Introdução. Os pacientes com DPOC apresentam capacidade de exercício reduzida e limitação funcional para realização de suas atividades diárias, impactando a qualidade de vida desses indivíduos. Além disso, foi demonstrado para esses indivíduos um maior risco de queda em comparação a indivíduos saudáveis da mesma idade. Contudo, não se sabe o papel da intolerância ao exercício em variáveis relacionadas a locomoção dos pacientes com DPOC como o custo de transporte (C), a velocidade autosselecionada (VAS) e a estabilidade dinâmica, que podem auxiliar na dimensão da influência dessa intolerância na vida diária desses indivíduos. Objetivo. O presente estudo se propôs a investigar o comportamento do C, da eficiência ventilatória, do conforto ventilatório e da estabilidade dinâmica em diferentes velocidades de caminhada de indivíduos com DPOC e comparar com indivíduos sem a doença, além de verificar a possível correspondência entre a VAS e a velocidade ótima. Materiais e Métodos. Onze participantes com DPOC fizeram parte desse estudo e foram comparados com onze controles pareados por sexo e idade. Eles foram primeiramente submetidos a um teste de exercício cardiopulmonar e, em um segundo momento, a uma avaliação do C. No protocolo submáximo, os participantes caminharam em cinco velocidades diferentes, sendo uma a VAS e outras quatro ±20% e ±40% da VAS. Além disso, os participantes foram avaliados em uma velocidade pré-determinada igual a todos (isovelocidade). Para todas as velocidades do protocolo os participantes caminharam durante cinco minutos. A partir dos valores de consumo de oxigênio (VO2) obtidos, foram calculados os valores de C. Simultaneamente, foram realizados registro de vídeos dos participantes para posterior análise cinemática da marcha. Foram calculados a frequência de passada (FP), o comprimento de passada (CP) e o coeficiente de variação (CoV) referente a FP, como medida da estabilidade dinâmica. Resultados. Não houve diferença do C dos pacientes com DPOC em relação aos controles, nem mesmo quando caminhavam em isovelocidade (p=0,623). Em todas as velocidades, os pacientes demonstraram menor eficiência ventilatória. A VAS dos pacientes foi menor, no entanto observou-se menor valor de C nas velocidades mais altas de caminhada. Apesar de os indivíduos com DPOC apresentarem menor FP e CP, a estabilidade dinâmica não demonstrou-se prejudicada na amostra estudada. Conclusão. Pacientes com DPOC caminham em velocidades reduzidas, em relação aos controles, especialmente devido à dispneia acompanhada de uma menor eficiência ventilatória. Embora o C seja semelhante ao de indivíduos saudáveis, os participantes com DPOC apresentaram o índice de reabilitação inferior, sugerindo, portanto, que o mecanismo pendular não esteja otimizado na VAS. Além de não encontrar diferenças na economia de caminhada, foram observadas alterações mínimas na estabilidade dinâmica da marcha destes indivíduos. Terapias que tratem do conforto ventilatório são potenciais ferramentas para a melhora da locomoção de pacientes com DPOC. / Background. Subjects with COPD present reduced exercise capacity and functional limitation to perform daily activities, which affects their quality of life. Furthermore, it is known that this population has increased risk of falls when compared to health subjects. However, it is still unknown the role of exercise intolerance on important variables to assess locomotion, as the cost of transport (C), the self-selected speed (VAS) and the dynamic stability, which might be able to help to dimension the exercise intolerance on their daily life. Objective. To investigate the behaviour of C ventilatory efficiency, ventilatory comfort and dynamic stability at different walking speeds in COPD subjects and compare them to healthy controls, as well as to verify the possible correspondence of VAS and optimal speed. Methods and Materials. 11 patients with COPD participated in this study and were matched with 11 control subjects in terms of gender and age. They underwent a cardiopulmonary exercise test and an evaluation of C. In this last evaluation, participants walked at five different walking speeds, among them VAS and the others ±20% and ±40% of the VAS. There was also a sixth predetermined walking speed (isovelocity). The participants walked during five minutes in each speed. The C values were calculated from the oxygen consumption (VO2) values. Simultaneously, the subjects were filmed for later analysis of gait kinematics. The stride frequency (FP), stride length (CP) and the coefficient of variation (CoV) from FP as a measure of dynamic stability, were calculated. Results. There was no significant difference between the C of participants with COPD and control subjects, not even when walking at isovelocity (p=0,623). For all speeds investigated, the ventilatory efficiency of COPD subjects was impaired when compared to healthy individuals. The participants in COPD group walked at a slower VAS, but the lower value of C was found during faster walking speeds. Even though the COPD group had less FP and shorter strides, their dynamic stability showed minimal impairment. Conclusion. The patients with COPD walked at a reduced walking speed when compared to control subjects, specially caused by dyspnea and a lower ventilatory efficiency. In spite of a similar C between groups, the COPD subjects presented an inferior rehabilitation index, therefore suggesting that their pendulum-like mechanism is not optimal at VAS. Furthermore, besides a walking economy with no differences between groups, minimal impairments were found for dynamic stability in COPD group. Therapies that treat ventilatory comfort are a potential tool to improve locomotion of COPD subjects.

