The purpose of this thesis is to present sublien as a form of security. The sublien is a special kind of proprietary security interests, which arises by pledging a receivable secured by a lien. Accessoriness and subsidiarity are the main characteristics of sublien which significantly affect all its aspects including the two main functions of sublien - security function and realization function. The focus of the thesis is on presenting sublien in regard to its close relation to a lien and to a lien on receivables. The thesis presents sublien in its complexity including the application of appropriate section regarding the lien. Above that the thesis formulates some of the crucial questions that have risen with the recent changes in the Czech civil law. The thesis consists of three chapters. Chapter One deals with lien in general and focuses on its characteristics and principles as well as on the establishment, realization and extinction of lien. Furthermore, there are presented the subjects of a lien and their rights and duties. Chapter Two deals with lien on receivables, concerning the special modifications and differences in comparison to lien in general. Chapter Three is of main significance, since it concerns the problem of sublien itself. Successively, there are presented the issues of the classification...

O objetivo central da tese é o de identificar os possíveis fundamentos da proibição do pacto comissório e testá-los mediante contraste com a legislação vigente. Em termos de método, isso é feito como exercício de argumentação jurídica, pautada na ideia de reconstrução racional (MACCORMICK) e na hipótese do legislador racional (FERRAZ JR.). Para alcançar esse objetivo, o trabalho começa por investigar (a) os sentidos dos termos que compõem a locução pacto comissório; e (b) a função e a estrutura da cláusula, que são analisadas sob a premissa teórica da sua licitude. Na sequência, é perquirida a presença da proibição nas legislações estrangeiras e na legislação brasileira. Disso resulta a percepção de que, embora a proibição permaneça largamente presente, há indícios de que ela começa a sofrer erosões, ou de que está a se disseminar uma visão mais clara do seu anacronismo, ou dos limites mais estreitos em que ela se justifica. Na consecução do referido objetivo central, a tese põe à prova, com base na legislação brasileira vigente, os seguintes possíveis fundamentos da vedação: (a) proteção do devedor; (b) repressão à usura; (c) caráter inderrogável da via judicial como forma de execução; (d) interesse social em impedir a difusão do pacto comissório; e (e) preservação da par conditio creditorum. A conclusão que se alcança é que não existe explicação, senão a de cunho apenas histórico, sobre o porquê de a vedação continuar sancionada por nulidade no direito brasileiro. A partir disso, propõe-se a reconstrução de um sentido para a proibição do pacto comissório, baseada na licitude do pacto marciano e na disciplina da excussão das garantias já nominadas em dinheiro. Essa iniciativa identifica como cerne da reprovabilidade do pacto comissório o risco de desproporção entre o montante da dívida e o valor de mercado do bem dado em garantia. Dessa constatação, e do quanto mais resulta da pesquisa, emergem certas sugestões de aperfeiçoamento legislativo. A tese é complementada pela análise dos julgados dos tribunais superiores brasileiros (STF e STJ) que, ao longo dos últimos cinquenta anos, debateram a extensão da proibição do pacto comissório. A parte final do trabalho aponta certas questões da economia e da cultura que se entende estarem também envolvidas na proibição do pacto comissório. / The thesis main purpose is to identify the possible reasons for prohibiting the pacto comissório and to test them by contrast with the provisions of Brazilian Law. In terms of method, this goal is attained as an exercise of legal reasoning, grounded on the ideas of rational reconstruction (MACCORMICK) and on the assumption of the rational lawmaker (FERRAZ JR.). The essay starts by discussing (a) the meanings of the terms in the expression pacto comissório and (b) the function and the structure of the clause, under the theoretical assumption of its conformity with the Law. After such discussion, the thesis points out the presence of the prohibition in certain foreign legislations and also in the Brazilian Laws. This leads to the perception that, although the prohibition remains largely present, there are signs that it is being eroded, or that it is becoming clear that it is outdated, or that may be justified in a much narrower sense. While pursuing its central objective, the essay tries out, in light of Brazilian Law, the following possible reasons for prohibiting the pacto comissório: (a) the protection of the debtor; (b) the repression to the usury; (c) the judicial foreclosure as the mandatory form for the enforcement of security interests; (d) the social interest in avoiding the dissemination of the pacto comissório; and (e) the observance of the par conditio creditorum rule. The conclusion that arises from this test is that there is no explanation, except for a historical one, for the prohibition of the pacto comissório to remain sanctioned by nullity in Brazilian Law. The thesis suggests then the reconstruction of a reasonable meaning for the prohibition, which takes into account the legitimacy of the pacto marciano and the legal discipline of the security interests over money or money-like assets. This initiative identifies the risk of discrepancy between the amount of the debt and the market value of the collateral as the real core of the rule prohibiting the pacto comissório. From this conclusion, and from what else is perceived by the research, certain suggestions for enhancing the quality of Brazilian legislation are presented. The essay is complemented by the analysis of the decisions rendered by Brazilian superior courts (STF and STJ) during the last fifty years, regarding the extension of the prohibition of the pacto comissório. A last part of the thesis points out certain economic and cultural issues that are also considered involved in the prohibition of the pacto comissório.

