avons ensuite utilisé la méthode du coton pour caractériser le degré de résistance au sein d’une collection de 130 lignées de soya représentative de l’étendue de la diversité génétique présente chez cette espèce au Québec. En parallèle, nous avons mis au point une méthode de génotypage par séquençage à haut débit pour le soya et l’avons utilisée pour génotyper la collection. Le séquençage a produit 266,7 millions de séquences distinctes qui, après différents filtres, ont révélé 7 864 marqueurs SNP répartis sur les 20 chromosomes du soya. Des analyses d’association entre le degré de résistance et le génotype des lignées de la collection ont révélé la présence de quatre locus de caractère quantitatif (QTL) conférant une résistance accrue à l’agent pathogène. L’association la plus forte a été validée chez une population issue d’un croisement entre deux parents contrastés à ce locus. De plus, aucun des génotypes les plus résistants ne porte tous les allèles de résistance, ce qui indique qu’on peut développer du matériel présentant une résistance accrue à la sclérotiniose. Ces résultats ouvrent des perspectives prometteuses pour la sélection assistée de marqueurs ou la sélection génomique. / Sclerotinia stem rot (SSR), caused by the fungus Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, is one of the most important soybean diseases in Eastern Canada. Using resistant varieties is the most efficient and economic way to repress this disease. However disease pressure in the field fluctuates considerably from year to year according to climatic conditions, thus impeding the identification of resistant material. We developed a reliable and reproducible artificial inoculation method to assess resistance in the greenhouse and in the field. Named the «cotton pad method», it relies upon applying a piece of cotton pad soaked in a mycelial suspension on a floral bud and to measure the ensuing lesion length one week after inoculation. This quick and easy method provides disease ratings similar to the reference method used in Québec and is able to distinguish true resistance from disease avoidance mechanisms. We then used the cotton pad method to evaluate the degree of resistance in a panel of 130 soybean lines representing the genetic diversity present in this species in Quebec. In parallel, we developed a high-throughput genotyping by sequencing method for soybean and used it to genotype the collection. Sequencing provided 266.7 million distinct sequences, which yielded 7,864 SNPs on the 20 soybean chromosomes after several filtering steps. Association mapping performed between the genotype of the lines and their resistance level revealed the presence of four quantitative trait loci (QTLs) associated with SSR resistance. The strongest association was validated in a biparental population generated from a cross between two parents contrasted at this locus. Furthermore, none of the most resistant lines developed so far carries all of the resistance alleles, which suggests that it is possible to develop lines presenting increased SSR resistance. These results are promising for marker assisted or genomic selection.

Ph.d.-afhandling. Den Kongelige Veterinær- og Landbohøjskole, 2002. / Haves også i trykt udg.

Με στόχο την απομόνωση και χαρακτηρισμό εγγενών μυκοπαράσιτων του φυτοπαθογόνου μύκητα Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, απομονώθηκαν 199 υποψήφια μυκοπαράσιτα από χώματα καλλιεργουμένων εδαφών ή κήπων της δυτικής Ελλάδας. Από την προκαταρκτική αξιολόγηση των μυκοπαράσιτων αυτών επιλέχθηκαν τα πλέον αποτελεσματικά δεκαοκτώ, τα οποία αξιολογήθηκαν σε άγαρ ύδατος, σε αποστειρωμένο χώμα και σε μη-αποστειρωμένο (φυσικό χώμα). Σε γενικές γραμμές τα 18 μυκοπαράσιτα έδωσαν υψηλά επίπεδα παρασιτισμού του φυτοπαθογόνου απουσία ενδογενών ανταγωνιστών ενώ ένα από τα απομονωθέντα στελέχη του γένους Gliocladium παρουσίασε άριστα αποτελέσματα και παρουσία ενδογενών ανταγωνιστών. Ειδικότερα η απομόνωση Α-9 εκδήλωσε άριστη