Die semiaride Steppe der Inneren Mongolei (China) ist ein gefährdetes Ökosystem. Der Wandel vom traditionellen nomadischen Lebensstil hin zur konventionellen Landwirtschaft überlastet die Steppe und führt zu Degradierung und Desertifikation. Besonders die intensive Beweidung belastet die weiten Grasflächen und mindert deren natürliches Potential Kohlen-stoff (C) im Boden zu speichern. Um den Einfluss unterschiedlicher Beweidungsintensitäten auf die semiaride Steppe zu untersuchen, wurden im Rahmen des Projektes Matter fluxes in grasslands of Inner Mongolia as influenced by stocking rate (MAGIM) das Einzugsgebiet des Xilin Flusses in der Inneren Mongolei von 2004 bis 2009 untersucht. Dafür wurden u. a. meteorologische und Eddykovarianz-Messungen an definierten Standorten durchgeführt. Ziel dieser Messungen war es, die Unterschiede im Energiehaushalt und den Kohlendioxid- und Wasserflüssen (CO2- und H2O-Flüsse) für die dominanten Steppenarten und unter verschiedenen Beweidungsintensitäten zu erfassen. Die Schließung der Energiebilanz ergab eine Schließungslücke von 10 – 30% in Abhängigkeit der meteorologischen Bedingungen, wobei die Lücke unter feuchten Bedingungen kleiner ist. Die gemessenen CO2- und H2O-Flüsse sind klein im Vergleich zu Grasländern in den gemäßigten Zonen und reagieren sensitiv auf Veränderungen der Einflussfaktoren. Dabei ist die Evapotranspiration (ET) eng an den eingehenden Niederschlag (P) gekoppelt und über längere Zeiträume wie ein Jahr entspricht ET dem P (ET: 185,7 mm a-1 bis 242 mm a-1; P: 138 mm a-1 bis 332 mm a-1). Die Jahressummen für den Nettoökosystemaustausch (NEE) reichen von -10,7 g C m-2 a-1 (2005) bis -67,5 g C m-2 a-1 (2007) für die unbeweidete Steppe und charakterisieren diese als eine leichte Nettosenke für atmosphärisches CO2. Grundsätzlich zeigt die unbeweidete Steppe eine höherer C-Sequestrierung (maximale C-Sequestrierung im Mittel -0,06 g C m-2 s-1) als die beweidete Steppe (maximale C-Sequestrierung im Mittel -0,02 g C m-2 s-1). Die Messergebnisse zeigen, dass die Steppe unter trockenen Verhältnissen zur CO2-Quelle wird, unter erhöhten Niederschlagsbedingungen zur CO2-Senke und die Beweidung die C-Sequestrierung des Ökosystems unter beiden Bedingungen einschränkt. Im Vergleich der beiden Steppenarten (Leymus chinensis und Stipa grandis) konnte für Leymus chinensis eine höhere Trockentoleranz beobachtet werden. Diese führt zu einer höheren C-Sequestrierung unter trockeneren Verhältnissen. Unabhängig von der Steppenart sind die wichtigsten Einflüsse auf das Ökosystem die Bodenfeuchte, die vom eingehenden P abhängt, die Temperatur (T) und die Beweidung. Diese Faktoren können dabei nicht unabhängig voneinander betrachtet werden. Der Einfluss durch die Beweidung beeinflusst das Ökosystem nachhaltig, wobei die Intensität und die Dauer (Jahre) der Beweidung entscheidend sind, da nicht nur die oberirdische Biomasse reduziert wird, sondern gleichzeitig die Bodeneigenschaften. Um die Sensitivität auf den CO2- und H2O-Austausch der semiariden Steppe über die Messungen hinaus abzuschätzen, wurden Simulationen mit den Modellen BROOK90 und DAILYDAYCENT (DDC) durchgeführt. Beide Modelle konnten gut an die Bedingungen der semiariden Steppe angepasst werden, wobei die Übereinstimmung zwischen der gemessenen und modellierten ET für BROOK90 besser war (r2 = 0,7) als für DDC (r2= 0,34). Beide Modelle konnten gut die Dynamik der ET-Messungen wiedergeben. Die Sensitivitätsanalyse hat gezeigt, dass die Beziehung zwischen P und ET entscheidend für das Ökosystem ist und sich Änderungen in der T nur zum Ende und Beginn der Vegetationsperiode auf den Wasseraustausch auswirken. DDC konnte sehr gut den gemessenen CO2-Austausch simulieren. Die Ergebnisse zeigen die Sensitivität gegenüber den klimatischen Faktoren T, P und der Beweidung. Die CO2-Flüsse werden durch hohe Beweidungsintensitäten so stark minimiert, dass andere Einflussfaktoren dahinter zurücktreten. Bei leichten Beweidungsintensitäten wirkt sich dagegen besonders der P auf die Austauschprozesse aus. Die DDC-Ergebnisse zeigen, dass unter den derzeitigen Bedingungen der bodenorganische Kohlenstoff (SOC) verringert wird, also C aus dem Boden freigesetzt wird. Auch unter unbeweideten Verhältnissen steigt der SOC nicht wieder auf das Ausgangsniveau (von vor der Beweidung) an. Die Ergebnisse zeigten, dass die C-Sequestrierung der Steppe nur erhöht werden kann, wenn der P steigt, die T in einem Optimumbereich (+/- 2°C) bleibt und die Beweidung minimiert wird. Die Messungen und Modellergebnisse zeigen, dass