Orientador: Jonatas Manzolli / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Artes / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-14T23:17:38Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Traldi_CesarAdriano_D.pdf: 9145481 bytes, checksum: 4a080f2294a7413c9273c0cc5a467d66 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009 / Resumo: O desenvolvimento tecnológico contemporâneo potencializa a criação de modelos com o objetivo de estudar as possíveis correlações entre os estímulos e as sensações sonoras, visuais e espaciais. Muitos compositores já têm criado processos composicionais explorando estas dimensões, mas isso ainda é incipiente no desenvolvimento de uma nova postura interpretativa de instrumentistas que, normalmente, se apegam somente à especialização virtuosística e, muitas vezes, levando a uma dissociação entre música e outras linguagens artísticas. Assim, partimos do princípio que é possível descrever e estudar a estrutura de uma composição musical através de uma visão sistêmica como um processo no qual agentes desempenham diferentes funções dentro de um sistema. Refletimos sobre o conceito de auto-organização que é vinculado à possibilidade de emergência de padrões e regularidades que ocorrem nas relações estabelecidas entre os agentes de um sistema. O conceito de que a estrutura musical pode ser descrita como um sistema complexo é diretamente empregado no modelo desenvolvido nesta pesquisa. Para estudá-lo criamos um ambiente interativo computacional denominado PRISMA. A proposta conceitual do projeto é que os agentes do sistema se auto-organizam quando desenvolvem um comportamento interativo que molda e dirige suas ações em tempo real e que os influencia mutuamente. Verificamos como uma instalação criada a partir do conceito de auto-organização potencializa o desenvolvimento de uma nova postura interpretativa, o surgimento de organizações sonoras emergentes e, finalmente, a função da improvisação como veículo mediador de expectativas sonoras. / Abstract: The contemporary development in technology makes it possible to create models for studying the correlations between stimuli and auditory, visual and spatial sensations. Numerous composers have already created compositional processes to explore these dimensions, but this is still incipient in the context of theoretical studies in music performance. Performers normally adhere only to a superb specialization, and often, to the dissociation of music and other artistic forms. Thus, we assume that it is possible to describe and study the structure of a musical composition taken Systems Theory view. It is possible to understand music as a process in which different agents play different roles within a system. Here we study self-organization, that describes emergent properties in complex system and it is established among the information agents of a system. The concept that musical structure is a complex system is directly employed in the model developed in this research. For this purpose, we have created a computer-based interactive environment called PRISMA. The conceptual proposal of the project is that agents of the system will be self-organized when they develop a complex interactive process, shaping and directing their actions in real time, influencing and being influenced by other agents. Our study observed not only how the installation based on the concept of self-organization affords the development of performance studies, but also the creation of complex sound organizations, as well as the role of improvisation as mediator of sound expectations. / Doutorado / Mestre em Música

Essa tese de doutoramento utiliza a auto-organização dos filmes finos layer-by-layer (LbL), auto-organização por alcanotióis mistas (SAMmix) e monocamada de Langmuir no desenvolvimento de dispositivos e novas metodologias para aplicações em nanomedicina. Foram desenvolvidos e aplicados biossensores utilizando as técnicas de LbL e SAM. Dentre os biossensores construídos está o sensor para óxido nítrico (NO•), que é de grande importância no sistema fisiológico. O sensor foi construído por meio da modificação de ultramicroeletrodos de fibra de carbono pela técnica LbL. A caracterização do sensor foi realizada por voltametrias e espectroscopias de impedância eletroquímica. Os resultados revelaram que a difusão de NO• é dependente do número de bicamadas empregadas e da disposição das moléculas no filme. O sensor com arquitetura CF-(PAMAM/NiTsPc), fibra de carbono (CF), ftalocianina de níquel tetrasulfonada (NiTsPc) e dendrímero poliamidoamina (PAMAM), apresentou o melhor sinal analítico. Além disso, foi analisada a detecção de NO• com interferentes como nitrito, nitrato, peróxido de hidrogênio, ácido ascórbico, dopamina, epinefrina e a norepinefrina. Os resultados mostraram alta seletividade devido à utilização do dendrímero PAMAM. O segundo biossensor utilizou a enzima acetilcolinesterase imobilizada em monocamadas auto-organizadas mistas (SAMmix) de alcanotióis. A detecção eletroquímica mostrou-se