Le droit des sûretés réelles a fait l’objet de profondes mutations à la suite de plusieurs réformes successives qui viennent de l’affecter. Si la matière s’est indubitablement modernisée, il reste qu’elle souffre d’un manque de cohérence globale qui tient tout à la fois à la trop grande offre de sûretés et à l’insuffisance de règles fédératrices venant régir l’ensemble. La question se pose alors de savoir s’il est possible et envisageable de dégager un socle de règles communes plus élaboré, voire même un droit commun, et selon quelles modalités. Il en ressort l’interrogation sur l’efficacité du droit ohada des sûretés réelles au regard de l’inadéquation entre les objectifs du législateur africain et les moyens qu’il a mis en oeuvre pour les atteindre. Au regard des expériences internationales, la réponse à ces questionnements réside à notre sens dans une réforme plus ambitieuse du droit ohada des sûretés réelles qui se traduirait par l’adoption d’une approche fonctionnelle telle qu’il nous a été donné de voir dans des pays appartenant à la même tradition juridique que la nôtre. Plus concrètement, il s’agira de redonner, à travers cette conception fonctionnelle des sûretés, de la cohérence, de la simplicité et de l’accessibilité, en somme de l’efficacité au droit ohada des sûretés réelles de manière à le rapprocher des populations et des réalités socio-économiques des États de l’ohada tout en n’occultant pas les enjeux économiques internationaux. / The real security interests law/secured transactions has gone through crucial changes following a series of several reforms which has affected it. If the subject matter has undoubtedly been modernized, it is obvious that the real security interests law/secured transactions is still lacking of general consistency which is linked simultaneously to the large numbers of proposal on security interests and to the insufficiency of federative rules which come to govern the whole. Actually, the problem poses the question to know if it is possible and conceivable to put forward a base of more sophisticated general rules, or even a general law, and according to what methods? The interrogation underlines the efficacy of ohada real securities law in regard to the inadequacy between the objectives of the African legislator and the means used by him to achieve them. In other words, it is admitted to question on the way of a reinforcement of the actual real securities law in sight of a greatest efficacy. In regard to the international experiences, the answer of these questioning is found, in our opinion, in a reform more ambitious of the ohada real securities law which is going to lead to the adoption of a functional approach as it was observed in States with the same juridical culture of ours. In concrete terms, it is important to give back, through this functional conception of securities interest, coherence, and simplicity, in sum, efficacy to ohada real securities law likewise to bring it closer to the population and to the socio-economic realities of ohada member States while revealing the international economic stakes.