der Niederschlag der limitierende Faktor der semiariden Steppe ist. P bestimmt die Bodenfeuchte, diese wiederum beeinflusst das Pflanzenwachstum und somit den CO2- und H2O-Austausch der Pflanzen. Die Beweidung strapaziert das Ökosystem und reduziert dadurch die CO2- und H2O-Flüsse und verändert die Bodeneigenschaften nachhaltig. Unabhängig von der klimatischen Entwicklung, ist die derzeitige überwiegend hohe Beweidungsintensität der Steppe eine Belastung für das Ökosystem und schränkt das Pflanzenwachstum langfristig ein, was u. a. die Desertifikation begünstigt. / Semiarid grasslands in Inner Mongolia (China) are degrading. The change from the traditional Nomadic lifestyle to conventional agriculture stresses the semiarid grasslands and increases desertification. In particular, intense grazing of the semiarid grasslands reduces their potential of storing carbon (C) in the soil. In the project Matter fluxes in grasslands of Inner Mongolia as influenced by stocking rate (MAGIM) a team of scientists researched the catchment area of the Xilin River to investigate impacts of different grazing intensities on semiarid grasslands. Meteorological and eddy covariance measurements took place from 2004 to 2009. The aim of the measurements was to examine the energy balance and the exchange of the carbon dioxide (CO2) and water (H2O) fluxes of the dominant grasslands in Inner Mongolia under different grazing intensities. The energy balance could be closed by 70 – 90% depending on the driving factors. The energy balance shows a smaller gap for moist conditions. The CO2 und H2O fluxes in the study area are much smaller than in temperate grasslands and show a high sensitivity towards the driving factors. Evapotranspiration (ET) is closely connected to the precipitation (P) and over longer periods of a year or more, ET nearly matches P (ET: 185.7 mm a-1 to 242 mm a-1; P: 138 mm a-1 to 332 mm a-1). The annual net ecosystem exchange (NEE) of ungrazed grassland ranges from -10.7 g C m-2 a-1 (2005) to -67.5 g C m-2 a-1 (2007), which makes the grassland a small CO2-sink. Overall, ungrazed grassland shows higher C sequestration (averaged maximum -0.06 g C m-2 s-1) than grazed grassland (averaged maximum -0.02 g C m-2 s-1). The measurements show the semiarid grassland as a CO2-source under dry conditions and as a CO2-sink under moist conditions, while grazing decreases the C sequestration for both climatic conditions. A comparison of the two dominant steppe types (Leymus chinensis and Stipa grandis) showed a higher tolerance for Leymus chinensis under dry conditions, which resulted in higher C sequestration for this vegetation. Besides the steppe type, the main driving factors are P, temperature (T) and grazing. These factors can not only be considered in isolation, but cross correlation needs to get considered as well. Grazing affects the sustainability of the ecosystem, with an increasing impact due to grazing intensity and duration (years). The impact of grazing influences the vegetation directly and shows indirect impacts for the soil properties. Simulations with the models BROOK90 and DAILYDAYCENT (DDC) enable a sensitivity analysis of CO2 and H2O fluxes of the semiarid grassland. Both models performed well, but BROOK90 showed a better fit to observed ET (r2 = 0.7) than DDC (r2= 0.34). Both models simulated the dynamics of the measured ET well. The sensitivity analysis showed a close relationship between P und ET and a smaller impact on ET due to a change in T. DDC performs well in the simulation of CO2 exchange dynamics of the semiarid grassland. The results show for high grazing intensities a decreasing influence of the other driving factors. A change in P has an influence on CO2 and H2O fluxes under low grazing intensities. The results also show a decrease in soil organic carbon (SOC) as grazing intensity increases (under current climatic conditions). An increase in SOC could only be achieved under an increase in P, an optimum T and low grazing intensities. The measurements and results of the simulations indentify P as the main driving factor controlling the CO2 and H2O fluxes in the semiarid grassland. P influences the soil moisture and this influences plant growth, which governs the CO2 and H2O exchange of the vegetation. Grazing decreases the CO2 and H2O exchange and affects the soil properties in the long term. Besides climate change, the current high grazing intensities of the semiarid grassland have a negative impact on the ecosystem, decreasing plant growth and increasing desertification.