A transformação do mosto de uva em vinho envolve uma série de ações combinadas de diferentes gêneros e espécies de microrganismos. A espécie Saccharomyces cerevisiae domina a fase intermediária e a fase final da fermentação alcoólica. De modo geral, as leveduras enológicas podem ser caracterizadas pela capacidade fermentativa, produção de H2S (sulfeto de hidrogênio) e seu comportamento killer. A Embrapa uva e vinho possui em sua Coleção, diversas leveduras autóctones isoladas de bagas de uvas oriundas de diversas regiões do Brasil. Entretanto, a diversidade genética destes isolados não é conhecida. Neste estudo foram avaliados a capacidade fermentativa, formação de H2S, fator killer e sensibilidade ao fator killer de 150 leveduras provenientes das cultivares Malvasia Bianca (FMB14), Moscato Alexandria (FMA14) e Moscato Tradicional (MBTF14) todas oriundas da região de Farroupilha- RS. A capacidade fermentativa foi avaliada juntamente com a formação de H2S, inoculando as leveduras em meio mosto sulfito. Os testes ao fator killer e sensibilidade ao fator killer foram avaliados através do meio Lorena/ELNC (80:20). As linhagens com perfil para elaboração de vinhos e produtoras da toxina killer foram identificadas por amplificação da região ITS1- 5.S- ITS2 por PCR e por PCR-RFLP. Foi avaliada também a diversidade genética de 23 linhagens da espécie de Saccharomyces cerevisiae da Coleção da Embrapa Uva e Vinho, usando a técnica de PCR-RAPD. Foram empregados para detectar a variabilidade genética das leveduras os oligonucleotídeos iniciadores: (GTG)5, (GAC)5, (GACA)4 e M13. Os resultados mostraram que a maioria das linhagens apresentaram baixa velocidade fermentativa aliada à diferentes níveis de produção de H2S. Somente 3 linhagens apresentaram capacidade fermentativa adequada quando comparadas com as linhagens de referencia 1vvt/97 e K1, quais sejam, 29MBF14, 39MBTF14 e 50MBF14. Apenas a linhagem 29MBTF4 formou pequenas quantidades de H2S. Verificou-se que 64% das linhagens isoladas mostraram-se metabolicamente capazes de biossintetizar H2S. Somente 9,33% apresentaram comportamento killer e apenas 6,66% mostraram sensibilidade à proteína killer. Os resultados apresentados sugerem ter relação com as cultivares utilizadas no isolamento. Verificou-se a existência de diferenças genéticas entre as linhagens de Saccharomyces cerevisiae estudadas com todos os iniciadores utilizados. Os iniciadores que mais discriminaram linhagens de Saccharomyces cerevisiae foram (GTG)5 e (GAC)5. / Grape must conversion into wine involve combined actions of different genus and species of microorganism. The species Saccharomyces cerevisiae dominates intermediate and final stages of alcoholic fermentation. Generally, the oenological yeasts are characterized by their fermentative capacity, production of H2S (hydrogen sulfide) and killer behavior. Embrapa Grape and Wine has a Yeast Collection that encompasses many autochthonous strains isolated of grape berries from different regions of Brazil. However, the genetic diversity of these yeasts are stilling known. This study has evaluated the fermentative capacity, production of H2S, killer factor and killer factor sensibility of 150 yeasts isolated from the cultivars Malvasia Bianca (FMB14), Moscato Alexandria (FMA14) and Moscato Tradicional (MBTF14) all belonging from Farroupilha commune in Rio Grande do Sul State. The fermentative capacity has been tested along with the evaluation of H2S production by the inoculation of the yeasts in sulfite must medium. The production and detection of factor killer and the evaluation of sensitive characteristics have been measured in Lorena/ELNC (80:20) solid medium. Yeasts with optimal fermentative characteristics and the ones producing killer toxin have been identified by amplification of ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 region by PCR -RFPL. This study also has evaluated the genetic diversity of 23 yeasts strains of Saccharomyces cerevisiae, belonging to the Yeast Collection of Embrapa Grape and Wine, employing PCRRAPD technique. The primers (GTG)5, (GAC)5, (GACA)4 and M13 have been used to detect the yeasts genetic diversity. The results showed that the majority of the yeasts analyzed have demonstrated low fermentative velocity combined with different levels of H2S production. From the three cultivars analyzed, only Moscato Tradicional showed yeasts with a suitable fermentative capacity when compared to the reference yeasts EMBRAPA 1vvt97 e K1, and they were named as 29MBF14, 39MBTF14 and 50MBF14. It was verified that 84%, 76% and 36% of the isolated strains from Malvasia Bianca, Moscato Tradicional and Moscato Alexandria, respectively, were capable to biosynthesize H2S. Concerning to killer behavior, 14%, 12% and 2% of the isolated strains from Moscato Tradicional, Moscato Alexandria and Malvasia Bianca, respectively, were capable of producing killer factor. These outcomes suggest the influence of the cultivar into the microflora biodiversity. Genetic differences were also demonstrated between the strains of Saccharomyces cerevisiae for all the primers tested. Primers GTG5 and GAC5 were the most discriminative.