Summaries in Afrikaans and English / Text in Afrikaans / In South Africa the transfer and settlement processes associated with share transactions are essentially paper-based. The physical handling of the share certificate plays an important role in this regard. Foreign trends to reduce the movement of paper involve in broad terms the alternatives of dematerialisation and immobilisation of the share certificate. These developments cannot slavishly be followed without examining the legal nature of the South African share and share certificate. The process of immobilisation in a collective securities depository system involves no change in the nature of the shares. However, the use of a nominee where shares are held in safe custody forms a barrier between the shareholder and the issuer company which could dilute the shareholders' rights. This is even more applicable where shares are immobilised in a central depository. Further, although central depositories are based upon book-entries, they are still limited by the retention of the physical certificates. The development of electronic systems which dematerialise the share certificate must take into account the reasonable expectations of the public and should not be forced upon investors. The shareholder of a 'uncertificated' share must be placed, as far as possible, in the same position as if he had received a certificate. This requires legislation to amend present enactments and to define the rights of the shareholder. It is submitted that dematerialisation should gradually be phased in, starting with a voluntary dematerialisation in the case of holdings in the central securities depository. / In Suid-Afrika is die oordrag- en verrekeningsprosesse wat gepaardgaan met aandeletransaksies hoofsaaklik papiergebaseer. Die fisiese bantering van die aandelesertifikaat speel in die opsig 'n belangrike rol. Buitelandse pogings om die beweging van papier te verminder, neig in die algemene rigting van die dematerialisasie en immobilisasie van die aandelesertifikaat. Hierdie ontwikkelings kan nie slaafs nagevolg word sonder om die regsaard van die Suid-Afrikaanse aandeel en aandelesertifikaat te ondersoek nie. Die proses van immobilisasie in 'n kollektiewe bewaarnemerstelsel vir effekte wysig nie die aard van aandele nie. Nietemin plaas die gebruik van genomineerdes waar aandele in veilige bewaring gehou word 'n wig tussen die aandeelhouer en die uitreikermaatskappy wat die aandeelhouersregte kan verwater. Dit is selfs meer toepaslik waar aandele in 'n sentrale depot ge'lmmobiliseer word. Verder is dit so dat alhoewel sentrale depots op boekinskrywings gebaseer word, hul steeds beperk word deur die behoud van die fisiese sertifikate. Die ontwikkeling van elektroniese stelsels wat die aandelesertifikaat dematerialiseer moet rekening hou met die redelike verwagtinge van die publiek en behoort nie op beleggers afgedwing te word nie. Die aandeelhouer van 'n 'ongesertifiseerde' aandeel moet, so ver moontlik, in dieselfde posisie geplaas word asof hy 'n sertifikaat ontvang bet. Wetgewing is noodsaaklik om bestaande bepalings te wysig en die regte van die aandeelhouer te omskryf. Daar word aan die hand gedoen dat dematerialisasie stelselmatig infaseer word - aanvanklik met 'n vrywillige dematerialisasie in die geval waar aandeelhouding in sentrale bewaameming is. / Private Law / LL.D.

Försvarsanskaffning och dess omkringliggande faktorer är relativt lite utforskat, särskilt i svensk kontext. En anledning är möjligtvis att utvecklingen skett fort och medfört att teorin har blivit ifrånsprungen. Det medför intresset av att studera faktorer som påverkar den svenska försvarsanskaffningen gällande valet av vem anskaffningen sker ifrån. Arbetet är en kvalitativ utforskande studie med en induktiv ansats med syfte att förstå de underliggande teman och mönster som finns bakom den svenska anskaffningsprocessen. Arbetet belyser anskaffningsprocessen relativt brett, därför används Hartleys teori byggd utifrån studier kring Ministry of defence i Storbritannien.  Empirin utgörs av djupintervjuer där respondenterna representerar Försvarsmakten, FMV och politiken. Teorin används sedan för att analysera empirin, för att slutligen belysa inomvetenskapliga såväl som utomvetenskapliga utvecklingspunkter. Studien kom fram till att säkerhetspolitik och ekonomi påverkar den svenska anskaffningsprocessen av komplex försvarsmateriel i stor utsträckning. Påverkan är positiv exempelvis genom att den har spin-off effekter till övriga samhället men har en negativ effekt genom att det fördyrar anskaffningen. En framgångsfaktor gällande svensk försvaranskaffning är svenska modellen som hanterar faktorer kring soft systems engineering väl. / There is relatively little research into defence procurement and its surrounding factors, particularly in a Swedish context. One possible reason could be that development has been rapid and has overtaken theory. This raises interest in studying factors that influence Swedish defence procurement in terms of the selection of whom procurement occurs from. This paper is a qualitative investigative study with an inductive approach, the aim of which is to understand the underlying themes and patterns behind the Swedish procurement process. The paper takes a broad view of the procurement process and, therefore, Hartley’s theory is used, which is built on studies of the UK Ministry of Defence. The empirics consist of in-depth interviews where the respondents represent the Swedish Armed Forces, the Swedish Defence Materiel Administration (FMV) and the Swedish Ministry of Defence. The theory is then used to analyse the empirics, to finally illustrate theoretical as well as practical points of development. The results of this study show that defence policy and economy influence the Swedish procurement process for complex armaments to a large extent. The effects are positive in terms of some positive spin-off effects for the rest of the society, but there are negative effects because it makes procurement more expensive. One success factor for Swedish defence procurement is the Swedish model that effectively deals with factors surrounding soft systems engineering.

