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This study examines the use of response art through a Jungian lens, and its impact on the researcher’s understanding of one school-aged client’s experiences in therapy. The research/therapist was the subject of this art-based qualitative self-study, and the data was gathered over a seven-week period during the researcher’s second-year practicum at a community-based mental health agency. Data was gathered through the researcher’s weekly creative responses to the client’s artwork during therapy sessions. The researcher created drawings, three-dimensional artwork, as well as written reflections to process feelings in response to the client’s artworks during sessions. A total of six artworks and six written reflections were created. The visual and symbolic approach of the Jungian lens was utilized during the analysis of the data in order to deepen the researcher’s understanding of the client’s non-verbal and internal experiences. Themes of containment, safety and individuation were found during analysis. The use of response art and its subsequent analysis through a Jungian lens allowed the researcher to address issues of countertransference and increase client attunement.

Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Technology : Fine Arts, Durban University of Technology, Durban, South Africa, 2014. / The motivation for this research results from the notion that art-making is a regenerative enriching process that can counteract the sense of dislocation that one suffers as a consequence of depression. The study has two objectives: to open a discourse around the transformative function of art for a person suffering depression; and challenge notions of dominant constructed ideals of normality by presenting alternative realities of the performative mind. From the earliest memories of my life, I knew I did not fit in, I was not part of the crowd. Depression has been my companion ever since I can remember. The intention for this self-study is to interrogate the ways in which art can become a self-actualising process in coping with depression. The content for this research deals with narratives of the mind, that is, my understanding of who I am. I have therefore, positioned myself as the pivot for this research, drawing on authentic personal experiential knowledge. This autobiographical phenomenological study is thus a self-reflexive exploration addressing concepts of difference and belonging in relation to social constructs of acceptability. The study looks at contemporary concepts of multiple selves, relationality and the application of therapeutic methodologies within art practice. Art-making becomes games of truth, mind games that offer alternative realities and possibilities for the construction of complex, multi-faceted narratives as dialogues between the self and the inner critic. Of importance is the concept that self is not a fixed conclusive notion but one that continues to unfold, shift and become a multi-layered construct. These new narratives examine how creativity enables or creates a sense of belonging or re-positioning of one’s states of mind. The overall intention of the art-making process is its potential for transformative self-recovery processes – the re-construction of who we are, rather than how we are perceived. This research thus examines the notion of belonging in this world through body/land enactments of ritualised behaviour. The body as metaphor investigates rites of passage as the re-tellings of one’s story within specific body/site/space relationships. The ideal of connection to site is central as a means of renewal and recovery – these performative relationships become the creative meaning-making processes of locating or positionality. In support of these ideas and concepts, the work of Ana Mendieta, Magdalena Abakanowicz and Suzanne Lacy are considered in relation to ideals of positionality and as reflecting each artist’s ethics or paradigms of equality. Artworks are examined against the notion of locating oneself within social contexts. The aim is to question the intention and outcomes of art-making as social function in dealing with issues of marginalisation and stigma. Performativity, personal writings/reflections and memory drawings are the quintessential tools of my art-making. The written psychological renderings and unravellings of my mind, questionings that are both reflexive and critical, are intentionally presented in dialogical, conversational and direct modes. This personal tone aims to allow a scope into my mind – it is my perspective from the inside, my voice, my personal understanding of the potential of art as a metaphorical process of transformation. Lacy asserts that the artist becomes a witness, reporter and analyst for socio-culturally biased concerns; a performance gives public articulation and permission to speak out loud, gives voice to internal dialogues, reveal information that requires questioning and that personal individual experience has profound social implications. Lacy believes that it is an innate human need to reflect on the meaning of one’s life and one’s work (2010:176-177). Central to the findings of this study, are both the transgressive and transformative functions of art. / M

In this self-study inquiry, I studied my graphic design practice in a professional setting, focusing on my Arabic typographic skills and knowledge. My roles as researcher and design educator indivisibly intertwined throughout this research. I worked to understand the value of calligraphy in art and design education, highlighting its power as an art form while also emphasizing its pedagogical potentials. I utilized two theoretical approaches suited to investigating and understanding the Arabic letters as text and image, Ibn Arabi’s science of letters, or 'ilm al-hurûf, and semiotics. I applied my theoretical framework to three distinctive artworks to investigate their uses of the Arabic letters, contemplating their roles in modern and contemporary Arab art. Essential to my research was learning Arabic calligraphy through two approaches: 1) I attended a calligraphy workshop, and 2) I conducted three self-study experimentations. I analyzed my experience through visual representations, commentary, and narrative inquiry to assess Arabic calligraphy’s significance for graphic design education. As such, my experimentations confirmed Arabic calligraphy’s aesthetic and educational value. I employed my findings to create a contemporary Arabic typography curriculum suitable for university-level students. This curriculum is built on learning theories such as visual culture analysis, semiotics, constructivist theory, play principles, and critical thinking, aiming to situate Arabic calligraphy as a modern learning model significant for typography education. Finally, I constructed a basic course for Arabic typography to support students’ development of Arabic typography fluency.

