Le cœur de la problématique relative aux normes non directement applicables réside dans le caractère extrêmement réducteur du raisonnement suivant : la norme est trop imprécise ou n’a pas pour objet de régir la situation juridique, elle ne peut donc pas être appliquée à une espèce sur laquelle elle n’a, par elle-même, aucun effet juridique, par conséquent le justiciable ne saurait s’en prévaloir au soutien de ses prétentions et elle doit être exclue du débat juridictionnel. L’étude commence par une analyse de la démarche d’identification de leur absence d’applicabilité directe. La logique commande de vérifier ensuite si ce caractère a pour corollaire une spécificité du régime juridique des règles : l’applicabilité correspond à une application directe aux autorités publiques et l’absence d’invocabilité de ces norme correspond à leur absence d’application directe aux individus. Or, la justiciabilité des normes non directement applicables est, en réalité, à géométrie tout aussi variable que leurs effets juridiques. Aussi est-il important d’en découvrir les raisons tant théoriques que pratiques, et de proposer d’y apporter quelques aménagements. / Invocabilité Non self-executing rules don’t generally effect, of themselves, the object to be accomplished or the people’s condition, but they are carried into execution by the public authorities of the state. Regarded as political questions by thejudges, they can’t be invoked before court : the legislature must execute them before they can become “actual” rules for the judges. The study begins with a search on the criteria that distinguish self-executing and non self-executing rules. It is thennecessary to analyse the consequences of such a qualfication on the way those rules effect the public authorities, responsible for they enforcement. They don’t operate of themselves without an implementation act, and are therefore conceived as rules adressing themselves to the political powers and not to the judges. There is a direct link that binds the state’s authorities to non self-executing rules, whereas the link between those and the people is indirect. This indirect nature manifests itself in the lack of justiciability, to which this thesis tries to find explanations and solutions.

Submitted by Filipe dos Santos (fsantos@pucsp.br) on 2017-02-16T12:17:22Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Giulia Yumi Zaneti Simokomaki.pdf: 1328863 bytes, checksum: 7395a349c850affa23432fa7177af93e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-02-16T12:17:23Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Giulia Yumi Zaneti Simokomaki.pdf: 1328863 bytes, checksum: 7395a349c850affa23432fa7177af93e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-02-01 / The present project intends to analyze the theory of the legal gaps and theory of unconstitutional legislative omission and highlight their points of relationship and similarity. In order to address the first one, the goal was to demonstrate the transformations onto the “systemic conception”. Regarding the second one, the goal was to demonstrate the political context, starting from the Modern Law age, focusing on the constitutional movement and the framing of the Democratic State, proceeding through the theme of constitutional laws’ applicability, which originated the theory of unconstitutional legislative omission. With these two theories in place, we tried to link the points in which they relate, specially regarding the moment when the Judiciary appraise the cases. The objective, therefore, is to indicate a way of modernize the theory of unconstitutional legislative omission, on the search for the materialization of the constitutional rights / O presente trabalho pretende examinar a teoria das lacunas jurídicas e a teoria da omissão legislativa inconstitucional e notar seu(s) ponto(s) de relação e similaridade. Para abordar a primeira, procurou-se demonstrar as transformações na concepção sistêmica do Direito e do pensamento jurídico moderno que proporcionaram seu destaque. Para abordar a segunda, procurou-se demonstrar o contexto político, também partindo da era do Direito Moderno, com enfoque no movimento constitucional e na construção do Estado Social e Democrático de Direito, passando pela temática da aplicabilidade das normas constitucionais, que proporcionou o surgimento da teoria da omissão constitucional legislativa. Posta as duas teorias, buscamos traçar pontos de relação entre elas, especialmente no que tange ao momento da apreciação de demandas pelo Poder Judiciário. Intenta-se, desta forma, indicar uma via de renovação da teoria da omissão legislativa inconstitucional, na busca pela concretização dos direitos constitucionais

