<p>Problem framing is an essential stage in engineering design mainly because it is crucial in developing solutions to design problems. Engineers’ ability to frame a problem is naturally attributed to their reasoning abilities and expertise. Traditionally, our understanding of the type of reasoning is originated from cognitive sciences, sociology, and psychological theories of reasoning. Design reasoning models developed from these disciplines contributed significantly to understanding design reasoning. However, a different standpoint for understanding specialized form of knowledge and reasoning that are unique to engineering practices is needed.</p> <p>An important contribution of this dissertation to the body of research is its use of a new theoretical model, Design Reasoning Quadrants, developed to help organize types of design reasoning at the intersection of two axes, the disciplinary-multidisciplinary reasoning axis and theoretical-practical reasoning axis. Further, this dissertation uses the Design Reasoning Quadrants framework to understand first-year engineering students' reasoning while framing design problems. Prior research stated that it is necessary to elicit the forms of reasoning beginner students have while dealing with design problems, to improve problem-solving abilities. Therefore, this dissertation addresses the need to understand first-year engineering students' reasoning, while engaging in problem framing using four design reasoning quadrants: experiential observations, first principles, trade-offs, and complex abstractions.</p> <p>This dissertation examined changes in first-year engineering students’ design reasoning during problem framing across two different design projects students explored within a semester in an engineering course. The main data sources were answers to a questionnaire students completed in the first and final design project as the first-in-lecture activity for problem framing. Students answered each questionnaire individually. The analysis took place in two stages. </p> <p>First, a deductive analysis was conducted to identify types of reasoning in students’ formulated questions to understand a problem. Using a multinomial logit model and descriptive statistics, differences in the theoretical-practical and disciplinary-multidisciplinary reasoning through the time were identified. Second, students’ answers to the design reasoning quadrants’ questions were analyzed deductively and inductively. This analysis aimed to identify students’ design reasoning patterns when elicited in one of the four design reasoning quadrants.</p> <p>The results of the deductive analysis indicated that regardless of the design project, student reasoning in terms of the theoretical-practical reasoning is not significantly different between the two time points. However, students’ reasoning was more heavily disciplinary-focused in the second project and more multidisciplinary in the first design project. The results of the inductive analysis helped further explain this result. This analysis revealed that students were more familiar with the context and disciplinary concepts for the first rather than for the second design project.</p> <p>The results of this dissertation and framework can help researchers further understand how students reason from the perspective of the nature of engineering. In addition, understanding the type of reasoning students use while framing a problem will allow educators to understand the reasoning beginner students employ while framing a problem and to develop better learning experiences to enhance problem-solving skills.</p>

Adolescent and young Canadians are a group with the highest rates of symptoms of anxiety and depression. Such conditions, when unaddressed, negatively impact the development of a person, restricting their chances of attaining a fulfilling future and career. Even when deciding to reach out to access care, the process can be a challenging one with many barriers along the way. Online therapies in the form of online Cognitive Behavioural Therapies, have shown to be a promising format for some, but have faced some shortcomings with low uptake and variable results. Adding guidance and support to such therapies has been shown to help address these barriers. The objective of this research is to explore how support is currently provided for online cognitive behaviour therapies for anxiety and depression, targeting adolescents and young adults. To achieve this objective a scoping review methodology was utilized to identify relevant articles. The approach taken in a scoping review methodology allows for identification of a wide range of articles, which was necessary in this case because research isolating support features from other interventions is very limited. The scoping review identified fifty articles to be reviewed, and they were analyzed using a framework created for this review. The framework covered human, delivery, and design factors. Consultations with five key informants was also used to identify more findings related to the themes identified in the framework and to complement the findings from the articles in the scoping review. The resulting picture identified the field of support for online CBT for anxiety and depression in adolescents and young adults, covering a field with a great diversity ranging from virtual guides to face-to-face support from therapists. The features were organized into groups of ‘toolkits’ that can be considered by CBT developers for different situations and needs. / Thesis / Master of Science (MSc)

