Background: Construct validity refers to the degree to which tests that claim to measure a “construct” (i.e., an inferred concept that is intangible regarding an individual’s health or internal state such as a disease, or postulated attribute) are truly reflective of that specific construct. It is suggested that construct validity is an important concept in preclinical research, as it may help reduce misinterpretations of study results allowing for better ability to predict the success of clinical translation of preclinical studies. However, there is a lack of empirical evidence to confirm its impact on preclinical research efficacy. Objectives: (I) Conduct a scoping review of the construct validity literature as it relates to the design of in vivo animal studies. (II) Conduct an overview of systematics reviews evaluating the application and reporting of construct validity within systematic reviews of in vivo animal studies. Methods: For the scoping review, we searched Embase, MEDLINE, and Google Scholar. Eligibility criteria was intentionally broad as we included any article that mentioned construct validity in preclinical in vivo research. Further review of citations was performed on eligible studies that provided substantial discussion on construct validity. For the overview, we searched MEDLINE, Embase, and TOXLINE for systematic reviews of preclinical in vivo interventions. The outcomes of interest were the prevalence of systematic reviews that mentioned construct validity and the prevalence of reviews that assessed construct validity. Results: The literature searches for the scoping and overview yielded 3657 and 2356 articles, respectively. After screening 372 and 444 met inclusion criteria for the scoping and overview. Six codes were generated (theory; mechanism; matches the human condition; measures what it reports to; experimental conditions; and outcomes) from the content analysis for the definition of construct validity. Of the 444 systematic reviews, seven mentioned construct validity, but only three used the term construct validity directly. None of the systematic reviews assessed construct validity. Discussion/Conclusion: Construct validity was not defined uniformly among studies suggesting it is not clearly understood. There was limited reporting on construct validity in systematic reviews and entirely no assessment of it; this may reflect a lack of awareness of this concept. Future research should aim to find a consensus on the definition of construct validity in order to develop tools and frameworks to help researchers assess construct validity.

Perceptionsavvikelser är vanliga hos personer med autism och kan utlösa problemskapade beteenden, stress och obehag. Påverkas förmågan att utföra aktiviteter kan detta ge negativa konsekvenser på människans välbefinnande och hälsa. En scoping review genomfördes i syfte att utforska om och på vilket sätt bearbetning av sinnesintryck påverkar utförande av vardagliga aktiviteter hos barn och ungdomar med autism. Tjugoen artiklar inkluderades i studien. Resultatet presenteras i tre kategorier: Autismens inverkan vid bearbetning av sinnesintryck; Kontextens betydelse i bearbetning av sinnesintryck; Bearbetning av sinnesintryck påverkar aktivitetsutförandet. Som konklusion påverkar avvikande bearbetning av sinnesintryck beteende, aktivitetsutförande och tolkning av omgivningen vilket bör belysas tidigt i den arbetsterapeutiska bedömningen och vid insatser.

Sound intolerance affects a large part of the population and thus contributes to increased ill health in society. However, the extent to which and in what way sound intolerant is affected is unclear. The ​purpose​ was to contribute to a more qualitative understanding of the impact that sound intolerance can have by mapping and analyzing literature on sound intolerance in a perspective of Empowerment. The ​method​ used was a scoping study. In total, n = 24 studies were reviewed and n = 10 were included for an in-depth qualitative analysis. The results​ show that there are studies that describe that sound intolerance has an impact on Empowerment, but that none of the studies examined have such a pronounced focus. Sound intolerance seems in many respects to be a hidden or unconscious phenomenon and there is reason to work for higher knowledge and awareness to strengthen the sound intolerant's Empowerment. / Ljudintolerans drabbar en stor del av befolkning och bidrar således till ökad ohälsa isamhället. I vilken utsträckning och på vilket sätt ljudintoleranta påverkas är dock oklart.Syftet var att bidra till en mer kvalitativ förståelse för den påverkan ljudintolerans kan hagenom att kartlägga- och analysera litteratur om ljudintolerans i ett perspektiv avEmpowerment. Metoden som användes var en kartläggande litteraturöversikt. Totaltgranskades n=24 studier och n=10 inkluderades för en fördjupad kvalitativ analys.Resultatet visar att det finns studier som beskriver att ljudintolerans har en påverkan påljudintolerantas Empowerment men att inga av de granskade studierna har ett sådant uttalatfokus. Ljudintolerans förefaller i många avseende vara ett dolt eller omedvetet fenomenoch det finns anledning att arbeta för högre kunskap och medvetenhet för att stärkaljudintolerantas Empowerment.