The purpose of this thesis is to study the effect of lower milk support prices trigger ed by chronic surplus production problems and to offer alter native management strategies for dairymen caught in the cash flow squeeze precipitated by resulting cuts in the producer price of milk. Historical dairy policy is reviewed and recommendations are offered for consideration in developing dairy policy over the next decade. FLIPSIM V, a powerful, firm-level computerized simulation model is employed to predict the probable outcome of employing alternative management strategies designed to improve profitability for individual dairymen. The study focuses on a typical farm devised from survey data to be representative of Utah's dairy industry. A five-year planning horizon is simulated.

This thesis presents an evaluation of instructional television as used in four courses at Utah State University. The study is divided into four parts: first, student attitudes and reactions; second, faculty attitudes and reactions; third, the costs involved for the individual faculty members concerned, the academic department, the Radio-Television department, and the University as a whole; and fourth, recommendations concerning the future use of instructional television at Utah State University. The four courses involved in this study were basic introductory courses in Political Science, English, Sociology, and Music. The investigator found that student attitudes and reactions varied with each course. The students in Political Science and English were generally uncertain in their attitude toward the use of television, with approximately equal numbers for and against. The students in Sociology and Music were very much in favor of the use of television. The attitudes of the faculty members associated with this project ranged from very negative to very positive. The study indicated that those instructors who were highly motivated and enthusiastic before actually becoming involved with instructional television tended to remain so throughout. Those instructors who were skeptical and hesitant beforehand also retained their attitudes. The third part of this study dealing with costs was divided into six areas for the Political Science and English courses: production costs, recording costs, instructional costs, utilization costs, cost for additional use, and cost per student credit unit for one academic year. In the cases of Sociology and Music only the production, recording and instructional costs were computed. As a result of this study, this researcher recommends the delegation of more authority to the television personnel in order that they may have a voice in the utilization process of the television courses produced. A second recommendation is that of initiating a two-phase in-service training program to assist the classroom teacher in adjusting to his new role, and to train the television teacher in methods of using instructional television. Finally, the need to have available adequate facilities for the utilization processes has become apparent during the course of this study. Television cannot prove to be a satisfactory medium of instruction if it must be satisfied with poor lighting conditions, excessive noise levels, and an undesirable choice of hours during which to offer classes.

Frequently, in evaluating plant deficiencies, one considers only those soil factors which are associated with the fertility of the soil-- mainly the levels of phosphorus, potash, nitrogen, and organic matter. A certain level of nutrition is essential for plant growth, but in order for the nutrients to exert their maximum influence on the productivity of the soil, it is equally important that a good soil environment be provided and maintained. A good environment requires that good physical conditions of soil, sir, and water be in balance.