This is a sandwich thesis / In an interrupted time series (ITS) design, data are collected at multiple time points before and after the implementation of an intervention or program to investigate the effect of the intervention on an outcome of interest. ITS design is often implemented in healthcare settings and is considered the strongest quasi-experimental design in terms of internal and external validity as well as its ability to establish causal relationships. There are several statistical methods that can be used to analyze data from ITS studies. Nevertheless, limitations exist in practical applications, where researchers inappropriately apply the methods, and frequently ignore the assumptions and factors that may influence the optimality of the statistical analysis. Moreover, there is little to no guidance available regarding the application of the various methods, and a standardized framework for analysis of ITS studies does not exist. As such, there is a need to identify and compare existing ITS methods in terms of their strengths and limitations. Their methodological challenges also need to be investigated to inform and direct future research. In light of this, this PhD thesis addresses two main objectives: 1) to conduct a scoping review of the methods that have been employed in the analysis of ITS studies, and 2) to develop improved methods that address a major limitation of the statistical methods frequently used in ITS data analysis. These objectives are addressed in three projects. For the first project, a scoping review of the methods that have been used in analyzing ITS data was conducted, with the focus on ITS applications in health research. The review was based on the Arksey and O’Malley framework and the Joanna Briggs Handbook for scoping reviews. A total of 1389 studies were included in our scoping review. The articles were grouped into methods papers and applications papers based on the focus of the article. For the methods papers, we narratively described the identified methods and discussed their strengths and limitations. The application papers were summarized using frequencies and percentages. We identified some limitations of current methods and provided some recommendations useful in health research. In the second project, we developed and presented an improved method for ITS analysis when the data at each time point are aggregated across several participants, which is the most common case in ITS studies in healthcare settings. We considered the segmented linear regression approach, which our scoping review identified as the most frequently used method in ITS studies. When data are aggregated, heterogeneity is introduced due to variability in the patient population within sites (e.g. healthcare facilities) and this is ignored in the segmented linear regression method. Moreover, statistical uncertainty (imprecision) is introduced in the data because of the sample size (number of participants from whom data are aggregated). Ignoring this variability and uncertainty will likely lead to invalid estimates and loss of statistical power, which in turn leads to erroneous conclusions. Our proposed method incorporates patient variability and sample size as weights in a weighted segmented regression model. We performed extensive simulations and assessed the performance of our method using established performance criteria, such as bias, mean squared error, level and statistical power. We also compared our method with the segmented linear regression approach. The results indicated that the weighted segmented regression was uniformly more precise, less biased and more powerful than the segmented linear regression method. In the third project, we extended the weighted method to multisite ITS studies, where data are aggregated at two levels: across several participants within sites as well as across multiple sites. The extended method incorporates the two levels of heterogeneity using weights, where the weights are defined using patient variability, sample size, number of sites as well as site-to-site variability. This extended weighted regression model, which follows the weighted least squares approach is employed to estimate parameters and perform significance testing. We conducted extensive empirical evaluations using various scenarios generated from a multi-site ITS study and compared the performance of our method with that of the segmented linear regression model as well as a pooled analysis method previously developed for multisite studies. We observed that for most scenarios considered, our method produced estimates with narrower 95% confidence intervals and smaller p-values, indicating that our method is more precise and is associated with more statistical power. In some scenarios, where we considered low levels of heterogeneity, our method and the previously proposed method showed comparable results. In conclusion, this PhD thesis facilitates future ITS research by laying the groundwork for developing standard guidelines for the design and analysis of ITS studies. The proposed improved method for ITS analysis, which is the weighted segmented regression, contributes to the advancement of ITS research and will enable researchers to optimize their analysis, leading to more precise and powerful results. / Thesis / Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)