altamente sensível, uma vez que não há o uso do glutaraldeído como agente reticulante. Com essa plataforma foi possível desenvolver um biossensor de acetilcolina estável e robusto, sendo calculado o valor de Km app = 0,46x10-3 mol L-1, limite de detecção LD=3,32x10-10 mol L-1 e limite de quantificação LQ=1,11x10-9 mol L-1, valores inferiores aos encontrados na literatura, ressaltando a eficiencia da nova plataforma. Seguindo a mesma idéia de auto-organização, foram realizados estudos de nanotoxicidade utilizando modelos de membrana a partir de filmes de Langmuir. O principal objetivo foi elucidar a ação dos nanotubos de carbono (SWCNT), PAMAM e do nanocomplexo entre os dois materiais (SWCNT-PAMAM) nas membranas celulares, a nível molecular, usando um sistema modelo de membrana. A penetração de SWCNT e dos nanocomplexos em monocamadas lipídicas foi estudada utilizando microscopia de ângulo de Brewster (BAM) simultaneamente com cinética de absorção e pressão de superfície. Os resultados confirmaram a interação entre os nanomateriais e a membrana, indicando que a presença dos nanomateriais afeta o empacotamento dos lipídios. Foram realizados ainda estudos de citotoxicidade dos mesmos nanomateriais em sistemas celulares in vitro. Os resultados de citometria, proliferação celular, morfologia e inibição de adesão apresentaram-se evidenciaram que a combinação entre SWCNT e PAMAM, proporciona um maior índice de toxicidade em relação ao SWCNT, um comportamento diferente do que relatado nos componentes individuais. A toxicidade de nanocomplexos de SWCNT-PAMAM e de seus componentes individuais podem estar fortemente ligados ao tipo de material e como estes estão disponíveis no meio de cultura. Os estudos contidos nessa tese mostram a versatilidade dos filmes finos em sistemas auto-organizados e biomiméticos, e podem ser relevantes para o avanço de pesquisas sobre interação de nanomateriais e biossistemas. / In this thesis we employed the concept of self-organization, including the layer-by-layer (LbL) technique, alkanethiols self-assembled monolayers (SAMmix) and Langmuir monolayers, to develop new methods for materials and devices manipulation for application in nanomedicine. Two different types of biosensors were developed. The first one was based on the LbL technique to detect nitric oxide (NO•), which is of great importance in the medicine. The second biosensor was based on SAM monolayers supporting acetylcholinesterase for pesticide monitoring. The NO• was constructed by modified carbon fiber (CF) assembled with nickel phtalocyanine tetrasulfonade (NiTsPc) and polyamidoamine dendrimer (PAMAM) in the form of ultramicroelectrodes (UMEs) by the LbL technique. The sensor was characterized using differential pulse voltammetry and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. The results showed that NO• diffusion is dependent on the number of bilayers employed and the arrangement of molecules in the film. The sensor architecture with CF-(PAMAM/NiTsPc) presented the best analytical signal. In addition, we analyzed the detection of interfering with NO• as nitrite, nitrate, hydrogen peroxide, ascorbic acid, dopamine, epinephrine and norepinephrine. The results showed high selectivity due to the use of PAMAM dendrimer as selective layer. The second biosensor used the enzyme acetylcholinesterase immobilized on SAMmix. The electrochemical detection of carbaryl was highly sensitive, since there is no use of glutaraldehyde as crosslinking agent. Using acetylcholine as a probe, Kmapp value was determined at 0.46x10-3 mol L-1, with detection limit of 3.32x10-10 mol L-1 and quantification limit of 1.11x10-9 mol L-1, values lower than those found in the literature, highlighting the efficiency of the new platform. Langmuir films made of lipids were employed as cell membrane models, in order to investigate the interactions between single-wall carbon nanotubes (SWCNT), PAMAM and their nanocomplex (SWCNT-PAMAM) at the molecular level. The interation of SWCNT and nanocomplexes in lipid monolayers was studies using Brewster angle microscopy (BAM) in conjunction with absorption kinetics and surface pressure. The results confirmed the interaction between nanomaterials and the membrane, indicating that the presence of nanomaterials affects the packing of the lipids. Cytotoxicity studies were also employed to investigate the interaction of nanomaterials in in vitro cell systems. The results of flow cytometry, cell proliferation, morphology and inhibition of adhesion revealed the toxicological aspects of the materials, demonstrating a higher toxicity to the nanocomplex, compared to SWCNT, differently of the individual components. The toxicity of SWCNT nanocomplex and its individual components can be related to the type of material and how these materials are available in the culture medium. The studies in this thesis show the versatility of self-assembly thin films on biomimetic systems and may be relevant to the advance of research on the interaction of nanomaterials and biosystems.