Each person in education from the Commissioner of Education down to the classroom teacher is concerned with administration. Each has administrative duties. The way these duties are conducted and carried out will have a direct influence on the outcome of any physical education program and each child within this program. Through the Tenth amendment responsibility for the administration of education has been turned over to the various states. Most of the states through their constitutions place the responsibility upon the legislature to provide for organization and maintenance of public school systems. This body then draws up the statutory laws and provisions to which the state, district and local boards must conform. The state and local boards make additional rules and regulations with which each district and school must abide.

This study examined the effects of habitat parameters, disturbances and predation on the reproductive success of golden eagles (Aguila chrysaetos), ferruginous hawks (Buteo regalis), red-tailed hawks (Buteo jamaicensis) and prairie falcons (Falco mexicanus) in the desert area southwest of the Great Salt Lake in northwestern Utah. The prairie falcon was the only species examined that had a normal reproductive output during the study years of 1984-1986. The prairie falcon was better able to utilize the avian prey species which were very difficult for the larger and slower raptor species to capture. During the reproductive period prairie falcons used Townsend ground squirrel (Sperrnophilus townsendii) heavily. The golden eagles, ferruginous, and red-tailed hawks were not able to obtain sufficient numbers of their primary prey species, the cottontail rabbit (Sylvilagus nuttallii) and black-tailed jackrabbit (Lepus californicus), to allow for a normal reproductive output. These prey species were at the low point of their cyclic population pattern. Disturbance to raptors was not an important factor on this remote study area. Predation, primarily terrestrial mammals, did have a negative effect on reproductive success; however, it was not a major consideration due to lack of predator access on most of the cliff nesting sites of the golden eagle, red-tailed hawk, and prairie falcon. Predation appeared to have a greater impact on the ferruginous hawk nesting success as their nest sites were normally accessable to mammalian predators. Raptor nest site exposure was unimportant to nesting raptors. The nest exposure was very similar to the exposure ratio of the available cliff sites.

Important public facilities located in Cache Valley, Utah, were studied to assess their exposure to geologic hazards. Also, the level of geotechnical and geologic expertise involved in the siting, design, and construction of critical public facilities was studied. A discussion of several individual facilities, that were exposed to some degree of hazard, was presented to illustrate the nature of the problem. Earthquake hazards probably constitute the greatest threat to facilities and to the general welfare of the public. Many earthquake hazard mitigation measures were discussed and recommendations were made, based on aseismic design criteria which has been developed for seismically active areas such as California. A goal of this study was to present information concerning the seriousness of the current geologic hazard situation in Cache Valley, Utah, in an attempt to help generate public interest in understanding and correcting the problem.

The interaction of herbicides and Northern root-knot nematodes (Meloidogyne hapla Chitwood) on onions and beans was studied in the greenhouse. Seeds of onions (Allium cepa L.) were planted in soil treated with defferent levels of dimethyl 2,3,5,6-tetrachloroterephthalate (DCPA). Seeds of beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) were planted in soil treated with different levels of DCPA or α, α, α-trifluoro-2,6-dinitro-N,N-dipropyl-p-toluidine (trifluralin). Seedlings were inoculated with root-knot nematode larvae after 2 week's growth. DCPA reduced root and shoot growth on onions but did not significantly affect bean growth. Trifluralin significantly reduced root and shoot growth of beans. Growth reduction was directly related to the concentration of DCPA or trifluralin. Anatomical studies on onion roots indicated that the epidermal cells were seriously affected by DCPA treatment. They were greatly misshapen, overlapped, and in various stages of apparent dissolution or collapse. Symptoms were more severe under higher concentrations. Macroscopic examination of roots treated with DCPA or trifluralin showed soil particles strongly adhered to root tissue. DCPA-treated and non-treated nematode larvae were equally pathogenic on onions. Both DCPA and trifluralin significantly reduced the number of nematode galls formed on beans and onions grown in treated soil.

Utah's cattle feeding industry was described by using both secondary and primary data. The primary data were collected through use of a personal interview survey. Primary data were also collected in Idaho, while secondary data were used for Arizona, California and Colorado. Intrastate analysis of feeding costs showed definite cost savings were achieved in all states through economies of size. Interstate analysis of feeding costs showed Utah's larger capacity feedlots to be very competitive with larger capacity lots in other states. 1968 prices for both slaughter and feeder cattle were computed for each state. Prices in Utah were slightly lower for both slaughter and feeder cattle than other states. A comparison of net return per unit fed in large feedlots indicated Utah's larger feedlots were competitive with feedlots in other states.