Recent research has shown that climate change had and will likely continue to have impacts on biological processes, including the propagation of infectious and zoonotic diseases. Assessments of local level impacts at the human-wildlife interface are imperative for stakeholders and policy makers, and empirical review of such research is undoubtedly necessary to understand the current state of the field, gaps of knowledge, and to identify future lines of research. In that vein, this thesis focuses on the impacts of climate change on disease at the human-wildlife interface. Specifically, my thesis works to quantify the recent temporal and spatial distribution of empirical research linking climate change with changes in the burden of infectious diseases (Chapter 2). This retrospective scoping of the last five years of empirical research identified if, and to what extent, there are biases in the diseases, species, or geographic areas studied within this scientific field. My study revealed both geographic and topical biases within the scope of recent literature, with an overwhelming emphasis on vector-borne diseases in temperate areas. There was also unequal representation in publication demographics of authors and institutions with most research originating from well developed countries. As a proof-of-concept case study, my thesis provides an empirical assessment of the plausible climatic drivers of a wildlife-disease transmission risk in an understudied region (Chapter 3), which could function to fill some of the identified research gaps in Chapter 2. Therein, my work assessed the impacts of climate variation from the last century on the environmental suitability of the rabies host Desmodus rotundus (common vampire bat) in Latin America. Findings revealed that average and standard deviation of temperature were the most important drivers of D. rotundus geographic distribution according to species' records between 1901 and 2019. Nevertheless, high uncertainty was detected regarding the predictability of D. rotundus environmental suitability across the United States-Mexico border and in the Andes Mountains of Chile. The overall modeling efforts did, however, reveal a northward distributional shift of the rabies reservoir as a likely response to climate change. Together, studies contained in this thesis provide empirical, retrospective evidence that demonstrates the effects of climate change on the increased risk of disease transmission at the human-wildlife interface. / Master of Science / Climate change is understood as the change in global or regional climate patterns, including variations of temperature and humidity factors beyond normal ranges, mostly attributed to increased levels of atmospheric carbon dioxide. Climate change is expected to influence many biological systems and presents an imminent threat to almost all organisms and geographic areas across the globe. Previous studies suggest that climate change will increase the burden of infectious diseases, including those originating from wildlife. This thesis aims to assess the availability of empirical evidence supporting the idea of a link between climate change and infectious diseases of wildlife origin. Chapter 2 examines recent scientific literature assessing climate change and infectious disease, and identifies biases in the diseases, species, and geographic areas commonly studied. This study found that literature generally focused on diseases transmitted by arthropods (e.g., insects, arachnids, or crustaceans) in temperate areas. There was little focus on diseases transmitted directly (e.g., via bites) or in non-temperate areas (e.g., tropics). Chapter 3 attempts to address issues detected in Chapter 2 by studying a directly-transmitted infectious disease in the tropics. More specifically, Chapter 3 assessed the impacts of climate variation from the last century on the distribution of the common vampire bat (Desmodus rotundus), which is a known rabies host in Latin America. Chapter 3 revealed that temperature variables were the largest drivers of common vampire bat distribution. Nevertheless, high uncertainty was detected regarding the vampire bat's ability to invade new areas such as the continental United States-Mexico border or the lowlands to the Andes Mountains in Chile. Together, studies contained in this thesis provide support for current and future research on the study of climate change as an amplifier for the risk of infectious diseases.

