Agrichemicals have been misused by rice farmers in Vietnam for a long time. This thesis has studied the rice farmers’ knowledge, risk awareness and risk perception to get an understanding of the rice farmers’ agrichemical management. 15 rice farmers in An Giang province in the Mekong Delta, Vietnam were interviewed in 2015 when the winter-spring rice was cultivated. Field method Contextual Inquiry was used to observe and interview the rice farmers. The rice farmers in Mekong Delta, Vietnam think that they are exposed to a medium risk when handling pesticides. They think that pesticides are the most effective pest controlling method. They do not use any protective gear because the weather is to hot which makes the protective gear uncomfortable to wear, even though the majority of the farmers have experienced health effects. The farmers overuse agrichemicals. The rice farmers can increase their gross income if they start using agrichemical more responsible. The majority of the farmers do not follow recommendations established in research. The Vietnamese government have a big responsibility to implement new laws to create a healthier and more environmentally sound agriculture.

Generative Artificial Intelligence has experienced a boom of growth in both its capabilities and alsopopularity. These systems can be used for many different things like summarising text, explainingmathematical theories, and brainstorming to name a few. One use case is to use generative artificialintelligence to generate code. Using generative AI for code generation is very common amongstudents, and multiple factors influence how they use this technology. This study focuses on trust andrisk awareness because they play a big role in using automated systems effectively. Having too muchtrust in generative AI could lead to blindly accepting the generated result while too much distrustcould lead to an inability to identify correct recommendations. Additionally, having low-riskawareness may lead to problems such as accidental plagiarism or the introduction of security flawsinto a codebase. The aim of this paper is to investigate the differences in trust and risk awareness between universitystudents and upper secondary school pupils and to see if their current education level is influencingthese factors while using generative AI to generate source code. This paper shows the result of asurvey with 77 upper secondary school pupils at different schools in Sweden, and 33 students atBlekinge Tekniska Högskola. Additionally, 9 interviews were conducted among the two groupsfocusing on the participants’ risk awareness. The results showed a distinct difference in the amount of risks recognized by the university studentscompared to the upper secondary school pupils. Additionally, it was found that a lot of participants inboth groups did not recognize any risks at all. Therefore, further education about the limitations ofgenerative AI could potentially be integrated into lessons in school to help students use itappropriately. Trust was shown to be slightly higher among university students, however, the resultsfrom this study alone are not enough to prove that the difference in trust occurs due to their educationlevel.

Svenska gymnasieskolor, både kommunala och fristående, har snabbt adopterat en datorbaserad inlärningsplattform. Det här betyder att varje elev får tillstånd att låna en dator från skolan, vars syfte är att effektivisera skolarbetet. Att flytta undervisningen iväg från papper och penna mot ett mer digitalt arbetssätt medför dock vissa risker gällande informationssäkerhet. Denna uppsats syftar att undersöka, genom en surveyundersökning av 4 olika gymnasieskolor i Sverige, kunskapsnivåerna i informationssäkerhet hos studenter mellan 16 och 19 år gamla, samt även hur denna kunskap lärs ut. Studien var uppdelad i en enkätundersökning av studenter, med 163 respondenter, och intervjuer med 3 anställda på 3 av skolorna. / High schools in Sweden, both public and private, have rapidly been adopting a computerbased learning platform. This means that each student is granted permission to lease a laptop from the school, which is intended to effectivize school work. However, moving the educational platform away from paper and pen and towards a digital platform poses certain risks concerning information security. This paper aims to examine, through a survey of 4 different high schools in Sweden, the education levels of students aged 16 to 19 concerning information security, and also how that education has been conducted. The study was divided into a survey of students, with 163 respondents, and interviews were conducted with 3 key members of 3 of the schools.