La Convention Internationale relative aux Droits de l’Enfant, ratifiée par la plupart des pays du monde, dont la Libye en 1991, a construit l’enfant en sujet de droit tant au niveauinternational qu’au niveau national. Cette convention constitue un système des droits del’homme consacré à l’enfant qui donc devient titulaire dès sa naissance. Elle présente aussil’ensemble des droits civils, politiques, culturels, sociaux et économiques de tous lesenfants. Plusieurs restrictions font obstacle face à la mise en oeuvre de ces droits.L’immaturité de l’enfant ne lui permet pas à d’en disposer avant qu’il reçoive laprotection nécessaire et l’éducation, conditions indispensables quant à l’usage à venir deses droits.Les mécanismes internationaux ne sont pas assez efficaces. Les travaux de contrôle duCDE ainsi que l’UNICEF sont trop souvent insuffisants, leur amélioration restant un défi àrelever pour une application plus concrète et réelle des principes engendrés par la CIDE.Aussi, au niveau étatique, on constate une disparité entre les engagements et la pratiquesur le terrain. Cette contradiction pose des difficultés rencontrées dans la réalisationpratique des dispositions de cette convention et qui doivent trouver leur solution dans unecoopération internationale effective.La mise en oeuvre de la CIDE dans l’ordre juridique libyen pose encore desinconvénients. Les restrictions socioculturelles conduisent à de multiples conflits entre lesnormes internationales et celle du droit musulman. Malgré des actions pour améliorer lasituation il en reste de trop nombreuses à réaliser afin que les enfants de notre payspuissent être considérés avec égalité et comme ceux des autres pays. / The International Convention on the Child’s Rights, ratified by almost all the countriesin the world, including Libya in 1991, has established the children’s legal rights as subjectof law, both at the national and international levels.This convention built up a system of human rights devoted to the child where hebecame a rightsholder from his birth. It also provided him with the full array of civil,political, cultural, social and economic rights of all children. The implementation of theserights is met with several limitations and obstacles.The immaturity of the child does not permit him to dispose of them before he receivesthe necessary protection and education, all this being prerequisites for the future use of hisrights. International mechanisms are not effective enough. The control functions of theCRC and UNICEF are too often inadequate and their improvement is a challenge for amore concrete and real principle generated by the CRC.Besides, at a state level one can notice a discrepancy between commitments and whatreally happens on the field. This contradiction raises difficulties for the practical realizationof the measures of this Convention, which must find their solution in effective internationalcooperation.The implementation of the CRC in Libya’s legal system has still some drawbacks. Thesocio-Cultural restrictions lead to several conflicts between international standards and theIslamic Law. Although some measures were taken to improve the situation, too manydifficulties remain that prevent the children from our country from being treated with thesame fairness and equality as those from other countries.

Le droit des organisations internationales a été le lieu d’une belle querelle d’école entre les détracteurs et les adeptes de la normativité relative. Il en va de même des rapports de systèmes, qui divisent la doctrine entre les monistes (en voie de disparition), les dualistes et les non-alignés. Aborder le thème du traitement du droit dérivé par les ordres juridiques internes c’est prendre le risque de s’égarer dans ces tourbillons doctrinaux. Si l’on accepte que le point de vue du juge interne est pertinent pour la détermination de la force normative du droit dérivé, on comprend que le premier débat semble dépassé : le juge admet que le droit institutionnel est du droit, qu’il soit obligatoire ou non. Se pose dès lors la question de la capacité de ce droit à être source de droits et obligations dans l’ordre interne. On remarque qu’à cette fin, l’ensemble des ordres juridiques examinés exige l’incorporation des actes institutionnels, mais aussi que les juges internes accordent de la place à des formes de reconnaissance des effets des actes institutionnels déconnectées de l’incorporation. Ces tendances convergentes démontrent à la fois que le clivage monisme/dualisme n’est pas décisif, mais aussi que la pensée dualiste ne reflète pas fidèlement les modalités d’interaction entre les ordres juridiques dans le monde pluraliste. La reconnaissance participe d’un principe de coordination et non pas de séparation des ordres juridiques, qui se prolonge par ailleurs dans les solutions aux conflits normatifs, ainsi que dans les modalités et les effets du contrôle, par les juges internes, des normes institutionnelles. / The law of international organisations has been the theatre of passionate academic debate between the detractors and the disciples of the relative normativity. The same can be said about the relations between the legal orders, which divide the doctrine into monists, dualists and non-aligned. Analysing the topic of the place of institutional law in domestic legal orders is taking the risk of losing one’s way in these doctrinal whirls. If we take for granted that the point of view of the domestic judge is relevant for appreciating the normative force of institutional law, we may say that the first debate seems outdated : the domestic judge recognizes that the law produced by international organisations is law, whether is binding or not. The following question is to what extent the norms thus produced may be source of rights and obligations in the internal legal orders. The entire range of legal orders examined requires for institutional law to be incorporated for that purpose. The domestic judges leave nonetheless the door opened to other forms for taking into account some of the legal effects of institutional acts. These convergent tendencies show both that the monist/dualist divide is immaterial for the legal status of these acts and that the dualist doctrine does not accurately reflect the modalities of interaction between the legal systems in the world of pluralism. The recognition of unincorporated legal norms, which triggers consequences in terms of conflict of norms and judicial review of institutional law, stands in favour of a model of coordination and not of separation of the legal orders.