No setor saude no Brasil, o termo gestao do trabalho passou a ser utilizado principalmente apos a 12ª Conferencia Nacional de Saude, por haver criticas ao termo gestao de recursos humanos. Entretanto, o que e gestao do trabalho em saude? O que se tem produzido no Brasil a respeito desse tema? Como essa expressao vem sendo utilizada na producao cientifica brasileira? Esta pesquisa busca analisar a producao cientifica publicada em periodicos brasileiros com relacao a incorporacao da expressao gestao do trabalho em saude. Foi realizado um scoping review na base de dados Lilacs, com exclusao de teses, livros, estudos sem resumo, estudos repetidos, monografias e documentos governamentais. Foram encontrados 495 estudos, submetidos a criterios de inclusao e exclusao por tres juizes, 74 artigos foram considerados na integra para mapeamento. Dos artigos mapeados, 34 foram selecionados para pesquisa. Com relacao as caracteristicas dos estudos, os especialistas do Sudeste e Sul brasileiro produziram mais artigos sobre o tema, com abordagem metodologica predominantemente qualitativa publicados nos periodicos Cadernos de Saude Publica e Ciencia & Saude Coletiva. Tais publicacoes apresentaram crescimento numerico principalmente apos 2006, com a 3ª Conferencia Nacional de Gestao do Trabalho e Educacao em Saude. Com relacao a incorporacao, os dados extraidos resultaram no mapeamento de cinco temas: conceito de gestao do trabalho em saude, formulacao de politicas, participacao dos trabalhadores nos processos de trabalho (desalienacao e autonomia), precarizacao do trabalho e desafios para o gestao do trabalho em saude. Apesar do consenso a respeito da complexidade conceitual da expressao, sao explorados aspectos distintos, de acordo com a interpretacao de cada autor com destaque para alguns desafios na gestao do trabalho em saude: novas exigencias na qualificacao profissional, equipes heterogeneas de trabalho, presenca predominantemente da mulher no mercado de trabalho, burocratizacao e predominio de rotinas e protocolos. As discussoes teoricas sao amplas mas as aplicacoes praticas sao escassas, restando um questionamento que nao foi totalmente desvelado: gestao do trabalho em saude, uma mudanca terminologica ou de paradigma? / The expression work management in healthcare has been used mainly after the 12ª National Conference of Health, because the expression human resour- ce management was being criticized. However, what is work management in healthcare? What has been done concerning this issue in Brazil? How is this expression being used by the Brazilian scientific production? This research aims to analyze the scientific production published in Brazilian journals and related to the expression work management in healthcare. A scoping review was made using the LILACS database as a reference, with the exception of thesis, books, papers without abstract, duplicate studies, monographs and governmental documents. 495 studies were found and subjected to inclusion and exclusion criteria by three judges; 74 articles were fully considered for mapping. From the mapped articles, 34 were used for research. Regarding the studies characteristics, specialists from the Brazilian South and Southeast areas produced more papers about the issue on journals such as Cadernos de Saude Publica and Ciencia & Saude Coletiva, with the predominance of qualitative methodological approach. These publications presented numerical growth especially from 2006 onwards, after the 3rd National Conference of Work Management and Education in Healthcare. Regarding the expression usage, the extracted data resulted on the mapping of five topics: concept of work management in healthcare, policy formulation, participation of workers in the work processes (disalienation and autonomy), precarious work and challenges for the work management in healthcare. Despite the consensus about the conceptual complexity of such expression, distinct aspects are explored according to each authors interpretation highlighting some challenges for work management in healthcare: new job requirements, many kinds of professionals in work team, women in the labor market bureaucratization, routines and protocols. The theoretical discussions are broad and the practical applications are scarce, generating a question that was not completely answered: does work management in healthcare represent a change of terminology or paradigm?

No setor saude no Brasil, o termo gestao do trabalho passou a ser utilizado principalmente apos a 12ª Conferencia Nacional de Saude, por haver criticas ao termo gestao de recursos humanos. Entretanto, o que e gestao do trabalho em saude? O que se tem produzido no Brasil a respeito desse tema? Como essa expressao vem sendo utilizada na producao cientifica brasileira? Esta pesquisa busca analisar a producao cientifica publicada em periodicos brasileiros com relacao a incorporacao da expressao gestao do trabalho em saude. Foi realizado um scoping review na base de dados Lilacs, com exclusao de teses, livros, estudos sem resumo, estudos repetidos, monografias e documentos governamentais. Foram encontrados 495 estudos, submetidos a criterios de inclusao e exclusao por tres juizes, 74 artigos foram considerados na integra para mapeamento. Dos artigos mapeados, 34 foram selecionados para pesquisa. Com relacao as caracteristicas dos estudos, os especialistas do Sudeste e Sul brasileiro produziram mais artigos sobre o tema, com abordagem metodologica predominantemente qualitativa publicados nos periodicos Cadernos de Saude Publica e Ciencia & Saude Coletiva. Tais publicacoes apresentaram crescimento numerico principalmente apos 2006, com a 3ª Conferencia Nacional de Gestao do Trabalho e Educacao em Saude. Com relacao a incorporacao, os dados extraidos resultaram no mapeamento de cinco temas: conceito de gestao do trabalho em saude, formulacao de politicas, participacao dos trabalhadores nos processos de trabalho (desalienacao e autonomia), precarizacao do trabalho e desafios para o gestao do trabalho em saude. Apesar do consenso a respeito da complexidade conceitual da expressao, sao explorados aspectos distintos, de acordo com a interpretacao de cada autor com destaque para