Summaries in Afrikaans and English / Text in Afrikaans / In South Africa the transfer and settlement processes associated with share transactions are essentially paper-based. The physical handling of the share certificate plays an important role in this regard. Foreign trends to reduce the movement of paper involve in broad terms the alternatives of dematerialisation and immobilisation of the share certificate. These developments cannot slavishly be followed without examining the legal nature of the South African share and share certificate. The process of immobilisation in a collective securities depository system involves no change in the nature of the shares. However, the use of a nominee where shares are held in safe custody forms a barrier between the shareholder and the issuer company which could dilute the shareholders' rights. This is even more applicable where shares are immobilised in a central depository. Further, although central depositories are based upon book-entries, they are still limited by the retention of the physical certificates. The development of electronic systems which dematerialise the share certificate must take into account the reasonable expectations of the public and should not be forced upon investors. The shareholder of a 'uncertificated' share must be placed, as far as possible, in the same position as if he had received a certificate. This requires legislation to amend present enactments and to define the rights of the shareholder. It is submitted that dematerialisation should gradually be phased in, starting with a voluntary dematerialisation in the case of holdings in the central securities depository. / In Suid-Afrika is die oordrag- en verrekeningsprosesse wat gepaardgaan met aandeletransaksies hoofsaaklik papiergebaseer. Die fisiese bantering van die aandelesertifikaat speel in die opsig 'n belangrike rol. Buitelandse pogings om die beweging van papier te verminder, neig in die algemene rigting van die dematerialisasie en immobilisasie van die aandelesertifikaat. Hierdie ontwikkelings kan nie slaafs nagevolg word sonder om die regsaard van die Suid-Afrikaanse aandeel en aandelesertifikaat te ondersoek nie. Die proses van immobilisasie in 'n kollektiewe bewaarnemerstelsel vir effekte wysig nie die aard van aandele nie. Nietemin plaas die gebruik van genomineerdes waar aandele in veilige bewaring gehou word 'n wig tussen die aandeelhouer en die uitreikermaatskappy wat die aandeelhouersregte kan verwater. Dit is selfs meer toepaslik waar aandele in 'n sentrale depot ge'lmmobiliseer word. Verder is dit so dat alhoewel sentrale depots op boekinskrywings gebaseer word, hul steeds beperk word deur die behoud van die fisiese sertifikate. Die ontwikkeling van elektroniese stelsels wat die aandelesertifikaat dematerialiseer moet rekening hou met die redelike verwagtinge van die publiek en behoort nie op beleggers afgedwing te word nie. Die aandeelhouer van 'n 'ongesertifiseerde' aandeel moet, so ver moontlik, in dieselfde posisie geplaas word asof hy 'n sertifikaat ontvang bet. Wetgewing is noodsaaklik om bestaande bepalings te wysig en die regte van die aandeelhouer te omskryf. Daar word aan die hand gedoen dat dematerialisasie stelselmatig infaseer word - aanvanklik met 'n vrywillige dematerialisasie in die geval waar aandeelhouding in sentrale bewaameming is. / Private Law / LL.D.