Muitas trilhas de formigas entre o ninho e a área de forrageamento são, obrigatoriamente, consideradas estradas de mão dupla, devido ao caminho marcado por feromônios. Nesses caminhos pelos quais fazem a sua viagem, a única maneira de uma formiga voltar ao ninho, depois de pegar um pouco de comida, é seguir a rota quimicamente marcada. Essas trilhas são um paradigma biológico na teoria da auto-organização quanto aos feitos coletivos dos animais. Uma maneira de testar a suficiência dos modelos atuais é perturbar os arranjos naturais em que as regras de interação deram origem aos padrões auto-organizados. Nós desenvolvemos um método que impede as formigas de forragearem em trilhas de mão-dupla. A única maneira de forragear dá-se através de duas rotas separadas, de forma que elas não podem voltar pelo mesmo caminho que fizeram para chegar à comida ou ao ninho. De maneira contrária ao que a teoria atual poderia antecipar, operárias de formigas cortadeiras Atta sexdens rubropilosa podem resolver esse problema. Nós sugerimos que essa habilidade é uma conseqüência evolutiva da necessidade de lidar com irregularidades ambientais que não 75 poderiam ser resolvidas através de comportamentos excessivamente estereotipados, e que isso é um exemplo de um fenômeno abrangente. Nós também indicamos que esse método pode ser usado para estudo com outros animais invertebrados e vertebrados para estudos de orientação, memória, percepção, aprendizado e comunicação. / Many ant trails between nest and foraging ground are considered compulsory two-way roads because of the pheromone-marked path on which the workers travel. The only way to get back home, after grasping a food load, is to take the chemically marked route. As such trails are the biological paragon of Self-organization Theory regarding the collective achievements of animals, a way to test the sufficiency of current models is to disrupt the natural arrangements in which the rules of interaction give origin to the self-organized pattern. We have developed a method to stop foraging ants from shuttling on two-way trails. The only way to forage is to take two separate roads, as they cannot go back on their steps after arriving at the food or at the nest. Contrary to what present theory would anticipate, workers of the leaf-cutting ant Atta sexdens rubropilosa can solve the problem. We suggest that their ability is an evolutionary consequence of the need to deal with environmental irregularities that cannot be negotiated by means of excessively stereotyped behavior, and that it is but an example of a widespread phenomenon. We also suggest that our method can be adapted to other species, invertebrate and vertebrate, in the study of orientation, memory, perception, learning and communication.

No description available.

Background: Our study investigates the phenomenon of self-organization since many companies choose to work in smaller teams and project groups to respond proactively to change. Problems that may arise with a greater delegation of responsibility in organizations is insufficient goal congruence throughout the different organizational levels. Management control is the solution to problems with goal congruence but its meaning is often translated into the monitoring and supervision of employees. This creates negative associations to the influence that management control has over work performances in self-organizing teams. Organizations are therefore forced to balance their exercise of control between a tougher and more free form of governance to reach goal congruence in all organizational levels. Self- organization thus places high demands on management when control is to be transparent to employees and at the same time congruent with the self-organization that is conducted throughout the organization. Purpose: To create an in-depth understanding of the prerequisites and control mechanisms of self-organization. Completion: The study adopts a qualitative method in