alguns desafios na gestao do trabalho em saude: novas exigencias na qualificacao profissional, equipes heterogeneas de trabalho, presenca predominantemente da mulher no mercado de trabalho, burocratizacao e predominio de rotinas e protocolos. As discussoes teoricas sao amplas mas as aplicacoes praticas sao escassas, restando um questionamento que nao foi totalmente desvelado: gestao do trabalho em saude, uma mudanca terminologica ou de paradigma? / The expression work management in healthcare has been used mainly after the 12ª National Conference of Health, because the expression human resour- ce management was being criticized. However, what is work management in healthcare? What has been done concerning this issue in Brazil? How is this expression being used by the Brazilian scientific production? This research aims to analyze the scientific production published in Brazilian journals and related to the expression work management in healthcare. A scoping review was made using the LILACS database as a reference, with the exception of thesis, books, papers without abstract, duplicate studies, monographs and governmental documents. 495 studies were found and subjected to inclusion and exclusion criteria by three judges; 74 articles were fully considered for mapping. From the mapped articles, 34 were used for research. Regarding the studies characteristics, specialists from the Brazilian South and Southeast areas produced more papers about the issue on journals such as Cadernos de Saude Publica and Ciencia & Saude Coletiva, with the predominance of qualitative methodological approach. These publications presented numerical growth especially from 2006 onwards, after the 3rd National Conference of Work Management and Education in Healthcare. Regarding the expression usage, the extracted data resulted on the mapping of five topics: concept of work management in healthcare, policy formulation, participation of workers in the work processes (disalienation and autonomy), precarious work and challenges for the work management in healthcare. Despite the consensus about the conceptual complexity of such expression, distinct aspects are explored according to each authors interpretation highlighting some challenges for work management in healthcare: new job requirements, many kinds of professionals in work team, women in the labor market bureaucratization, routines and protocols. The theoretical discussions are broad and the practical applications are scarce, generating a question that was not completely answered: does work management in healthcare represent a change of terminology or paradigm?

A scoping study of the published literature was used to describe the concept and practice of ecosystem approaches to health (ecohealth) in the context of public health. Analysis of commentaries identified 24 themes, expressed in a mind map showing interconnections between themes, with a table of explanations. Most (27 of 29) primary research articles did not explicitly explain how ecohealth was applied in their research, suggesting a need for some standardization in reporting ecohealth. Additionally, a case study approach was undertaken to identify enablers and impediments of ecohealth and how concepts were integrated into a research project of health and environmental sanitation in Vietnam. The project’s conceptual framework was aligned with ecohealth concepts, but in practice, a variety of challenges were identified. In future, ecohealth research teams should include a self-investigation of their ecohealth process to facilitate a comparison of theory-to-practice; this may serve as a best practice for ecohealth. / Public Health Agency of Canada (PHAC), Community of Practice in Ecosystem Approaches to Health - Canada (CoPEH-Can)

A scoping study of early childhood research in Spanish and Portuguese-speaking countries for improved well-being worldwide through collaboration and knowledge transfer / ABSTRACT BACKGROUND: Research evidence strongly supports the influence of quality nutrition, cognitive stimulation and nurturing care on the extent that a child reaches full development. Reaching developmental milestones results in positive outcomes for individual health and well-being as well as communal stability and prosperity. Interventions to improve early childhood development are not a recent concept; however, the interaction of one early childhood development outcome on others form a complex, often interdependent, relationship. The complexity of a child's development also includes the child's family, home environment, community and national context. The complex and dynamic setting for implementing early childhood interventions requires more than efficiency or knowledge. It requires patience, cultural competency and a compassion to engage and support a child's family, society and nation. Interventions that are effective in multiple cultures or can be scaled up to a regional or global level are rare and usually focus on one aspect of early childhood development (ECD), like protein intake to prevent stunting. Context does matter, and ECD research is dispersed over vastly different political systems and often focused on specific people groups or subcultures. The scope and intensity of ECD research in the world has not been described and is often unknown to English-speaking researchers who are not personally connected by relationship or literacy to