In this thesis a Proactive Risk-Aware Robotic Sensor Network (RSN) is proposed for the application of Critical Infrastructure Protection (CIP). Each robotic member of the RSN is granted a perception of risk by means of a Risk Management Framework (RMF). A fuzzy-risk model is used to extract distress-based risk features and potential intrusion-based risk features for CIP. Detected high-risk events invoke a fuzzy-auction Multi-Robot Task Allocation (MRTA) algorithm to create a response group for each detected risk. Through Evolutionary Multi-Objective (EMO) optimization, a Pareto set of optimal robot configurations for a response group will be generated using the Non-Dominating Sorting Genetic Algorithm II (NSGA-II). The optimization objectives are to maximize sensor coverage of essential spatial regions and minimize the amount of energy exerted by the response group. A set of non-dominated solutions are produced from EMO optimization for a decision maker to select a single response. The RSN response group will re-organize based on the specifications of the selected response.

In this thesis a Proactive Risk-Aware Robotic Sensor Network (RSN) is proposed for the application of Critical Infrastructure Protection (CIP). Each robotic member of the RSN is granted a perception of risk by means of a Risk Management Framework (RMF). A fuzzy-risk model is used to extract distress-based risk features and potential intrusion-based risk features for CIP. Detected high-risk events invoke a fuzzy-auction Multi-Robot Task Allocation (MRTA) algorithm to create a response group for each detected risk. Through Evolutionary Multi-Objective (EMO) optimization, a Pareto set of optimal robot configurations for a response group will be generated using the Non-Dominating Sorting Genetic Algorithm II (NSGA-II). The optimization objectives are to maximize sensor coverage of essential spatial regions and minimize the amount of energy exerted by the response group. A set of non-dominated solutions are produced from EMO optimization for a decision maker to select a single response. The RSN response group will re-organize based on the specifications of the selected response.

Cette recherche porte sur la conscience du risque chez différentes populations de motocyclistes. Il s’agit plus spécifiquement d’appréhender cette notion de « Conscience du Risque » selon deux points de vue complémentaires : celui de la Psychologie Sociale, qui traite des attitudes face aux risques et à la prise de risque, et celui de la Psychologie Cognitive, qui traite des compétences et des capacités du sujet à apprécier le risque « en situation ». La méthodologie mise en place propose un continuum entre ces deux dimensions.Un premier protocole (ARTIQ) porte sur les attitudes et vise à identifier des profils de motocyclistes sous l’angle particulier du risque et de la prise de risque. Le second protocole (CRITIC) repose sur les compétences cognitives des participants dans leurs évaluations du risque de 25 situations de conduite. Ce dispositif expérimental a été utilisé auprès de cinq populations de motocyclistes différentes (Bikers, Utilitaristes, Sportifs, Novices et Débutants), en fonction de leur expérience de conduite et de leurs pratiques respectives de la moto. Les résultats montrent certaines spécificités propres à chaque population, tant que pour ce qui est de leurs attitudes face aux risques que pour leur compétence dans l’évaluation du risque en situation. Ils permettent ainsi de valider l’efficacité et l’intérêt de notre protocole dans une perspective de classification des motocyclistes, selon leurs profils vis-à-vis du risque et de la prise de risque au guidon. / This is a research on risk awareness in different populations of motorcyclists.More specifically, this notion of “Risk Awareness” is to be observed under two complementary perspectives: social psychology dealing with attitudes toward risk and risk taking, and Cognitive Psychology dealing with the subject’s skills and abilities to evaluate risk “in situation”. The methodology that has been developed offers a continuum between these two dimensions.The first protocol (ARTIQ) deals with the attitudes and aims at identifying profiles of motorcyclists under the specific angle of risk and risk taking.The second protocol (CRITIC) is based on the participants’ cognitive skills to evaluate risk in 25 driving situations. This experimental protocol has been used among five different populations of motorcyclists (Bikers, Commuters, Sport Motorcyclists, Novices, Inexperienced Motorcyclists) according to their own driving experience and respective riding practices.The results reveal some characteristics peculiar to each population regarding their attitude toward risks as well as their skill to evaluate risk in situation. These characteristics confirm the effectiveness and the interest of our protocol to classify motorcyclists according to their profiles toward risk and risk taking while riding.