which data was collected from SMHI's IT department. During four weeks, material was collected from four interviews with representatives from three different organizational levels. Conclusion: The study results in the coexistence of though and free control through transparent control mechanisms to ensure goal congruence in self-organized work. The results proves how the client's involvement in teamwork and the group's priorities are driven by cultural and self-managing mechanisms. Furthermore, the cybernetic process with interactive features is described as a tough control that generates increased autonomy in self-organizing teams. To achieve well-functioning self-organizing teams the prerequisites instigate knowledge sharing, communication and flexibility in the work process. The control mechanisms and the prerequisites of the team contribute to the perceived autonomy amongst the team members to influence their work, which is the most important factor for the control to appear invisible. The parallel work of prerequisites and control mechanisms creates effective and well-functioning teams working towards congruence with the organization's goals. In organizations that require flexibility and efficiency through team-based work, these dimensions are tools used by management to control teams with transparency / Bakgrund: Vår studie undersöker fenomenet självorganisering då fler organisationer väljer att arbeta i mindre arbetslag, projektgrupper eller team för att bemöta förändring på ett proaktivt sätt. Risker med en större ansvarsdelegering i organisationer är de problem som kan uppstå med målkongruens. Styrning är lösningen på problem med målkongruens men översätts ofta till kontroll och övervakning. Detta skapar negativa associationer till styrningens påverkan på utfört arbete. Organisationerna behöver därmed balansera sin utövning av kontroll mellan en hårdare och friare form av styrning för att styra medarbetarna mot målkongruens. Självorganisering ställer därmed höga krav på ledningen när styrningen ska vara transparent för medarbetarna och samtidigt kongruent med den självorganisering som bedrivs. Styrningsmekanismer krävs för att kunna säkerställa självorganiseringens effektivitet med hjälp av cybernetiska processer, interaktiv styrning, självstyrning samt kultur. Förutsättningarna för välfungerande arbete i självorganiserade team ligger istället på processernas flexibla natur, kommunikation och kunskapsdelning. Syfte: Att skapa en fördjupad förståelse för självorganiseringens förutsättningar och styrningsmekanismer. Genomförande: Fallstudien antar en kvalitativ metod där data insamlats från SMHI:s IT-avdelning. Under fyra veckor samlades material in från fyra intervjuer på SMHI:s IT-avdelning med representanter från tre olika organisatoriska nivåer. Slutsats: Studien resulterar i att balansen mellan hård och fri styrning sker genom transparenta styrningsmekanismer för att säkerställa ett målkongruent självorganiserat arbete. I empirin finns underlag för hur kundens involvering i teamets arbete samt gruppens prioriteringar drivs av kulturella- och självstyrningsmekanismer. Vidare beskrivs den cybernetiska processen med interaktiva inslag som en hård styrning som trots detta genererar utökad autonomi i självorganisarande team. Förutsättningarna i teamet skapar istället en välfungerande självorganisering när kunskapsdelning, kommunikation och flexibilitet i arbetsprocessen uppnås. Både styrningsmekanismerna och förutsättningarna i teamet bidrar till en hög grad av upplevd autonomi att påverka sitt arbete vilket är den viktigaste faktorn för att styrningen ska förefalla osynlig. Förutsättningar och styrningsmekanismer arbetar på detta sätt parallellt för att skapa effektiva och välfungerande team som arbetar mot kongruens med organisationens mål. I organisationer med krav på flexibilitet och effektivitet genom teambaserat arbete kan dessa dimensioner vara verktyg för ledningen att styra team med transparens.