other languages and cultures. PURPOSE: The purpose of this scoping study is to answer the research question: "What is being researched related to early childhood development interventions with children six years old and younger in Spanish and Portuguese-speaking countries?” A scoping study of published, peer-reviewed literature on interventions in early childhood development in English, Spanish and Portuguese was performed to understand the concepts in research on early childhood development (ECD). The thesis presents interventions in early childhood development and their usage in Mexico, Central and South America in particular and also in Europe and Africa because of the Spanish and Portuguese languages spoken there. The thesis highlights risk factors, assessment tools and interventions from peer-reviewed research providing a scope of ECD interventions for this world area. SEARCH METHODS
: Databases searched were related to global health, health sciences, nursing and allied health, psychology and education. They were Global Health, Embase, Medline with PubMed e-ahead of print, PsycInfo, CINAHL, ERIC, LILACS and IBECS. The search strategy and data collection was guided by the research question to be thorough and methodical. Exclusion criteria were utilized to screen more than seven hundred articles to retrieve eighty-six articles that included the correct populations, relevant countries, ECD interventions and early childhood outcomes. FINDINGS: Macro and micro-context risk factors in early childhood development were highlighted across the literature. They were lower maternal education, informal maternal employment, larger household size, lower wealth index and rural residence. Findings related to child or home-centered interventions revealed varied but some positive outcomes in national programmes in Mexico, Brazil, Ecuador, Nicaragua, Colombia and Portugal. The research across all countries in literature found positive impact on early childhood development from age-dependent nutrition, higher socio-economic status and education in mothers, stimulating parent-child interactions and nurturing home environment. CONCLUSIONS: 
While a scoping study of ECD provides an overview of the work happening and of the relevant key concepts, the eighty-six included studies can hardly be considered representative of all childhood development interventions being implemented or researched. Some state or national governments and non-government organizations implement early childhood interventions without publishing in a peer-reviewed journal. Many more interventions are not evaluated or monitored. Increased collaboration and networking between researchers and countries is needed. Necessary partnerships between educators, researchers and policy-makers based on national strengths across the globe can facilitate better sharing of knowledge and assessment of appropriate interventions for a population's needs. Further monitoring, evaluation and publishing of interventions in this region of the world is required. M.Sc. Thesis - Brandon James Chapman; McMaster University - Global Health / Thesis / Master of Science (MS) / Development during the earliest years of life includes physical, mental and social development. This thesis is a study on the research for early childhood development in Spanish and Portuguese-speaking countries and describes what is happening with a global health perspective. The thesis discusses how research can impact knowledge and what is done to support and improve development for children, their families and their country.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-29T13:17:57Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Luiz Felipe Monteiro da Cruz.pdf: 1120633 bytes, checksum: d3555ee9c2eb1c9cd6a982a89aefd3bf (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-12-16 / Behavior Analysis, as a descriptive and experimental science, capable to indicate the causes of complex behaviors, offers a mean to study and modify many social issues. However, the field of public health, and more specificaly the field of health promotion, has been seldom studied by behavior analysts. As a scoping review, the presente study researched the data produced by studies in the application of Behavior Analysis to health promotion, with the purpose of identifying the types of intervention that are being applied, as well as possible methodological and conceptual gaps in researches. Studies were coleted from five databases: Lilacs, PubMed, ERIC, Scopus e PsycINFO. Studies were analyzed for bibliometrics, type of research, target behaviors and population, research designs and also in relation to criteria for the evaluation of health promotion initiatives, proposed by the WHO (social participation, empowerment, equity, sustainability, multi-strategic actions and a holistic conception of health). Publications should match inclusion criteria to be considered a Behavior Analysis study. A total of 89 studies were analyzed. Data collection indicated that the majority of the studies were conducted in the United States (89,8%). Most represented types of research were predictores/determinants studies (34,8%), interventions (25,8%) and discussion papers (25,8%). Among the studies that planned some form of intervention, the majority (77%) reache no more than three, of the six WHO criteria of evaluations. Based in these data, we argue for a higher