The work is focused on creating a set of teaching materials on the theme "Birds", which are designed for work groups of pupils aged 8-11 years old elementary school under the guidance of a teacher without the presence of the trainer Zoo Hluboká nad Vltavou. File ("teaching package") will provide information and tools used to help demonstrate the approach of the topics dealt directly with exhibitions focusing on birds, guidance and information for teachers and worksheets for children, including solutions. Individual locations are related with biogeography and apply to the specific environment selected birds groups.

This study investigated the relationship between individual knowledge transfer methods, self-study and work experience and behaviour patterns, facilitation, conduct and ability in the development of SMEs. This study further sought to find out if gender had an effect on the behaviour patterns. The study is empirical and cross sectional in nature. A questionnaire was used to collect data from 200 employees of selected SMEs in Durban-South Africa. Findings show that there is a positive, significant relationship between the knowledge transfer method self-study and behavioural aspects, facilitation, conduct and ability. In addition, this study found that work experience had an insignificant correlation with facilitation, conduct and ability. Finally, the study found that there are no gender differences in terms of facilitation, conduct and ability. It is recommended that all the stakeholders in the SME sector continuously analyse the internal organisational environment to ensure that knowledge resources are effectively used for productive employees’ behaviour. / Business Management / M. Tech. (Business Administration)

The focus of this study has been to connect the idea of developing schools as learning organisations with the notion of developing learning leaders and building school capacity for our knowledge economy. Therefore, this action-inquiry self-study has examined the issues of curriculum reform in the context of more general organisational reform. It has explored the notion of schools being recultured or reconstructed to work as learning organisations in a climate that focuses on the improved social and academic learning outcomes of their students. This self-study represents two significant chapters in my professional life and captures approximately four years of professional snapshots. It has allowed me to examine my practice of partnering, conversing, arranging and developing shared vision across two schools. This study recognized these as powerful reculturing mechanisms and affirmed that conversations about learning, shared beliefs mission and vision, enabling leadership that reflects parallel learning relationships and enabling organisational arrangements are critical for sustainable reform. Consequently the exploration of the relationship between teacher learning, teacher leadership and a professional learning culture has been the main focus for this research. Analytical processes for this study first explored the relationship between teacher learning, teacher leadership and a professional learning culture through an examination of current curriculum reforms. This is followed by a layered analysis of the two narratives based on my leadership in two different school settings. A rigorous mapping and scanning process then assisted the analysis of these narratives. This process was supported by a number of specific conceptual frameworks that underpin the school reculturing process and reflect key qualities of schools that work as learning organisations. Six significant snapshots emerged from the analysis of the two narratives. The deeper analysis of these snapshots, which have been referred to as close-ups, formed a number of my first tentative propositions. These layers of investigation were also supported by the responses of several key snapshot participants and reader respondents, before the final propositions were made. These responses recognised that an organisation that works together, learns together; and that there is strength and powerful learning when leadership can assist practitioners to work as a learning community. These qualities were found to be directly related to this study's proposed reconstructed model for developing schools as learning organisations. The reconstructed model recognised a number of other less visible elements that can be seen in a school working as a learning organisation. These elements relate directly to enabling/capacity building leadership and the associated relationship skills of leaders. They were found to be necessary elements for effective collaboration and for creating spaces for conversation, reflection, spontaneity and risk-taking. This study also recognised that any deconstruction and reconstruction of a