La bioimpression assistée par laser (LAB) permet de positionner des gouttesde cellules avec une précision micrométrique. Il est ainsi possible de donner uneorganisation initiale aux cellules au sein d’une structure tissulaire 3D. Notre objectif estd’utiliser le LAB pour reproduire l’histo-architecture du stroma cornéen. Le stroma cornéenest un assemblage transparent de lamelles d’une épaisseur totale de 500 μm. Au sein dechaque lamelle, les fibres de collagène ont une même direction, un même diamètre et sontrégulièrement espacées grâce à la présence de protéoglycanes spécifiques du stromacornéen. Pour reproduire cette organisation, nous avons fait l’hypothèse qu’en alignant desfibroblastes du stroma sur un hydrogel de collagène à l’aide du LAB, il serait possibled’aligner les fibres de collagène dans la même direction. Du fait que les cellules impriméessont vivantes et dynamiques, le motif cellulaire initialement imprimé est soumis à desprocessus d’auto-organisation. Il a donc fallu déterminer les paramètres, à la foisd’impression et de culture, permettant d’obtenir de façon reproductible des alignements decellules stables dans le temps. Grâce à la microscopie à génération de secondeharmonique, le remaniement des fibres de collagène par les fibroblastes cornéens a pu êtreobservé. La direction des fibres de collagène correspond à celle de l’alignement cellulaire.En imprimant les fibroblastes de cornée sur des couches successives de collagène, noussommes parvenus à reproduire les variations de direction des fibres de collagène d’unelamelle à l’autre qui sont observées dans le stroma cornéen natif. / Laser-Assisted Bioprinting allows positioning of cell droplets with amicrometric precision. It is thus possible to give an initial organization to the cells within a3D tissue structure. Our objective is to use LAB to reproduce the corneal stroma histoarchitecture.The corneal stroma is a transparent assembly of lamellae with a totalthickness of 500 μm. Within each lamella, collagen fibers have the same direction, thesame diameter, and a regular spacing thanks to the presence of proteoglycans which arespecific from the corneal stroma. To reproduce this organization, we make the hypothesisthat through corneal fibroblasts alignment, using LAB, on a collagen hydrogel, it would bepossible to align collagen fibers in the same direction. Because printed cells are alive anddynamic, the cell pattern initially printed is subjected to self-organization processes. It isthus necessary to determine the printing and culture parameters that promote reproducibleand stable cell alignments. By using second harmonic generation microscopy, collagenfiber reorganization by corneal fibroblasts has been observed. Collagen fiber direction ismatching with cell alignment. Corneal fibroblasts have been printed on successive collagenlayers; it allows reproducing the variations in collagen fiber direction from one lamella toanother that are observed in the native corneal stroma.

In this thesis a Proactive Risk-Aware Robotic Sensor Network (RSN) is proposed for the application of Critical Infrastructure Protection (CIP). Each robotic member of the RSN is granted a perception of risk by means of a Risk Management Framework (RMF). A fuzzy-risk model is used to extract distress-based risk features and potential intrusion-based risk features for CIP. Detected high-risk events invoke a fuzzy-auction Multi-Robot Task Allocation (MRTA) algorithm to create a response group for each detected risk. Through Evolutionary Multi-Objective (EMO) optimization, a Pareto set of optimal robot configurations for a response group will be generated using the Non-Dominating Sorting Genetic Algorithm II (NSGA-II). The optimization objectives are to maximize sensor coverage of essential spatial regions and minimize the amount of energy exerted by the response group. A set of non-dominated solutions are produced from EMO optimization for a decision maker to select a single response. The RSN response group will re-organize based on the specifications of the selected response.

This thesis deals with the use of knowledge technologies in support of self-organization of people with joint political goals. It first provides a theoretical background for a development of a social-semantic system intended to support self-organization and then it applies this background in the development of a core ontology and algorithms for support of self-organization of people. It also presents a design and implementation of a proof-of-concept social-semantic web application that has been built to test our research. The application stores all data in an RDF store and represents them using the core ontology. Descriptions of content are disambiguated using the WordNet thesaurus. Emerging politically engaged groups can establish themselves into local political initiatives, NGOs, or even new political parties. Therefore, the system may help people easily participate on solutions of issues which are influencing them.