This contribution analyzes the role fulfilled by International Labor Standards and, specifically, by social clauses in Free Trade Conventions and Agreements, as a way of preventing social dumping and building a social dimension in the globalization and regionalization of economy. The author offers the case of the MERCOSUR Labor and Social Declaration, issued in 2015, which amends that of the year 1998, studying its contents, legal efficacy and supervision mechanisms. He emphasizes the fact that social charters generally limit themselves to recognizing fundamental or basic labor rights already found in the legislation of the member countries, but which are nonetheless useful for hindering attempts to deregulate or relax social and labor provisions. / En la presente contribución, se analiza el rol que cumplen las Normas Internacionales del Trabajo y en particular las cláusulas sociales en los Tratados y Acuerdos de Libre Comercio, como forma de evitar el dumping social y c onstruir u na d imensión s ocial e n l a g lobalización, mundialización y regionalización de la economía. El autor expone el caso de la Declaración Social Laboral del MERCOSUR, aprobada en el 2015, que revisa la sancionada en el año 1998, estudiando su contenido, su eficacia jurídica y los mecanismos de contralor. Destaca que las Cartas sociales generalmente se limitan a reconocer derechos laborales fundamentales o básicos que ya se encuentran contemplados en los ordenamientos de los países que se integran, pero que igualmente sirven para poner un freno alos intentos de desregular o flexibilizar la normativa socio-laboral.

This dissertation interrogates which principles should govern the interpretation of South African Double Tax Agreements (‘DTAs’). This field of study is complex because any DTAs have a dual nature. In the first place, it is an international agreement where two states are parties (a bilateral agreement); second, it also becomes part of domestic law. DTAs are governed by principles of customary international law some of which have been codified in the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties (‘VCLT’). Though South Africa is not a party to the VCLT, nevertheless, there is judicial support in South Africa for the notion that VCLT reflects general principles of international law [Harksen v President of the Republic of South Africa 1998 (2) SA 1011 (C)]. DTAs are incorporated into South African domestic law by way of statutory enactment in accordance with the dualist approach to international law. The first purpose of the dissertation is to systematise and analyse the structure of an OECD Model Tax Convention (‘OEC D MTC’) and the international methods (principles) of interpretation of DTAs in order to gain a better understanding of how this international methods functions. A number of issues relating to the interpretation of these methods are analysed. Since DTAs are applied by tax authorities, courts and taxpayers in a domestic law context, i.e. within the framework of the legal system of a particular state, the analysis focuses on the application in South Africa of the methods of the interpretation of South African DTAs. The second objective of the dissertation refers to international tax law principles (treaties and customary international law) derived from South Africa public international law and to evaluate a few selected issues related to South African DTAs and their relevance to South Africa domestic tax laws; the interpretation of DTAs and the implications of a DTA overriding or in conflict with South Africa domestic tax laws. It will also interrogate the legal status of a DTA under South African tax law and whether the anti-discrimination article in South Africa DTAs have the force of law in South Africa? / Dissertation (LLM)--University of Pretoria, 2014. / gm2014 / Mercantile Law / unrestricted