school as a learning organisation is first a reconstruction of core beliefs and values. These beliefs and values are reflected in a school's culture and are inclusive of the visible and less visible elements. The constant examination of one's assumptions, ideas, values and beliefs has been considered to be essential to the analysis process, as well as to the process of reform and achieving organisational change. The study revealed, therefore, that enabling/capacity-building leadership is a key to the process of reculturing a school as a learning organisation. The data from respondents also indicates that this notion of leadership as being enabling/capacity building has also been a primary focus for answering the second of the key research questions: 'How does a process of deconstruction and reconstruction take place?' The additional points of difference/interest that emerged from the various respondents suggest that the process of deconstruction and reconstruction of a school as a learning organisation would be assisted by realising that energy and passion are needed for enabling/capacity building leadership. This form of leadership requires moving from being top-down and become more parallel with renewed learning relationships. This study affirmed that this focus on establishing parallel learning relationships assists in the development of parallel learning leadership and parallel learning partnerships. Enabling/capacity building leaders working in parallel with their teachers can also play an important role in developing/supporting flexible and imaginative school organisation. In this way enabling/capacity building leaders can work as learning leaders and brokers to assist the development of other learning partnerships/alliances. This community building strategy can consequently develop opportunities for teachers to work and learn collaboratively as learning leaders. Enabling/capacity building leadership is correctly placed as the key to considering how the deconstruction and reconstruction process takes place. Further, the reconstruction process taking place reflect a culture of dynamic inquiry. This is made possible when enabling/capacity building leaders share and commit to similar notions of schools working as learning organisations and teachers are assisted/brokered to work collaboratively for professional alliances and professional growth. Consequently this study proposes that teachers cope better with the ever-increasing demands of curriculum reforms if: * schools can work as learning organisations * schools allow teachers to work as learning leaders * administrative leaders support/enable and model risk-taking, spontaneous and collaborative practices * there are shared beliefs, mission and vision; organisational arrangements/support; conversations for learning; shared approaches to pedagogy, and parallel relationships * enabling/capacity-building leadership for learning alliances allows for a professional culture of dynamic inquiry that can evolve with a renewed focus on conversations for learning. The findings of this study have theoretical, methodological and practical significance. In the first instance it presents as theoretical significance, the reconstruction of a theoretical framework for schools working as learning organisations. The methodological significance is reflected in this study's emphasis on theorising through layers. The methodological contribution acknowledges a legitimate and rigorous form of practitioner research, revealing self-study methodology at a level that is more then mere self-indulgence. In presenting its final contribution, the thesis acknowledges the practical contribution of the study by emphasising the process involved in creating a culture of dynamic inquiry. The transformative nature of this action- inquiry self-study is therefore confirmed in this study. The layered analysis reflects a process of making sense of the messiness of practitioner research, and consequently provides a true sense of this established form of practical theorising in the teaching profession. These characteristics should be seen not as limitations, but rather as authentic strengths.

This study investigated the relationship between individual knowledge transfer methods, self-study and work experience and behaviour patterns, facilitation, conduct and ability in the development of SMEs. This study further sought to find out if gender had an effect on the behaviour patterns. The study is empirical and cross sectional in nature. A questionnaire was used to collect data from 200 employees of selected SMEs in Durban-South Africa. Findings show that there is a positive, significant relationship between the knowledge transfer method self-study and behavioural aspects, facilitation, conduct and ability. In addition, this study found that work experience had an insignificant correlation with facilitation, conduct and ability. Finally, the study found that there are no gender differences in terms of facilitation, conduct and ability. It is recommended that all the stakeholders in the SME sector continuously analyse the internal organisational environment to ensure that knowledge resources are effectively used for productive employees’ behaviour. / Business Management / M. Tech. (Business Administration)