approach by behavior analysts to modern discussions in health promotion / A Análise do Comportamento, enquanto ciência descritiva e experimental, capaz de apontar as causas dos comportamentos mais complexos, oferece meios de estudar e modificar uma grande gama de problemas sociais. Entretanto, uma área de atuação pouco estudada por analistas do comportamento é a saúde pública, mais especificamente a promoção da saúde. Como uma revisão de escopo, a atual pesquisa buscou levantar dados produzidos por estudos em Análise do Comportamento aplicada à promoção da saúde, com o objetivo de identificar tipos de intervenção sendo utilizados, possíveis lacunas metodológicas ou conceituais e a extensão desses estudos. Estudos foram coletados em cinco bases de dados: Lilacs, PubMed, ERIC, Scopus e PsycINFO. Estudos foram analisados a partir de dados bibliométricos, dados relacionados ao tipo de estudo conduzido, classes de comportamentos alvos, população alvo, delineamentos de pesquisa e também em relação a critérios para avaliação de intervenções de promoção da saúde propostos pela OMS (participação social, empoderamento, equidade, sustentabilidade, ações multi-estratégicas e concepção holística de saúde). Publicações deveriam preencher critérios de inclusão para serem consideradas pesquisas em Análise do Comportamento. Um total de 89 pesquisas foram analisadas. A coleta de dados indicou que a maioria dos estudos foi realizada nos Estados Unidos (89,8%). Tipos de pesquisa com maior representação foram estudos de preditores/determinantes (34,8%), intervenções (25,8%) e artigos de discussão (25,8%). Entre estudos que planejaram algum tipo de intervenção, a maioria (77%) atingiu até três, dos seis critérios de avaliação da OMS. Com base nesses dados, discute-se por uma aproximação maior de analistas do comportamento a discussões atuais na área da promoção da saúde

A crise na biodiversidade tem se agravado como resultado das atividades humanas. Identificar os efeitos ecológicos causados por empreendimentos, como linhas de transmissão de energia elétrica (LTs), é essencial para o planejamento dessas estruturas e para melhor informar seu processo de tomada de decisão. A Avaliação de Impacto Ambiental (AIA) é um importante instrumento para a minimização de impactos na biodiversidade. No entanto, uma das maiores deficiências para a mitigação de impactos está na ausência da antecipação dos mesmos na fase de planejamento das estruturas. Um dos objetivos deste estudo foi listar e descrever os potenciais efeitos ambientais causados pelas LTs, sua natureza e os componentes bióticos afetados. A partir de uma abordagem de revisão sistemática, a síntese dos estudos mostrou que as interações das linhas com a biodiversidade têm sido investigadas em uma grande amplitude de organismos, abordando doze diferentes efeitos no ambiente. No entanto, é notável a ausência de estudos relacionados a grupos funcionais de menor mobilidade e sobre efeitos como a perda de habitat. Além de listar e descrever os efeitos das LTs, este trabalho estruturou um modelo conceitual para auxiliar na definição do escopo das AIAs. Nós acreditamos que o reconhecimento antecipado do espectro de potenciais impactos, além de ser importante para a compreensão das cadeias causais pelas quais as ações de cada empreendimento conduzem efeitos, auxilia na qualificação do processo de licenciamento, direcionando os estudos para impactos prioritários. Como a forma mais efetiva de evitamento de impactos, nós recomendamos fortemente que iniciativas de espacialização dos mesmos sejam desenvolvidas para a futura incorporação no planejamento da expansão da rede de transmissão de energia. / The biodiversity crisis has worsened in the last decades, as a result of human activities. Identifying the ecological effects caused by infrastructure developments, such as electric power transmission lines (TLs), is essential for planning these developments and for better informing the decision-making process. Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) is an important instrument to ensure the minimization of impacts on biodiversity. However, one of the major shortcomings for mitigation of impacts is the lack of anticipation in the planning phase of these developments. One of the objectives of this study was to list and describe the potential environmental effects caused by TLs, their nature and the affected biotic components. From a systematic review approach, the synthesis of the studies reveal that line interactions with biodiversity have been investigated over a wide range of organisms, addressing twelve different effects on the environment. However, the absence of studies related to functional groups of lower mobility and other effects, such as habitat loss, is notable. In addition to listing and describing the effects of LTs, this work structured a conceptual model to help define the scope of EIAs. We believe that the early recognition of the spectrum of potential impacts, in addition to being important for understanding the causal chains through which the actions of each undertaking have effects, helps in the qualification of the licensing process, directing the studies to priority impacts. As the most effective way of avoiding impacts, we strongly recommend that spatial analysis and investigation should be developed and incorporated in planning the expansion of the power transmission network.