ανταγωνιστική δράση. Η μορφή του μολύσματος (υφές, σπόρια) αλλά και το περιβάλλον (άγαρ ύδατος, αποστειρωμένο και μη αποστειρωμένο χώμα) επηρεάζουν αποφασιστικά την συμπεριφορά και ικανότητα μυκοπαρασιτισμού των μυκοπαράσιτων με αποτέλεσμα στα πειράματα αξιολόγησης να παρατηρούνται σημαντικές διαφορές. Τα πλέον σταθερά στην συμπεριφορά τους ήταν τρία στελέχη που ανήκουν στο γένος Gliocladium. Ο ανταγωνισμός που υφίστανται τα προστιθέμενα μυκοπαράσιτα από τα ιθαγενή μικρόβια είναι σημαντικός και είναι ένας παράγοντας που θα πρέπει να λαμβάνεται σοβαρά υπόψη. Η ιστοπαθολογική μελέτη του παρασιτισμού των σκληρωτίων έδειξε ότι ένα από τα απομονωθέντα στελέχη του γένους Gliocladium ήταν το ταχύτερο και καταστρεπτικότερο μυκοπαράσιτο των σκληρωτίων του φυτοπαθογόνου μύκητα. Αρχικά διαπιστώθηκαν οι υφές του μυκοπαράσιτου κάτω από τον φλοιό του σκληρωτίου και λίγο αργότερα στην εντεριώνη. Παράλληλα σχηματίσθηκαν τα πρώτα χλαμυδοσπόρια κοντά στον φλοιό ακολουθούμενα από την εμφάνιση μεγάλα διάκενων. Τελικά οι υφές του μυκοπαράσιτου αποίκισαν ολόκληρο το σκληρώτιο και ακολούθησε αποδιοργάνωση του σκληρωτίου. Η μελέτη στο ηλεκτρονικό μικροσκόπιο σάρωσης έδειξε ότι η βλάστηση των σπορίων γενικεύεται στις 15 ώρες επώασης. Στις περισσότερες περιπτώσεις διαπιστώθηκε περιπλάνηση των βλαστικών σωλήνων πριν τη διείσδυσή τους εντός του σκληρωτίου, ενώ δεν διαπιστώθηκε σχηματισμός απρεσσορίων και διακλαδώσεων του βλαστικού σωλήνα. Τα πειράματα θερμοκηπίου έδειξαν ότι το πλέον καταστρεπτικό μυκοπαράσιτο του γένους Gliocladium συνέβαλε στη μέγιστη προστασία των σποριόφυτων λάχανου έναντι του φυτοπαθογόνου μύκητα S. sclerotiorum, γεγονός που υποδηλώνει ότι το μυκοπαράσιτο αυτό μπορεί να χρησιμοποιηθεί για την αποτελεσματική καταπολέμηση του φυτοπαθογόνου μύκητα στον αγρό. / In order to isolate and characterize endogenous mycoparasites against the phytopathogenic fungi, Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, we isolated 199 candidate mycoparasites from soils of western Greece. Preliminary evaluation resulted in the isolation of 18 isolates with significant mycoparasitic efficiency. Evaluation of these isolates in water agar, sterilized soil and natural soil gave good results upon the parasitism of sclerotia of S. sclerotiorum and revealed that one of them belonging to genus Gliocladium was the most efficient under all tried conditions. This isolate showed high efficiency at both presence and absence of endogenous antagonist. Particularly, isolation A-9 revealed excellent antagonistic action. Histopathology studies demonstrated that the isolated A-9 (Gliocladium spp) was the most fast in parasitizing and destroying the sclerotia of S. sclerotiorum. At the beginning of the infection, there were observed mycoparasite hyphae under the rind and little later into the medulla of the sclerotia. At the same time the first chlamydospores were formed near the rind followed by the appearance of gaps. Finally, the mycoparasite hyphae colonize the whole sclerotium leading to there disorganization. The added mycoparasites face out strong antagonism from the indigenous microorganism and this (antagonism) is an agent that must be seriously taken account. The scanning electron microscopy study showed spore germination initiation about 12 hours after the beginning of incubation and (the spore germination) is generalised after 15 hours of incubation. In most cases it was observed wandering of the germination tubes before sclerotic penetration. Formation of appressoria was difficult to be observed because of the shape of the surface and the crust that exists due to deflation of exudates. Evaluation of plant-protection capability in pot-trials showed that the isolated A-9 (Gliocladium spp) with the faster and highest parasitic exhibited presented the highest plant-protection capability a fact that indicates that this mycoparasite could be used for large-scale biocontrol applications against the phytopathogenic fungi, Sclerotinia sclerotiorum.