Background: Today´s world is characterized by a high level of digitalization that contributes to the development of new and effective technologies. However, this digital success requires knowledge and awareness about cybersecurity. Previous studies have shown that during 2020 the number of cyber-attacks among Swedish companies have increased. Due to digitalization, external parties find new methods to enter a company's systems and take advantage of its innovations and valuable information. That can affect the company's value negatively by ruining its reputation and making the stakeholders mistrust it. Purpose: The purpose of the study is to contribute to an increased understanding of strategic leadership´s influence on cyber risk awareness. Methodology: This study follows a qualitative research method. The data have been conducted through semi-structured interviews, based on 11 respondents consisting of experts whose professional background is anchored in cybersecurity. The research process follows an abductive approach. Conclusion: This study concludes that the current state of cyber risk awareness is not sufficient although it is increasing. Risk awareness is dependent on knowledge and organizational culture. This study concludes that the top management has a significant role in the influence of organizational culture and knowledge and thereby the risk awareness of a company, which in turn has an impact ontheir cybersecurity. It is the responsibility of the top management to delegate tasks that enhance riskawareness. Therefore, cyber risk awareness is to be treated as a top management issue. As a contribution, the study provides an insight on how humans, in this case, the top managementinfluences a company's cybersecurity through risk awareness.

<p> In this thesis, we investigate and characterize policies for task allocation to teams of agents in settings with heterogeneity and risk. We first consider a scenario consisting of a set of heterogeneous mobile agents located at a base (or depot), and a set of tasks dispersed over a geographic area. The agents are partitioned into different types. The tasks are partitioned into specialized tasks that can only be done by agents of a certain type, and generic tasks that can be done by any agent. The distances between every pair of tasks are specified and satisfy the triangle inequality. Given this scenario, we address the problem of allocating these tasks among the available agents (subject to type compatibility constraints) while minimizing the maximum travel cost for any agent. We first look at the Heterogeneous Agent Cycle Problem (HACP) where agents start at a common base (or depot) and need to tour the set of tasks allocated to them before returning to the base. This problem is NP-hard, and we provide a 5-approximation algorithm. We then consider the Heterogeneous Agent Path Problem (HAPP) where agents can start from arbitrary locations and are not constrained to return to their start location. We consider two approaches to solve HAPP and provide a 15-approximation algorithm for HAPP.</p> <p> We then look at the effect of risk on path planning by considering a scenario where a mobile agent is required to collect measurements from a geographically dispersed set of sensors and return them to a base. The agent faces a risk of destruction while traversing the environment to reach the sensors and gets the reward for gathering a sensor measurement only if it successfully returns to base. We call this the Single Agent Risk Aware Task Execution (SARATE) problem. We characterize several properties of the optimal policy for the agent. We provide the optimal policy when the risk of destruction is sufficiently high and evaluate several heuristic policies via simulation. We then extend the analysis to multiple heterogeneous agents. We show that the scoring scheme is submodular when the risk is sufficiently high, and the greedy algorithm gives solutions that provide a utility that is guaranteed to be within 50% of the optimal utility. </p>