Introduction: Improvements in the delivery of intensive care have led to a growing number of children with chronic medical conditions at significant risk of recurrent and prolonged critical illness. These patients are increasingly described as having pediatric chronic critical illness (CCI). To date, pediatric CCI is without an accepted consensus case definition. Objective: To evaluate how pediatric CCI has been defined in the current literature, including the concept of prolonged PICU admission, and describe the methodologies used to develop any existing definitions. Secondary aims included describing patient characteristics and outcomes evaluated in included studies. Methods: We searched four electronic databases for studies evaluating children identified with “CCI.” We also searched for studies describing prolonged PICU admission, as this concept is related to pediatric CCI. We developed a hybrid crowdsourcing and machine-learning (ML) methodology to complete citation screening. Screening and data abstraction were performed by two reviewers, independently and in duplicate. We completed data abstraction including details of population definitions, demographic and clinical characteristics of children with CCI, and outcomes evaluated. Results: Twenty-eight reviewers from 11 countries performed citation screening, with a mean sensitivity of 92%. Of 24,729 unique citations assessed for eligibility, 453 full-texts were reviewed and 67 studies were included. Of these, 12 studies (18%) defined CCI, most commonly by a prolonged PICU length of stay (LOS), either in isolation or in addition related to medical complexity patient characteristics and/or readmissions rate. The concept of prolonged PICU admission was defined in an additional 55 (82%) studies by a median of 14 days (range, 1 day-6 weeks). Conclusion: To our knowledge, this scoping review provides the most comprehensive epidemiologic evidence addressing pediatric CCI. Our results suggest a uniform consensus definition is needed in order to advance this emerging and important area of pediatric critical care research. / Thesis / Master of Science (MSc)

Background: Internationally educated nurses (IENs) have become a significant source of nursing supply as a result of nursing workforce shortages, the aging population and patient acuity. However, IENs face substantial delays and barriers obtaining licensure and employment equivalent to their skills and experience. When IENs are unable to practice their profession, they experience a considerable loss of professional identity, earning potential and financial stability. The purpose of this scoping review was to identify and map key themes in the existing literature on the barriers and strategies to timely nursing registration for IENs. Methods: Arksey and O’Malley’s methodological framework was used for this study. Seven electronic databases were searched along with several grey literature sources in order to capture articles that discussed barriers and strategies to timely nursing registration for IENs. A numerical and thematic analysis was conducted to explore the scope of the literature and to present the findings. Results: After full-text screening, 38 pieces of relevant literature were selected for inclusion in the review. The majority (53%) were studies and most (42%) were qualitative. Seven key themes emerged from the thematic analysis: timely information, credential assessment, obtaining documents, language requirements, nursing registration costs, bridging programs and the nursing registration exam. Conclusion: While some IENs are able to successfully navigate the process for obtaining nursing licensure, it is clear that many IENs face obstacles at every step of the process and some never become registered as nurses. Further research is required about whether the various bridging programs and initiatives meet the needs of IENs and help them become registered as nurses. Findings from this scoping review have significant implications for nurse staffing and policies and practices to improve the strength, stability, and diversity of the nursing workforce. / Thesis / Master of Science in Nursing (MSN) / This study explores the literature on internationally educated nurses (IENs) and the difficulties they face, as well as the strategies they use to obtain nursing registration. Arksey and O’Malley’s framework was used to guide this scoping review. Seven databases were searched along with many grey literature sources in order to find articles on barriers and strategies to nursing registration for IENs. A numerical and thematic analysis was conducted to present the findings. Seven main themes emerged from the thematic analysis: timely information, credential assessment, obtaining documents, language requirements, nursing registration costs, bridging programs and the nursing registration exam. More research is required about whether the various bridging programs and initiatives meet the needs of IENs and help them become registered as nurses. Findings from this study are important for nurse staffing and policies and practices to improve the stability and diversity of the nursing workforce.