臺灣華德福教育乃四一○教育改革浪潮之一環，宜蘭慈心華德福首先發展為K-12之完全學校，具指標意義。本研究為具自傳性、反思取徑之課程行動研究，帶有民族誌色彩。研究目的在以華語文課程為範疇，敘說慈心華德福中小學課程實踐暨轉化歷程，呈現華德福學校語文課程與教學，構思課程系統圖像，探究教師圖像與學校圖像。 　　本研究採參與觀察法、訪談法、文獻分析與自我研究法，由學校工作小組既有資料與研究我的反思書寫，採擷同仁觀點，形成「公開知識」、「我觀點」與「他者觀點」之理解視角。藉由實踐者即研究者的立場，研究者透過「敘說」交織兩條軸線，其一，基於行動研究之經驗基礎，本研究為「教學我」之教學敘說反思與華德福教育之「課程理解」與「課程轉化」；其二，本研究為個案研究，場域為「研究我」服務之慈心華德福學校，聚焦「人智學」（Anthroposophy）啟迪下之華語文課程發展與實踐，及其中浮現之課程系統圖像。 　　研究發現﹕華德福語文課程於小學主要表現為口述故事、肢體與韻律活動、藝術活動等，以之進行教與學；中學著重語文的功能、現實性與規則，亦注重傳記、歷史故事與青少年發展之關係；高中階段與各門知識形成綜合文化學習與自我探究。就主課程而言，人智學啟迪之華語文課程系統圖像：「夢境」（一至五年級：童話、神話）、「真實」（六至八年級：文法：形式之現實；歷史：內容之現實）、「詩與思」（九至十二年級：詩的歷史理解、詩與哲學）。就學習者，透過主體與世界之互動，可開採出「旅程」隱喻：在世界中尋求自我；由自我走向世界。十二年一貫統整課程實為學習者的「永恆樂園」，各個主課程都是一面世界之窗，個體之小宇宙與意識進化史之大宇宙呼應，可理解為「天人合一」，整體課程由小學至高中呈U型對映浮現學習者「聖盃」圖像；研究者推導華德福之語文觀，「人」不同於其他物種，「個人自成一類」，導出人必發展屬己的獨一無二之語言。教師由個人學習旅程之「英雄」，變衍為課堂中捨身之「基督」或「佛陀」；語文教師探索外在與內面世界，為透過創作分享眾生的「吟遊詩人」。慈心學校課程演化之經驗可以「西遊記」為隱喻。慈心學校發展由美感團體朝向求真團體。 研究結果有助於理解人智學如何形塑華德福課程與教學踐行。研究顯示，統整課程之理解為教學統整重要基礎，教育實踐的究竟思考引領教師成長並為課程理解基礎。社群互動與共好的文化氛圍為課程發展基礎。華德福華語文課程在地轉化應持續關注教育本質、自我認同與對華語文之理解的內在辯證。 / Waldorf education in Taiwan is one of the influence and result of the 410 Education Reform (四一０教改). Ci-Xin Waldorf School in Yilan is the first to develop into a K-12 complete school system, which is a significant achievement. This study is an ethnography-like action research combining also autobiographical and reflective approach. The purpose of this study is to narrate the process and practice of curriculum delivery and transformation in Ci-Xin, to demonstrate the reality of language lessons and teaching in Waldorf School, to construct a systematic structure of language curriculum, and finally to study the ideal picture of being a teacher and of a school. 　　The methods that are applied in this study include participative observation, interview, documentation analysis, and reflection on personal experiences. With data from working groups in Ci-Xin School, my own reflective writings, and the opinions contributed by my colleagues, there are three points of views formed, which are "public knowledge", "my viewpoints" and "others' viewpoints". As the researcher is also a practitioner, two themes are formed through "narration". Firstly, based on action research, the study consists of the researcher’s narrative reflection of his own teaching and of the understanding and internalization of Waldorf curriculum. Secondly, as the thesis is essentially a case study of CiXin Waldorf School where the researcher works at, it concentrates on the Chinese language curriculum development and practice under Anthroposophy ideas and the emerging picture of curriculum system. 　　The conclusions are as following. Under Waldorf pedagogical ideas, language teaching and learning in primary school focus on oral stories, movements, rhythmic activities, and artistic exercises. In middle school, the emphasis is on the functionality, actuality, and rules of language. The relationship between biographies, historical stories and adolescence development is another importance. In high school, Chinese language courses together with other subjects and knowledges are integrated and synthesized into wide-ranged cultural learning and self-exploration experience. In terms of main lesson in Chinese language area, "Dream" is the main them for grades 1 to 5 to allow the children to immerse themselves in abundant fairy tales and myths. "Reality" is the focus for grades 6 to 8. Pupils at this stage learn a lot of grammar which represents the forms of the reality, and history which is the content of the reality. For grades 9 to 12, “Poetry and Thought” is the major learning in which the young people have a glance at the history of poems and of poetry and philosophy. As to learners’ experience, through the interaction between the subject and the world, they may grasp the metaphor of "journey", that is, to seek their own egos in the world and to explore the world through stepping out of themselves. The 12-year curriculum is the ''eternal paradise'' for learners. Each main lesson is ''a window to the world''. The inner world (microcosms) of each individuals and the universe of consciousness evolution are interweaving, which can be understood as "the unity of man and nature". The whole curriculum from primary to high school forms a picture of U-shape which reflects the "holy grail" experience of the learners. The concept of language teaching in Waldorf education as deduced from the research is that "Humans" are different from other species; "Each individual is a separate category" and therefore will develop his or her own unique language. A teacher originally is the "hero" in his or her own journey of learning and then transforms him/herself into "Christ" or "Buddha" who gives out him/herself in the class. A language teacher explores the outer and inner worlds and becomes a "bard" through sharing his or her creation on the way. The story of “Monkey King” can be a metaphor to demonstrate the evolution of language curriculum in Ci-Xin Waldorf school. This school is developed from an aesthetic community towards a community of truth seeking. 　　