Multi-temporal remotely sensed data (MSS, TM and ETM+)were used for monitoring and mapping the desertification processes in North Kordofan State, Sudan.A liear mixture model (LMM) was adopted to analyse and the desertification proccesses by using the image endmembers. interpretation of ancillary data and field observation was adopted to verfiy the role of human impacts in the temporal changes in the study area. The findings of the study proved the powerfull of remotely sensed data in monitoring and mapping the desertification processes and come out with valuable recommendations which could contribute positively in reducing desert encroachment in the area.

Water is a primary shared resource that connects all species across the landscape and can facilitate shared exposure to a community of waterborne pathogens. Despite remarkable global progress in sanitation and hygiene development in the past two decades, infectious diarrhea remains a prominent public health threat in sub-Saharan Africa. This thesis identifies and discusses persistent challenges limiting the success of current waterborne disease management strategies and several existing research hurdles that continue to impede characterization of microbial transmission and transport. In this work, the Chobe River watershed in Northern Botswana serves as a target study site for the application of hydrological modeling tools to quantify emergent water quality and health challenges in Southern Africa. A watershed model with extensive data requirements, the Hydrological Simulation Program – Fortran (HSPF), is used to identify primary data gaps and model assumptions that limit the progress of model development, and guide opportunities for data collection, tool development, and research direction. Environmental pathogen exposure risk and epidemiological outbreak dynamics are best described by interactions between the coupled human and environmental processes within a system. The challenge of reducing diarrheal disease incidence strengthens a call for research studies and management plans that join multiple disciplines and consider a range of spatiotemporal scales. / Master of Science

L'élevage de la chèvre « Baladi » au Liban souffre d'un problème de disponibilité alimentaire responsable des faibles performances établies de la race, du fait de sa dépendance majoritaire des zones de pâturage naturel et de la rareté des terrains fourragers ou de l'adoption du système intensif. Dans ce contexte agroclimatique particulier, cette étude se propose d'identifier la conduite optimale, à mi-chemin entre système extensif compromettant la production et la durabilité de l'élevage et système hors-sol qui ne saurait valoriser les aptitudes de la race et les parcours de la région. En effet, les conditions climatiques difficiles de la région d'étude impliquent l'insertion d'une dimension temporelle dans la conceptualisation de la conduite optimale, prenant en considération les fluctuations saisonnières non négligeables des ressources alimentaires naturelles. Comparée à la conduite extensive traditionnelle et à la complémentation largement moins adoptée, une conduite où les chèvres laitières seraient mises au pâturage durant les mois de printemps caractérisé par la prolifération des espèces végétales en vert et enfermées durant la sécheresse estivale paraît a priori adaptée aux conditions du milieu et aux objectifs zootechniques et socioéconomiques. Le cas échéant, le système intensif étant rarement prisé par les éleveurs de la région, l'efficacité des parcours à résidus agricoles ou fourragers aura également été évaluée afin de trouver un optimum zootechnique et économique. Par la suite, il a fallu mettre en place un outil d'évaluation des caractéristiques nutritives des parcours de la région d'étude, des quantités ingérées par les animaux lors du pâturage ou à l'auge et finalement de leur impact direct sur la production laitière et la satisfaction des besoins. L'évaluation des différentes conduites se reflétant dans un nombre de réponses en cours de lactation, un suivi d'analyse continu a été instauré permettant d'apprécier l'état corporel des animaux (poids, note d'état corporel, métabolites énergétiques), la production laitière (rendement, durée de lactation et composition du lait) et les performances reproductives (prolificité et croissance des chevreaux). Les capacités d'adaptation des animaux aux restrictions alimentaires dans les différentes conduites ont ainsi été testées. Ces expérimentations réalisées sur deux ans de suite ont montré que ces chèvres manifestent de réelles capacités adaptatives aux aléas alimentaires. En particulier, à chaque fois que l'alimentation le permet, l'énergie disponible est orientée préférentiellement vers la production laitière avec des rebonds relativement importants. Ces rebonds se produisent quel que soit le niveau de production laitière et pendant pratiquement toute la lactation. Parallèlement, on observe une reconstitution lente et régulière des réserves adipeuses qui s'accélère en fin de lactation à un moment où les femelles sont généralement mises à la