Background: Since the 1980s, there has been a growing interest in research to focus on positive mental health instead of narrowing attention toward risk factors and to foster resilience instead of treating trauma. There is substantial empirical evidence that despite being exposed to the same risk; individuals react differently to the same stimuli. The ability of some people to successfully cope and adapt despite adversity is what constitutes resilience. In the context of forced migration, resilience research examines the elements that ameliorate wellbeing and positive adjustment rather than focusing on the pathological consequences of trauma. However, little is known about how the construct of resilience is conceptualized within the field of forced migration research. This research aims to critically appraise and map the existing literature on resilience in the forced migration population, and to analyze how the concept of resilience is defined, operationalized, and applied in refugee research. Methods: Arksey and O’Malley scoping review framework was followed to search 5 online databases. Numerical and thematic analysis were both conducted to examine the breadth of the literature and to chart the relevant data. Results: A total of 20 studies were selected for the scoping review. The findings included a description of the literature regarding geographic distribution, recruited methods, and targeted populations. In addition, the results investigated definitions of resilience, measures used to operationalize resilience, the relationship between resilience and mental health illnesses, internal and external protective factors contributing to fostering resilience processes, and resilience across cultures and languages. Conclusion: There is an increase in interest to understand the concept of resilience through synthesizing both qualitative and quantitative data. However, longitude and evaluation studies remain the exception. Further research is needed to validate resilience instruments across cultures and languages. The interactions between mental health illnesses and resilience should be better understood in the context of forced migration as well. / Thesis / Master of Health Sciences (MSc)

Patientsäkerhet och vårdkvalitet är centralt i all perioperativ omvårdnad. Begreppen används ofta i den perioperativ omvårdnad, men de har inte en fast definition. För att kunna förstå begreppens mening i den perioperativa kontexten genomfördes ett scoping litteraturstudie med utgångspunkt i forskning från perioden 2011 till 2021. Litteraturstudien utfördes utifrån Arksey och O’Malley (2005) metodbeskrivning. Syftet var att beskriva hur begreppen patientsäkerhet och vårdkvalitet används perioperativt. Litteratursökningen identifierade 27 relevante artiklar. Dessa artiklar var kvantitativa, kvalitativa och litteraturstudier. De täcker ett brett spektrum av olika tillvägagångssätt och resultat. Resultaten av den tematiska analysen bekräftar att det inte finns en universell definition av begreppen. Istället verkar de bero på vilken metodik forskarna har använt i sin forskning. Studien identifierade hinder och möjligheter relaterad till dokumentation och kommunikation, efterlevnad av evidensbaserade riktlinjer, arbetsmiljö och arbetsbelastning, operationssjuksköterskans egenmakt, missuppfattade roller i operationsteamet och de sköra patienterna. Operationssjuksköterskornas funktion är att giva personcentrerad vård och göra högkvalitativa överlämningar. Slutsatsen är att det finns forskningsmöjligheter, särskilt kring teatervårdssköterskors intraoperativa roll. Studien visar att det finns ett behov av ytterligare riktad forskning inom området.

Background: The exponential growth of the aging population makes research on reversing frailty increasingly important. Objective: To explore the concept of reversing frailty in older adults and identify existing interventions that achieve frailty reversal as an outcome. Methods: We used a five-stage scoping review methodology outlined by Arksey and O’Malley and enhanced by Joanna Briggs, Levac, and colleagues. We critically appraised all eligible studies and synthesized data using descriptive and narrative analyzes. We searched CINAHL, EMBASE, PubMed, and Web of Science. Results: The concept of reversing frailty seems complex, and no standard intervention exists.That notwithstanding, a few types of single- or multi-component intervention characteristics showed effectiveness in reversing frailty. Conclusion: Frailty can be reversed. However, concept analysis is needed to clarify and define reverse frailty. To ensure maximum effectiveness, the identified interventions, ranging from mostly physical activity to a combination of physical activity and nutrition, could be tailored to each individual’s needs.