The result of this research helps to clarify how Anthroposophy shapes the curriculum and teaching practice in Waldorf education. It shows that the overall understanding of Waldorf curriculum forms the grounded foundation of teaching integration. And the philosophical thinking towards the nature of education guides the teachers’ self-development and understanding of the curriculum. Healthy community interaction and cultural atmosphere towards ''common good'' are the pillars of curriculum development. To support the contextualization of Chinese language courses in Waldorf education, we shall relentlessly pay attention to the intrinsic dialectic in the thinking about the nature of education, the formation of self-identity, and the understanding of chinese language.

Au Québec, plusieurs jeunes-adultes et adultes décident à un moment donné de leur vie de s’inscrire à la formation générale des adultes (FGA) afin d’obtenir leur diplôme d’études secondaires (DES) ou de poursuivre leur parcours scolaire. L’objectif général de cette recherche est de comprendre la pratique d’enseignement la plus employée dans ce secteur -l’enseignement individualisé- et de permettre aux personnes qui la vivent au quotidien de pouvoir s’exprimer sur ses dimensions. Cette pédagogie particulière n’a pas fait l’objet d’une attention de la part de la recherche en formation générale des adultes. Dans le cadre de cette étude qualitative ethnographique, vingt informateurs ont été interviewés (dix apprenants et dix enseignants) et deux questionnaires, composés de quatre blocs chacun, leur ont été destinés. Pour atteindre le premier objectif spécifique de cette recherche, à savoir identifier les acteurs (enseignant-apprenant) du triangle pédagogique et décrire comment ils vivent leur relation dans l’enseignement individualisé, à la FGA, les composantes du triangle pédagogique de Houssaye ont été, dans un premier temps, utilisées et cela dans le but de connaitre les caractéristiques intrinsèques des formateurs et des apprenants ainsi que toutes les relations existantes entre eux. Ensuite, pour atteindre le deuxième objectif spécifique de cette recherche, à savoir mettre en lien les « perceptions » des acteurs du triangle pédagogique, en FGA, de l’enseignement individualisé au regard de l’autoformation, toutes les composantes de la théorie de l’autoformation de Carré ont été visées dans les questionnaires destinés aux informateurs. Les résultats révèlent que l’enseignement individualisé joint énormément la définition de l’autoformation éducative. / In Québec, many young adults and adults decide at some point in their lives to enroll in the adult education sector in order to obtain their high school diploma or to go further in their studies. The general objective of this research is to understand the teaching practice most used in this sector -individualized teaching and education- and to allow the people who live it on a daily basis to be able to express themselves on its dimensions. This particular pedagogy has not been the subject of attention by research in adult education. As part of this qualitative ethnographic study, twenty informants were interviewed (ten learners and ten teachers) and two questionnaires, consisting of four blocks each, were intended for them. To achieve the first specific objective of this research, namely to identify the actors (teacher-learner) of the pedagogical triangle and to describe how they live their relationship in individualized teaching, at adult education, the components of the educational triangle of Houssaye were, at first, used and this in order to know the intrinsic characteristics of the trainers and learners as well as all existing relationships between them. Then, to reach the second specific objective of this research, namely to link the "perceptions" of the actors of the pedagogical triangle, in FGA, of the individualized teaching with regard to the self-training, all the components of the theory of the self-training in Carré were included in the informant questionnaires. The results reveal that individualized teaching is a great complement to the definition of educational self-training.