The goal of this thesis is to discover differences in regulation of sales contracts in Anglo-American and Continental legal system. The thesis looks for and compares distinctions between regulation in Uniform Commerical Code adopted in most of the states of the USA that represents the Anglo-American System, and Louisiana Civil Code which was chosen by the author thanks to its strong link to french Code Civil as a representative of Continental System. The author analyzes differences in definition of sales contract, the process of its formation, she looks at the question of passage of title and passage of risk, furthermore she deals with rights and obligations of seller and buyer. Eventually, she summarizes the distinctions found.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-26T20:20:02Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Jesus Claudio Pereira de Almeida.pdf: 1066325 bytes, checksum: 94801c1fb6794bab18ef2b04ff3a691d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-05-23 / This paper has as its objective to analyze the role of the consortium agency as well as of BACEN (Central bank of Brazil), having as its base the Consortium Law Law nº 11.795, from October, 8th, 2008 and the rules of the Uniform Commercial Code which is, at the same time, the main topic and main goal of such dissertation. In order to handle this analysis, it was used, as methodological support, the exploratory research with deductive and investigative approach; also, the bibliography research technique was used, with a theory reference based on secondary sources, especially the doctrine and jurisprudence are taken into consideration. As the organization is concerned, the paper is divided in six chapters, which are considered essential to cover the theme proposed herein. Thus, in the first chapter, the system of consortiums to acquire assets and services is discussed. The second is dedicated to the study of the principle sustaining the consume relations under the Federal Constitution, also mentioning the Consumer Code. In the sequence, the third chapter guides us to the definition, principles and peculiarities of Consumer s contracts, ending with the standard contracts analysis and the general contractual clauses. The fourth and fifth chapters talk about the contract and the contract of consortiums in relation to the UCC. The sixth and last chapters explore, inside the scope of the research, the role of the agency of consortiums and the Central Bank in Brazil when faced with the disciplinary measures of the Consortium Law and the UCC. From the study, it is possible to conclude that even though there is uncertainty concerning the jurisprudence, specifically as the administrative fee charges are concerned, the new legislation has brought harmony for the interested parties, strengthening the balance between the contract and its social function, with benefits for the civil society and specially in the sake of the consumer / Analisar o papel da administradora de consórcios e do Bacen, tendo por base a Lei dos Consórcios Lei nº 11.795, de 8 de outubro de 2008 e o regramento do Código de Defesa do Consumidor é, ao mesmo tempo, tema central e principal objetivo da presente dissertação. Para dar conta desta tarefa utilizou-se, como suporte metodológico, a pesquisa exploratória de abordagem investigativa dedutiva e a técnica de pesquisa bibliográfica, com referencial teórico baseado em fontes secundárias, especialmente a doutrina e jurisprudência especializadas. Quanto à organização, o trabalho está dividido em seis capítulos, considerados essenciais para circundar a temática então proposta. Assim, no primeiro capítulo, discorre-se sobre o sistema de consórcios para aquisição de bens e serviços. O segundo se dedica ao estudo da principiologia que dá sustentação às relações de consumo a partir da Constituição Federal, espraiando-se para o Código consumerista. Em seguida, no terceiro capítulo, o estudo envereda para a definição, princípios e peculiaridades dos contratos de consumo, terminando com o contrato de adesão e as cláusulas gerais contratuais. O quarto e quinto capítulos abordam o contrato e o contrato de consórcios em relação ao CDC. O sexto e último capítulo explora, dentro do escopo da pesquisa, o papel das administradoras de consórcio e do Bacen diante das disciplinas da Lei dos Consórcios e do CDC. Do estudo, retira-se que, não obstante a incerteza em sede jurisprudencial, especificamente, quanto à cobrança das taxas de administração, a nova legislação trouxe harmonia para os interesses das partes, fortalecendo o equilíbrio do contrato e sua função social, com benefícios à sociedade civil e, em especial, à tutela do consumidor