The soil-borne fungi Rhizoctonia solani Kuhn and Sclerotinia sclerotiorum De Bary are ubiquitous plant pathogens with a wide host range. They are among the most widespread and destructive diseases of many crops, including sunflowers. Although in many cases, the use of chemicals appears to be the most economical and efficient means of controlling plant pathogens, their environmental concerns and the development of tolerance in pathogen populations have led to drastic reduction in their usage and increased the need to find alternative means of disease control. The potential benefits of applying Trichoderma harzianum Rifai and silicon (Si) nutrition to plants have been extensively reviewed. In this study, the ability of T. harzianum (Eco-T®), soluble silicon, and their combination was evaluated on sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.), for their potential to suppress pathogenic strains of R. solani and S. sclerotiorum. The ability of this crop to take up and accumulate Si in different plant parts was also investigated. In vitro assessment of fungal responses to Si in PDA showed that both R. solani and S. sclerotiorum were inhibited in the presence of Si. More inhibition was observed as the Si concentration increased with a relative increase in pH. Maximum growth inhibition was observed at 3000 mg ;-1 – 6000 mg ;-1 of PDA. No difference in inhibition between the two pathogens was observed, thus confirming the fungitoxic/suppressive ability of high Si concentrations to fungal growth. In addition, in vivo trials showed that the Si concentration of 200 mg ;-1 applied weekly significantly increased the dry weight of plants inoculated with R. solani and S. sclerotiorum and was therefore considered the optimum concentration. Assessments on in vitro antifungal activities of Eco-T® on R. solani and S. sclerotiorum, showed that Eco-T® significantly inhibited mycelial growth, in both dual culture methods and volatile and non-volatile compounds produced by Eco-T®. In addition, the combination of Eco-T® and Si was most effective in suppressing damping-off and increasing plant dry weight of sunflower seedlings in the greenhouse. The combination of Si and Eco-T® significantly increased percentage germination, number of leaves and head dry weight of the sunflower cultivars tested. Silicon alone increased growth but was unable to control R. solani and S. sclerotiorum effectively. Rhizotron studies showed that S. sclerotiorum infected the host through the roots and the stem, whereas R. solani only infected the host through the roots. A study on Si uptake and distribution showed that sunflower accumulates Si in various plant tissues. Analysis of plant tissues revealed that more Si was accumulated in leaves > stems > roots, with the Si levels in leaves being significantly higher than in stems and roots. In conclusion, Si alone could be used to increase growth but was unable to control R. solani and S. sclerotiorum. However, Si together with Eco-T® provides an environmentally friendly alternative for the control of R. solani and S. sclerotiorum, and enhanced plant growth and yield. / Thesis (M.Sc.)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg, 2009.

Orientador: João Carlos Cury Saad / Banca: Raimundo Leite Cruz / Banca: Carlos Gilberto Raetano / Banca: Cleber Daniel de Goes Maciel / Banca: Tarlei Arriel Botrel / Resumo: O presente estudo objetivou determinar a severidade da doença mofo branco (Sclerotinia sclerotiorum (Lib.) de Bary) e os componentes de produção do feijoeiro (Phaseolus vulgaris L.), var. Pérola, submetido a aplicação do fungicida procimidone, via fungigação (pivô central) e pulverizador automotriz (Uniport). O estudo foi realizado sob condições de produção comercial em campo, no Município de Primavera do Leste - MT. O experimento foi conduzido no delineamento de blocos casualizados com 5 tratamentos: volumes de calda de 55.000 e 110.000 L ha1 via fungigação, e 120 e 200 L ha1 no pulverizador automotriz, com 4 repetições de 4 ha cada, sendo 4 deles envolvendo duas aplicações de procimidone (1,2 kg ha -1 cada aplicação), aos 42 dias e aos 52 dias após a semeadura (DAS), e um deles sem aplicação deste produto. O critério adotado em todas as avaliações da severidade da doença foi o da porcentagem das plantas lesionadas utilizando escala diagramática de severidade da doença mofo branco. Os valores foram usados para calcular a área abaixo da curva de progresso de doença (AACPD). Foram analisados também, o número dos apotécios do fungo durante o ciclo da cultura e o peso dos escleródios residuais do patógeno na colheita. Nesta ocasião foram avaliados os seguintes componentes da produção da cultura: número de plantas por metro linear, número de vagens por planta, número de grãos por vagem, peso médio de 200 grãos e produtividade. Os valores da AACPD, apotécios aos 42, 49 e 56 DAS, escleródios em 2 kg de solo e os parâmetros de produtividade da cultura foram submetidos à análise de variância e ao teste de comparação de médias de Tukey no nível de 5 % de significância, utilizando o programa computacional STAT. Não foram constatadas diferenças significativas entre as diferentes técnicas de aplicação estudadas em relação ao 2 parâmetros de... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: The aim of this research was to evaluate the white mold severity (Sclerotinia sclerotiorum (Lib.) of Bary), bean crop production components and yield (Phaseolus vulgaris L.), variety Perola, according to the application of procimidone fungicide, through fungigation (center pivot) and automotive sprayer (Uniport). The study was carried under field production commercial conditions, in Primavera do Leste MT - Brazil. The experiment consisted of 5 treatments (with 4 repetitions of 4 ha each), all with two procimidone applications (1.2 kg ha-1 each application, same as, 0.6 kg a.i. per hectare) to the 42 and 52 days after seeding. The water depths of 5.5 and 11.0 mm were tested in the application through central pivot, providing volumes of 55.000 and 110.000 L ha-1, respectively, and the volumes of 120 and 200 L ha-1 in the automotive sprayer. The severity of disease was evaluated by the percentage of the area affected by plant damage using diagramatic grade scale of white mold severity, as described by Azevedo (1998). The values were used to calculate the area under the disease progress curve (AUDPC). They were also analyzed, the number of the fungus apothecia during the crop cycle and the residual sclerotias weight in harvest. On this occasion, it was also evaluated the crop yield parameters: number of plants per plot (final estande), pods per plant, grains per pod, medium weight of 200 grains and productivity of grains. The AUDPC values, apothecia to 42, 49 and 56 days after seeding, sclerotias in 2 soil kg and the crop productivity parameters were submitted to the variance analysis and Tukey Test at 0.05 of probability. This test was also applied in the comparison among the different fungicide application methods, independent of spray volumes in each one. The statistical processing was accomplished by STAT program. The results showed that weren't differences among 4 application techniques... (Complete abstract, click electronic address below). / Doutor

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / Soybean stem white rot, caused by Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, occurs in more than one million hectares in Brazil. This disease should be managed by integrated control methods, including genetic resistance. This study evaluated and developed a reliable method for the selection of soybean genotypes resistant to stem white rot. The work was based on rating inoculations on the stem. The methods evaluated consisted of different inoculation sites in the plant, wounding or not or cutting the stem of the plants, and inoculating PDA disks containing fungal mycelium. The tests were conducted in two different environments, a controlled one, where plants were grown in a greenhouse and brought into the laboratory to be inoculated and incubated in a growth chamber where the temperature is favorable for fungal growth, and a field, where the pathogen is subjected to adverse environment conditions. Spearman´s coefficients of rank correlation was used to measure the correspondence between ranks of cultivar and ranks of the same cultivars in field experiments to establish the best inoculation method. It was observed that temperature growth conditions, and inoculation method may affect the selection of resistant soybean genotypes against stem rot. The best method to evaluate soybean resistance was by wound inoculating the middle third of the plant when the plants were at the end of flowering and early grain filling, with PDA disks and evaluating 14 days later. This method was rs = 0.86, and the variety that can be considered as resistance standard in other studies was Emgopa 316, while the susceptible standards were BRSMG Garantia and BRSMG68 Vencedora. / A podridão branca da haste da soja causada por Sclerotinia sclerotiorum ocorre mais de um milhão de hectares no Brasil. Esta doença deve ser manejada por métodos de controle integrado, entre eles a resistência genética que deve ser pesquisa. O objetivo do trabalho foi avaliar e definir um método confiável na seleção de genótipos de soja. Quanto ao método de inoculação, o trabalho se baseou em avaliar inoculações realizadas no caule. As metodologias diferiram quanto ao local de inoculação na planta, uso ou não de ferimentos, ou o uso do corte do ápice das plantas na inoculação, utilizando o disco de BDA contendo micélio do fungo. Os testes foram conduzidos em dois ambientes distintos, em ambiente controlado, onde plantas foram cultivadas em casa-de-vegetação e levadas para o laboratório para serem inoculadas e incubadas em câmara de crescimento onde a temperatura é extremamente favorável ao desenvolvimento do fungo e no campo onde a doença estará sujeito às condições ambientais adversas. Para definir qual o melhor método de inoculação, como também os genótipos que possuem maior resistência parcial, calculou correlações pelo coeficiente de Spearman entre os métodos avaliados e métodos com o ranking geral das cultivares. Observou-se que a temperatura, condições de cultivo, e o método de inoculação podem influenciar na seleção dos genótipos quanto à resistência à podridão da haste da soja. Definiu que o melhor método de avaliação à resistência de genótipos de soja foi a inoculação realizada com ferimento no terço médio da planta onde as plantas se encontravam no final do florescimento e início de enchimento dos grãos, com discos de BDA e avaliadas 14 dias após a inoculação, este método obteve rs=0,86, e a cultivar que pode ser considerado com padrão de resistência em outros estudos foi a Emgopa 316, e o padrão de suscetibilidade a BRSMG Garantia e BRSMG 68 Vencedora. / Mestre em Agronomia