reproduction, alors que les productions laitières baissent inexorablement. Cette thèse a donc abouti à l'acquisition de connaissances originales sur un modèle animal peu étudié caractérisé par des capacités adaptatives remarquables qui ne se manifestent pas de façon aussi marquée chez les chèvres sélectionnées des zones tempérées / Adaptives capacities of Baladi goats fed on semi-arid rangelands of Bekaa valley (Lebanon)ABSTRACTThe Lebanese Baladi goat dairy production sector suffers from a problem of food availability which is responsible of the animal's poor performances, due to its dependence towards natural rangelands and the scarcity of crop residues and forage pastures as well as of the adoption of intensive systems.In this particular agroclimatic context, this study aims to identify the optimal conduct for this goat, half-way between an extensive system where production and durability are compromised and an intense one where the aptitudes of the breed and the variety of the region's pastures are not valorized. In fact, the region's difficult climatic conditions require the insertion of a temporal dimension in the conceptualization of the optimal conduct, considering the important seasonal fluctuations of the natural feed resources. Compared to the traditional extensive conduct and to the much less adopted supplementation, a conduct where the goats were pasture driven during the spring characterized by the proliferation of green plants and kept indoors during the summer season seems a priori adapted to the local conditions and to the technical and economic objectives. However, the intensive system being rarely considered by the local farmers, the efficiency of agricultural pastures such as crop residues and forages would also have been tested in order to find an optimum between production and feasibility. Thus, an evaluation tool of the pastures' nutrition values, the quantities ingested by the animals during grazing and indoors and finally of their impact on the milk production and satisfaction of feed requirements was implemented. The evaluation of the different tested conducts were reflected on a number of physiological responses during lactation such as the animals' body reserves (body weight, body condition score, NEFA), milk production (quantities, duration and milk composition: milk fat and milk protein contents) and reproductive performances (kids' number, birth weights and growth). The animals' adaptive capacities to different food restrictions situations are hence here tested.These trials realized on two subsequent years showed that this breed demonstrates clear adaptive capacities facing feed fluctuations. A particular adaptation is the orientation of the available extra energy towards milk production with relatively important rebounds whenever allowed by refeeding. These rebounds occurred whatever the initial milk production level and during practically the whole lactation period. In parallel, we observed a slow and regular reconstitution of the body reserves which accelerates at the end of lactation, when the females are getting ready for reproduction, while the milk production suddenly breaks down. In consequent, this study has collaborated in acquiring new original information about an original animal breed characterized by special adaptive capacities which don't generally show in selected high production breeds.Kewords : Baladi goat, feeding conduct, pasture, indoors, adaptive capacities, feeding behaviour, body reserves, milk production, reproductive performances

Les prairies indigènes présentent une source importante d'alimentation pour le pâturage du bétail dans les prairies Canadiennes semi-arides. L'addition de légumineuses fixatrices d'azote et de phosphore dans les prairies indigènes peut améliorer la productivité et la valeur nutritive de fourrage. Ces pratiques peuvent induire des modifications de la structure et de la diversité des communautés fongiques du sol, ce qui peut en retour avoir un impact sur la production et le contenu nutritionnel du fourrage. L’objectif de cette étude était de développer un système de pâturage à bas niveau d’intrants, productif, autonome et durable. À court terme, nous voulions 1) déterminer l'effet des légumineuses (Medicago sativa, une légumineuse cultivée ou Dalea purpurea, une légumineuse indigène) et la fertilité en phosphore du sol sur la productivité et la valeur nutritive des graminées indigènes, comparées avec celles de la graminée introduite Bromus biebersteinii en mélange avec le M. sativa, 2) identifier l'effet de ces pratiques sur la diversité et la structure des communautés des champignons mycorhiziens à arbuscules (CMA) et des champignons totaux, 3) identifier l'effet des légumineuses et des CMA sur les interactions compétitives entre les graminées de saison fraîche et les graminées de saison chaude. Les expériences menées au champ ont montré que M. sativa améliorait les teneurs en azote et en phosphore des graminées indigènes au début de l'été, ainsi que la teneur en azote de la graminée de saison chaude Bouteloua gracilis à la fin de l'été de l'année sèche 