Syftet med kandidatuppsatsen var att undersöka hur chefer uppfattar säkerhetsklimat och sinroll i säkerhetsklimatet. Studien tillämpar en kvalitativ metod där det empiriska materialet harsamlats in med hjälp av åtta semistrukturerade intervjuer.Resultatet av studien visar på att det finns olika uppfattningar av begreppet säkerhetsklimat menatt cheferna ser att de har en betydande roll för det upplevda säkerhetsklimatet. Detframkommer även i resultatet att cheferna har ett likvärdigt sätt att arbeta med säkerhetsklimatsom innebär att anamma organisationens systematiska arbetsmiljöarbete i vardagen. Studiensteoretiska ramverk redogör för att arbetet med säkerhetsklimatet även kräver insatser utöver detsystematiska arbetsmiljöarbetet. Chefens roll i säkerhetsklimatet är att agera förebild utifrån detorganisationen förespråkar. Cheferna beskriver att deras roll och arbete med säkerhetsklimatethar utvecklats i och med organisationens ökade prioritering av säkerhet. Resultatet frånintervjuerna samt teorier inom området belyser att arbetsgruppens inställning till säkerhet haren stark inverkan på det individuella säkerhetsbeteendet. Detta eftersom gruppens normer ärstarkare än individens vilket kan generera både positiva och negativa effekter för klimatet.Kulturen inom arbetsgruppen kan skapa ett risknormaliserande beteende och för att ökariskmedvetenheten krävs det att organisationen arbetar konsekvent och att det utförs insatserbåde på individ- och gruppnivå. Det framkommer i studien att det krävs både kortsiktigt ochlångsiktigt arbete med säkerhetsklimatet. Ytterligare en aspekt som går att utläsa ur resultatetär att medarbetarna tillämpar ett mer säkert beteende om de vet att en chef är i närheten. Enslutsats av studien är att ett svagt säkerhetsklimat kan indikera på att det finns ögontjänare blandmedarbetarna. En ytterligare slutsats som framkom i studien är att organisationens prioriteringav säkerhet har en avgörande roll för det upplevda säkerhetsklimatet. / The aim of this Bachelor’s essay was to investigate how managers perceive the safety climateand their role in the safety climate. The study takes on a quantitative approach where data hasbeen collected through eight semi-structured interviews.The result of this study shows that there are different perceptions of the safety climate concept,but supervisors agree that they play a significant role in the perceived safety climate in thestainless-steel industry. The results also indicate that supervisors have a similar way of workingwith the safety climate which is based on the systematic work environment management of theorganization. The study's theoretical framework explains that working with the safety climatealso require specific contributions in addition to the systematic work environment efforts. Thesupervisor´s role in the safety climate is to act as a role model with regards to the organization´sstandards. Supervisors describe that their role and work with the safety climate has developedwith the organizations increased prioritization of security. The results from the interviewscombined with theories in the studied area highlight that the collective safety attitude of thework group has a strong impact on the individual safety behavior. That is because the norms ofthe work group are considered stronger than the individual’s, which can generate both positiveand negative effects to the safety climate. The culture within the work groups can create asituation where risk blindness becomes normalized. It requires consistent work on the part ofthe organization and to carry out initiatives at both individual and group level to increase therisk awareness. The study also shows that it takes both short-term and long-term work with thesafety climate. Another aspect that can be deduced from the results is that employees apply amore safety-oriented behavior if they know that a supervisor is present. A conclusion from thestudy is that a weak safety climate can indicate that there are eye servants among the employees.Another conclusion is that to what level safety is prioritized by the organization is crucial forthe perceived safety climate.

Traditionally risk management is associated with identification, evaluation and prioritization of risks. Nonetheless, communication of the risks to the parties involved is of the utmost importance. By providing more complete and easy to perceive information regarding potential hazard impacts and economic losses, risk analysis output increases risk awareness and helps make risk-informed decisions. At present, in the field of civil engineering three-dimensional (3D) models are almost exclusively used for the design of structures. The presence of 3D and Virtual Reality (VR) technologies in risk analysis is extremely scarce. At the same time, there are potential advantages these technologies can provide to risk analysis and communication: the virtual 3D environment can emulate physical space and relationships between elements of the system, time-dependent simulations of hazard propagation, and awareness of physical dimensions of elements and their interconnection can be integrated. This work is concerned with the way to communicate risks associated with building systems to decision-makers by visualizing them on a 3D model of construction and through simulation in a VR environment. For this purpose, the Almonte Power Plant in Mississippi Mills, Ontario, is analyzed as a case study. It is a small scale hydropower plant that is at risk of flooding, being located close to the Mississippi River. The last large scale flood in this region occurred in April 2019. The novel methodology is applied to the aforementioned case study and further experiments are performed to test the sensitivity of the model to various parameters. The parameters of interest are flow rate and the degree of dependency between elements. Risk scores are obtained and evaluated as a function of flow rates and duration from the onset of flooding. The change in the degree of dependency between various elements of the electrical system allows an illustration of the importance of expert judgement of those dependencies. / Graduate / 2021-05-20