Le droit des sûretés réelles a fait l’objet de profondes mutations à la suite de plusieurs réformes successives qui viennent de l’affecter. Si la matière s’est indubitablement modernisée, il reste qu’elle souffre d’un manque de cohérence globale qui tient tout à la fois à la trop grande offre de sûretés et à l’insuffisance de règles fédératrices venant régir l’ensemble. La question se pose alors de savoir s’il est possible et envisageable de dégager un socle de règles communes plus élaboré, voire même un droit commun, et selon quelles modalités. Il en ressort l’interrogation sur l’efficacité du droit ohada des sûretés réelles au regard de l’inadéquation entre les objectifs du législateur africain et les moyens qu’il a mis en oeuvre pour les atteindre. Au regard des expériences internationales, la réponse à ces questionnements réside à notre sens dans une réforme plus ambitieuse du droit ohada des sûretés réelles qui se traduirait par l’adoption d’une approche fonctionnelle telle qu’il nous a été donné de voir dans des pays appartenant à la même tradition juridique que la nôtre. Plus concrètement, il s’agira de redonner, à travers cette conception fonctionnelle des sûretés, de la cohérence, de la simplicité et de l’accessibilité, en somme de l’efficacité au droit ohada des sûretés réelles de manière à le rapprocher des populations et des réalités socio-économiques des États de l’ohada tout en n’occultant pas les enjeux économiques internationaux. / The real security interests law/secured transactions has gone through crucial changes following a series of several reforms which has affected it. If the subject matter has undoubtedly been modernized, it is obvious that the real security interests law/secured transactions is still lacking of general consistency which is linked simultaneously to the large numbers of proposal on security interests and to the insufficiency of federative rules which come to govern the whole. Actually, the problem poses the question to know if it is possible and conceivable to put forward a base of more sophisticated general rules, or even a general law, and according to what methods? The interrogation underlines the efficacy of ohada real securities law in regard to the inadequacy between the objectives of the African legislator and the means used by him to achieve them. In other words, it is admitted to question on the way of a reinforcement of the actual real securities law in sight of a greatest efficacy. In regard to the international experiences, the answer of these questioning is found, in our opinion, in a reform more ambitious of the ohada real securities law which is going to lead to the adoption of a functional approach as it was observed in States with the same juridical culture of ours. In concrete terms, it is important to give back, through this functional conception of securities interest, coherence, and simplicity, in sum, efficacy to ohada real securities law likewise to bring it closer to the population and to the socio-economic realities of ohada member States while revealing the international economic stakes.

L'avènement des nouvelles technologies a modifié considérablement le marché des valeurs mobilières. Le certificat représentant les actions de personnes morales s'est dématérialisé, facilitant et augmentant la rapidité des échanges, mais en causant de nouveaux problèmes, notamment à cause de l'incertitude juridique entourant les transferts et les sûretés sur les valeurs mobilières et autres actifs financiers. Pour répondre à ces problématiques, le Uniform Commercial Code américain a créé de nouveaux concepts et de nouvelles règles applicables au régime de détention indirecte. S'inspirant du modèle américain, un effort international d'harmonisation a été déployé, comme en témoignent, entre autres, les initiatives de la Conférence de La Haye, d'UNIDROIT et de la Conférence pour l'harmonisation des lois au Canada. C'est ainsi que le Québec a adopté la Loi sur le transfert de valeurs mobilières et l'obtention de titres intermédiés, afin de combler les lacunes d'un régime devenu désuet. Toutefois, le projet de loi s'inscrit-il avec le régime civiliste du Québec? Le particulier peut-il hypothéquer des valeurs mobilières? Où se situent les titres dématérialisés et intermédiés? Nous tenterons de répondre à ces questions en deux temps ; premièrement, nous étudierons l'évolution des régimes de transfert et de sûretés sur les valeurs mobilières et autres actifs financiers ainsi que leurs particularités. Ensuite, nous étudierons la loi québécoise en parallèle avec les différents instruments d'harmonisation et avec le régime civiliste québécois des sûretés. / New technologies changed financial markets. Where securities were represented by certificates, now often, they are dematerialised and held indirectly in order to facilitate and expedite trades. However, this situation caused new problems since the legislation was inadequate to regulate the indirect holding system. The american Uniform Commercial Code enacted a new and unique legislation in order to respond to the legal uncertainty. Following the Americans, an international effort rised in order to harmonise legislation pertaining to the transfers and security interests on securities and other investment properties, namely, the Hague Conference, UNIDROIT and the Uniform Law Conference of Canada, just to name a few. Accordingly, Quebec adopted the Act respecting the transfer of securities and the establishment of security entitlements, in order to respond to the actual discrepancies. However, does the Act integrate itself harmoniously within the civil law tradition? May the private citizen grant a hypothec on securities? Where are situated uncertificated or indirectly held securities? We will attempt to answer these questions in two parts; firstly, we will study the evolution and particulars of the transfers and security interests on securities and other investment properties. Secondly, we will study the Quebec Act in respect with other legislations and with the civil law rules.