Yes / Global water security presents a complex problem for human societies and will become more acute as the impacts of climate change escalate. Water security connects the practical water and sanitation challenges of households to the dynamics of global hydroclimates and ecosystems in the Anthropocene. To ensure the successful deployment of attention and resources, it is necessary to identify the most pressing questions for water research. Here, we present the results of a scoping exercise conducted across the global water sector. More than 400 respondents submitted an excess of 4,000 potential questions. Drawing on expert analysis, we highlight 100 indicative research questions across six thematic domains: water and sanitation for human settlements; water and sanitation safety risk management; water security and scarcity; hydroclimate-ecosystem-Anthropocene dynamics; multi-level governance; and knowledge production. These questions offer an interdisciplinary and multi-scalar framework for guiding the nature and space of water research for the coming decades.

A Avaliação de Impacto Ambiental é um instrumento que auxilia o processo decisório, a elaboração de projetos e propostas de desenvolvimento, e que oferece campo para a integração de valores associados à sustentabilidade e ao desenvolvimento sustentável. Para que a avaliação de impacto ambiental seja efetiva, deve estar embasada na delimitação das questões prioritárias, bem como em respostas adequadas e necessárias aos tomadores de decisão, em um processo conhecido como scoping. A delimitação do escopo de um Estudo de Impacto Ambiental (EIA) tem como principal objetivo definir os estudos considerados adequados para a correta avaliação dos impactos potencialmente significativos relacionados a um projeto, orientado pelo diagnóstico preliminar de suas áreas de influência. Diante da necessidade de avaliar a efetividade dessa etapa dentro do quadro geral da AIA praticada, o objetivo do trabalho foi avaliar a etapa de delimitação do escopo de estudos de impacto ambiental de processos de Avaliação de Impacto Ambiental ocorridos no Estado de São Paulo, utilizando-se como marco referencial a promulgação da Resolução SMA 54/2004. A fim de estudar o processo de scoping no estado de São Paulo, nos termos da regulamentação vigente e com base nas melhores práticas preconizadas para este instrumento, foram analisados 34 processos de licenciamento ambiental que tramitaram na Secretaria de Meio Ambiente do Estado de São Paulo (SMA/CETESB), para diferentes tipologias de empreendimento. Os resultados obtidos demonstram que a estrutura preconizada para o scoping no estado, ainda que seja potencialmente diferenciada em relação aos demais estados do país, não tem assegurado a formulação de Termos de Referências concisos e focados nos impactos significativos dos empreendimentos, pouco contribuindo para a efetividade das avaliações de impacto. / The Environmental Impact Assessment is an instrument which helps in the decision making, the elaboration of projects and development of proposals, also offers a way for the integration of values associated with the sustainability and sustainable development. For the environmental impact assessment to be effective, it should be based on delimitation of priority issues, as well as responses appropriate and necessary to the decision makers, in a process known as scoping. The main objective of the EIA scoping is define the studies considered suitable for the correct evaluation of potentially significant impacts related to a project, directed by the preliminary diagnosis of their areas of influence. Considering the need to evaluate the effectiveness of this step within the overall framework of the EIA carried, the aim of this study was to evaluate de scoping phase in environmental impact statement of Environmental Impact Assessment processes occurred in São Paulo State, under the current regulation and based on best practices recommended for this instrument. The study evaluated 34 environmental licensing process which were proceed through the Secretary of Environment of the São Paulo State (Secretaria de Meio Ambiente do Estado de São Paulo - SMA/CETESB), with different development typologies. The results obtained showed that the structure recommended for the scoping in the São Paulo State, although it is potentially different than the other states in Brazil, it hasnt ensured the elaboration of Terms of Reference concise and focused on significant impacts of the projects, with few contribution to the effectiveness of environmental impact assessment.