Orientador: Abner de Siervo / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Física Gleb Wataghin / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-24T13:15:36Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Fatayer_ShadiPassam_M.pdf: 3223190 bytes, checksum: f98805b3695907c808260ec6d392c1b8 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014 / Resumo: O estudo de sistemas moleculares em cima de substratos metálicos tem atraído uma crescente atenção da comunidade científica. O melhor entendimento sobre as características de auto-organização e a habilidade de controlá-las em moléculas tem gerado formas mais baratas e rápidas de usar a abordagem bottom-up em nanociência. Dentre os diversos estudos feitos, podemos citar o desenvolvimento de sensores de gás que utilizam do sinal magnético de uma camada auto-organizada de moléculas e da ligação de pequenas moléculas como CO ou NO que promovem a emergência de magnetismo na amostra. Outro aspecto interessante do estudo de sistemas moleculares se encontra na similariedade das moléculas que podem ser utilizadas com moléculas encontradas nos processos recorrentes na natureza, por exemplo, as clorofilas e hemoglobinas. Isto significa que ao estudar moléculas simples é possível mimetizar um comportamento parecido com o das moléculas citadas. Neste sentido, em nosso trabalho estudamos dois tipos de moléculas ¿ Porfirinas e Ftalocianinas ¿ e as propriedades estruturais quando depositadas em diferentes substratos metálicos. As porfirinas foram analisadas em uma superfície de baixo índice de Miller, Cu(111), e tiveram seu comportamento comparado com o análogo em superfícies vicinais, Au(332) e Au(788). As porfirinas formam estruturas em 1D quando depositadas em pequenas quantidades, dependendo da natureza do substrato e a largura de seu terraço. Em maiores coberturas, as porfirinas formam diferentes estruturas de empacotamento fechado em 2D, de simetrias quadrada e paralelogrâmica. Eletronicamente observou-se a modificação do entorno químico do níquel quando a molécula de NiTPP é adsorvida no Cu(111). As ftalocianinas foram depositadas em diferentes substratos visando a produção de co-organização de dois tipos de moléculas num padrão tabuleiro de xadrez. Após a obtenção do padrão de tabuleiro de xadrez, nós realizamos experimentos para elucidar os mecanismos que possibilitam formar tais estruturas. Com o intuito de estudar auto-organização molecular, nós empregamos técnicas sensíveis a superfícies como a Microscopia de Tunelamento, Espectroscopia de Tunelamento e Espectroscopia de Fotoemissão por Raios-X. Tais técnicas possibilitam a obtenção das propriedades estruturais e eletrônicas das nanoestruturas formadas / Abstract: The study of molecular systems on top of metal substrates has gathered increased atten-tion of the scientific community. Better understanding over different self-assembly haracteristics and the ability to control them in molecules has led to the development of quicker and cheaper routes of the use of the bottom-up approach in nanoscience. Among the diverse studies, we can cite the development of gas sensors that use the mag-netic signal of a self-assembled layer of molecules and the eventual binding of small molecules such as CO or NO leading to the emergence of magnetism on the sample. Another interesting aspect of the study of molecular systems is the similarity of molecules commonly used with molecules found in nature processes, e.g. chlorophylls and hemeglobins. This means that by studying simple molecules one can try to mimic the natural processes of those natural molecules. In this sense, in our work we have studied two classes of molecules ¿ Porphyrins and Phthalocyanines ¿ and their structural properties when deposited on different metal substrates. The porphyrins were analyzed on a low-index miller surface, Cu(111) and compared to their be-havior when deposited on vicinal substrates, Au(332) and Au(788). The porphyrins were ob-served to form 1D structures when deposited in small quantities depending on the nature of the substrate and its terrace width. At higher coverages, porphyrins formed different close-packed 2D structures, with square and parallelogram symmetry. Electronically was observed the modifica-tion of the chemical environment of nickel when NiTPP is adsorbed on Cu(111). The phthalo-cyanines were deposited on different substrates as well, towards the goal of producing co-assembling of two types of molecules as chessboard arrays. After the chessboard array was obtained, we gathered knowledge about the mechanisms that formed such structures. Towards the goal of studying molecular self-assembly, we have employed proper surface sensitive techniques such as Scanning Tunneling Microscopy, Scanning Tunneling Spectroscopy and X-Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy. Such techniques allowed us to obtain the structural and electronic properties of the nanostructures formed / Mestrado / Física / Mestre em Física

of Doctoral Thesis Title: Study of the organization and dynamics of the membraneless cell compartments Author: Michaela Blažíková Institute: Charles University in Prague, Faculty of Mathematics and Physics, Institute of Physics of Charles University Supervisor: Doc. RNDr. Petr Heřman, CSc., Charles University in Prague, Faculty of Mathematics and Physics, Institute of Physics of Charles University Abstract Eukaryotic cells contain many organelles and specific bodies. Beside the membrane delimited organelles such as nucleus, mitochondria or Golgi apparatus there are other structurally and functionally distinct membraneless structures in the cells. In this work we studied the self-organization processes, i.e. the processes that do not require specific interactions, of membraneless structures in nuclei, cytoplasm and plasma membrane of mammalian cells and yeast. The research was focused on the formation of nucleoli and Cajal bodies in mammalian cell nulei and processing bodies (P- bodies) in the cytoplasm of mammalian cells. The organization of MCC domains in the yeast plasma membrane (Membrane compartment of Can1) was studied as well. It was shown that nonspecific interactions as the result of macromolecular crowding could be one of the main driving forces in formation and stabilization of these...