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / The efficient management of Sclerotinia stem rot of soybean (SSR), caused by Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, can be obtained through biological control with Trichoderma spp. which has antagonistic properties based on the activation of a diverse arsenal of mechanisms. The objective of this research work was to evaluate the efficiency of different products with Trichoderma spp. available, for the SSR control. The commercial bioproducts used were: Agrotrich, Ecotrich, Quality and Trichodermil. For this, experiments were performed in laboratory and greenhouse conditions, at the Federal University of Uberlândia - UFU, to demonstrate the quality of this bioproducts, such as concentration, viability, and contamination from serial dilutions; to verify the antagonistic capability and hyperparasitism of the isolates against pathogen by scanning electron microscopy; compatibility between fungicides and bioproducts after plating in culture medium and after treatment of seeds with them; to verify the influence of isolated on seed health, germination and emergence of soybean seeds with and without SSR inoculation using the techniques of seedling tests, paper roll and tray; the influence on colonization and germination of sclerotia recovered from soil treated with bioproducts, and testing biological products in the field, alone or in combination with chemical fungicides Fluazinam and Thiophanate methyl to control SSR. The assessments were done for the following variables: incidence, severity, disease index (incidence x severity), AUDPC (Area Under the Disease Progress Curve), sclerotia weight, thousand kernel weight and yield. The results shows that have difference in the products quality available on the market, although all isolates analyzed proved to be antagonistic against S. sclerotiorum. The compatibility between fungicides and bioproducts must be analyzed with caution, given that some fungicides are incompatible with this antagonist. Seed treatment with Trichoderma spp. not interferes with the vigor and germination of soybean without inoculation. The efficiency SSR control using biological products with Trichoderma spp. has been proved, that Quality and Trichodermil highlighted by the highest quality and viability of bioproducts, which led to similar efficiency to Fluazinam and Thiophanate methyl. / O manejo eficiente da podridão branca da haste da soja, causada pelo fungo Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, pode ser obtido através do controle biológico com Trichoderma spp. o qual possui propriedades antagônicas baseadas na ativação de um arsenal de mecanismos variados. O objetivo do trabalho foi avaliar a eficiência de diferentes produtos à base de Trichoderma spp. disponíveis no mercado, no controle da podridão branca da haste da soja. Os bioprodutos comerciais utilizados foram: Agrotrich, Ecotrich, Quality e Trichodermil. Para isso, foram realizados experimentos em laboratório e casa de vegetação, na Universidade Federal de Uberlândia - UFU, a fim de se comprovar a qualidade desses bioprodutos, como concentração, viabilidade e contaminação a partir de diluições seriadas; verificar a capacidade antagônica e o hiperparasitismo dos isolados sobre o patógeno através da microscopia eletrônica de varredura; a compatibilidade entre os bioprodutos e fungicidas após plaqueamento em meio de cultura e após tratamento de sementes com os mesmos; verificar a influência dos isolados na sanidade, germinação e emergência de sementes de soja com e sem inoculação de S. sclerotiorum utilizando as técnicas dos testes em gerbox, rolo de papel e bandeja; a influência na colonização e germinação de escleródios recuperados de solo tratado com os bioprodutos e testar os produtos biológicos no campo, de forma isolada ou combinada com os fungicidas químicos Fluazinam e Tiofanato Metílico, para o controle do mofo branco. As avaliações para o teste de campo foram realizadas para as seguintes variáveis: incidência, severidade, índice de doença (incidência x severidade), AACPD (Área Abaixo da Curva de Progresso da Doença), peso de escleródios, peso de mil grãos e produtividade. Os resultados obtidos demonstram que há diferença na qualidade dos produtos existentes no mercado, embora todos os isolados analisados mostraram-se antagônicos à S. sclerotiorum. A compatibilidade entre fungicidas e bioprodutos deve ser analisada com cautela, visto que alguns fungicidas são incompatíveis com este antagonista. O tratamento de sementes com Trichoderma spp. não interfere no vigor e germinação das sementes de soja sem inoculação do patógeno. A eficiência do controle do mofo branco utilizando produtos biológicos à base de Trichoderma spp. foi comprovada, em que se destacaram Quality e Trichodermil, pela maior qualidade e viabilidade dos bioprodutos, o que propiciaram eficiência semelhante aos fungicidas Fluazinam e Tiofanato Metílico. / Mestre em Agronomia