L'avènement des nouvelles technologies a modifié considérablement le marché des valeurs mobilières. Le certificat représentant les actions de personnes morales s'est dématérialisé, facilitant et augmentant la rapidité des échanges, mais en causant de nouveaux problèmes, notamment à cause de l'incertitude juridique entourant les transferts et les sûretés sur les valeurs mobilières et autres actifs financiers. Pour répondre à ces problématiques, le Uniform Commercial Code américain a créé de nouveaux concepts et de nouvelles règles applicables au régime de détention indirecte. S'inspirant du modèle américain, un effort international d'harmonisation a été déployé, comme en témoignent, entre autres, les initiatives de la Conférence de La Haye, d'UNIDROIT et de la Conférence pour l'harmonisation des lois au Canada. C'est ainsi que le Québec a adopté la Loi sur le transfert de valeurs mobilières et l'obtention de titres intermédiés, afin de combler les lacunes d'un régime devenu désuet. Toutefois, le projet de loi s'inscrit-il avec le régime civiliste du Québec? Le particulier peut-il hypothéquer des valeurs mobilières? Où se situent les titres dématérialisés et intermédiés? Nous tenterons de répondre à ces questions en deux temps ; premièrement, nous étudierons l'évolution des régimes de transfert et de sûretés sur les valeurs mobilières et autres actifs financiers ainsi que leurs particularités. Ensuite, nous étudierons la loi québécoise en parallèle avec les différents instruments d'harmonisation et avec le régime civiliste québécois des sûretés. / New technologies changed financial markets. Where securities were represented by certificates, now often, they are dematerialised and held indirectly in order to facilitate and expedite trades. However, this situation caused new problems since the legislation was inadequate to regulate the indirect holding system. The american Uniform Commercial Code enacted a new and unique legislation in order to respond to the legal uncertainty. Following the Americans, an international effort rised in order to harmonise legislation pertaining to the transfers and security interests on securities and other investment properties, namely, the Hague Conference, UNIDROIT and the Uniform Law Conference of Canada, just to name a few. Accordingly, Quebec adopted the Act respecting the transfer of securities and the establishment of security entitlements, in order to respond to the actual discrepancies. However, does the Act integrate itself harmoniously within the civil law tradition? May the private citizen grant a hypothec on securities? Where are situated uncertificated or indirectly held securities? We will attempt to answer these questions in two parts; firstly, we will study the evolution and particulars of the transfers and security interests on securities and other investment properties. Secondly, we will study the Quebec Act in respect with other legislations and with the civil law rules.

京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(法学) / 甲第18743号 / 法博第174号 / 新制||法||150(附属図書館) / 31694 / 京都大学大学院法学研究科法政理論専攻 / (主査)教授 笠井 正俊, 教授 山本 克己, 教授 山田 文 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Laws / Kyoto University / DGAM

Bank demand guarantees have become an established part of international trade. Demand guarantees, standby letters of credit and commercial letters of credit are all treated as autonomous contracts whose operation will not be interfered with by courts on grounds immaterial to the guarantee or credit itself. The idea in the documentary credit transaction/demand guarantee transaction is that if the documents (where applicable) presented are in line with the terms of the credit/guarantee the bank has to pay, and if the documents do not correspond to the requirements, the bank must not pay. However, over the years a limited number of exceptions to the autonomy principle of demand guarantees and letters of credit have come to be acknowledged and accepted in practice. In certain circumstances, the autonomy of demand guarantees and letters of credit may be ignored by the bank and regard may be had to the terms and conditions of the underlying contract. The main exceptions concern fraud and illegality in the underlying contract. In this thesis a great deal of consideration has been given to fraud and illegality as possible grounds on which payment under demand guarantees and letters of credit have been attacked (and sometimes even prevented) in the English, American and South African courts. It will be shown that the prospect of success depends on the law applicable to the demand guarantee and letter of credit, and the approach a court in a specific jurisdiction takes. At present, South Africa has limited literature on demand guarantees, and the case law regarding the grounds upon which payment under a demand guarantee might be prevented is scarce and often non-existent. In South Africa one finds guidance by looking at similar South African case law dealing with commercial and standby letters of credit and applying these similar principles to demand guarantees. The courts, furthermore, find guidance by looking at how other jurisdictions, in particular the English courts, deal with these issues. Therefore, how the South African courts currently deal/should be dealing/probably will be dealing with the unfair and fraudulent calling of demand guarantees/letters of credit is discussed in this thesis. / Jurisprudence / LL.D

Bank demand guarantees have become an established part of international trade. Demand guarantees, standby letters of credit and commercial letters of credit are all treated as autonomous contracts whose operation will not be interfered with by courts on grounds immaterial to the guarantee or credit itself. The idea in the documentary credit transaction/demand guarantee transaction is that if the documents (where applicable) presented are in line with the terms of the credit/guarantee the bank has to pay, and if the documents do not correspond to the requirements, the bank must not pay. However, over the years a limited number of exceptions to the autonomy principle of demand guarantees and letters of credit have come to be acknowledged and accepted in practice. In certain circumstances, the autonomy of demand guarantees and letters of credit may be ignored by the bank and regard may be had to the terms and conditions of the underlying contract. The main exceptions concern fraud and illegality in the underlying contract. In this thesis a great deal of consideration has been given to fraud and illegality as possible grounds on which payment under demand guarantees and letters of credit have been attacked (and sometimes even prevented) in the English, American and South African courts. It will be shown that the prospect of success depends on the law applicable to the demand guarantee and letter of credit, and the approach a court in a specific jurisdiction takes. At present, South Africa has limited literature on demand guarantees, and the case law regarding the grounds upon which payment under a demand guarantee might be prevented is scarce and often non-existent. In South Africa one finds guidance by looking at similar South African case law dealing with commercial and standby letters of credit and applying these similar principles to demand guarantees. The courts, furthermore, find guidance by looking at how other jurisdictions, in particular the English courts, deal with these issues. Therefore, how the South African courts currently deal/should be dealing/probably will be dealing with the unfair and fraudulent calling of demand guarantees/letters of credit is discussed in this thesis. / Jurisprudence / LL.D