2009. Par contre, la fertilité en phosphore du sol n'ait pas affecté la productivité des plantes. D'autre part, l'inclusion des légumineuses augmentait la diversité des CMA dans le mélange de graminées indigènes. Cette modification présentait des corrélations positives avec la productivité et la quantité totale d'azote chez le M. sativa et avec la teneur en phosphore des graminées indigènes, au début de l'été. La structure des communautés de champignons totaux était influencée par l'interaction entre le mélange des espèces et la fertilité en phosphore du sol seulement en 2008 (année humide). Cet effet pourrait être lié en partie avec la productivité des plantes et l'humidité du sol. Les expériences menées en chambre de culture ont montré que les CMA peuvent favoriser la productivité des graminées de saison chaude au détriment des graminées de saison fraîche. En effet, Glomus cubense augmentait la productivité de la graminée de saison chaude B. gracilis, en présence de M. sativa. Cet effet pourrait être associé à l’effet négatif du G. cubense sur la fixation de l’azote par le M. sativa et à la diminution de l’efficacité d’utilisation de l'azote de certaines graminées de saison fraîche résultant en une augmentation de la disponibilité de l'azote pour B. gracilis. Par contre, le Glomus sp. augmentait la biomasse de Schizachyrium scoparium, autre graminée de saison chaude, en absence de légumineuse. Ce phénomène pourrait être attribuable à une amélioration de l’efficacité d’utilisation du P de cette graminée. En conclusion, mes travaux de recherche ont montré que la légumineuse cultivée M. sativa peut améliorer la valeur nutritive des graminées indigènes au début de l'été ainsi que celle de la graminée de saison chaude B. gracilis, dans des conditions de sécheresse sévère de la fin de l'été. De plus, l'addition de M. sativa dans le mélange de graminées indigènes peut contribuer à augmenter le nombre des espèces bénéfiques des CMA pour la production et la nutrition du fourrage au début de l'été. / The native grasslands are considered as the main feed source for livestock grazing, in semi-arid regions of the Canadian prairies. The addition of N fixing legumes and phosphorus to semi-arid native grasslands may increase the productivity and nutritive value of forage. However, these practices may also shape the structure and diversity of soil fungal communities which in turn may impact forage production and nutritive value. The global objective of this research was to design productive, self-sustaining, permanent and with low inputs pastures. The specific objectives were 1) to demonstrate the effect of N-fixing legumes (the cultivated legume Medicago sativa or the native legume Dalea purpurea) and soil P fertility on the productivity and nutritive value of native grasses mixes in comparison to the mixture of the introduced grass Bromus biebersteinii and M. sativa, 2) identify the effect of these practices on the diversity and community structure of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi and total fungi, and 3) identify the effect of legumes and AM fungi on competitive interactions between native cool-season grasses and native warm-season grasses. The field experiment showed that M. sativa improved the nitrogen and phosphorus concentrations of native grasses mixes early in the summer, as well as the N concentration of the warm-season grass B. gracilis, in late summer of the driest year 2009. In contrast, the soil phosphorus fertility had no effect on plant productivity. On the other hand, the inclusion of legumes to the mix of native grasses generally increased AM fungal diversity. This shift was positively correlated with the productivity and nitrogen uptake by M. sativa and with the phosphorus concentration of native grasses mixes in early summer. The structure of the total fungal community was affected by the interaction between species mixtures and soil P fertility only in the wet year (2008), suggesting that this effect was likely driven in part by plant productivity and soil moisture. The growth chamber experiment showed that the AM fungi may favoured the growth of warm-season grasses under competition with cool-season grasses. However, Glomus cubense increased the productivity of warm-season grass B. gracilis when growing with M. sativa. This effect might be related to a negative impact of G. cubense on the nitrogen-fixing activity of M. sativa and to a lower N-use efficiency of certain cool-season grasses, which resulted in increased soil N availability for B. gracilis. In contrast, Glomus sp. enhanced the growth of S. scoparium, another warm-season grass in the absence of legumes, and this may be related to improved P-use efficiency in this grass. We concluded that the cultivated legume M. sativa can improve the nutritive value of native grasses mixes early in the summer and also of warm season grass under severe drought conditions in late summer. In addition, the inclusion of M. sativa within native grass mixes may contribute to promote beneficial AM fungi taxa that were involved in forage production and nutrition early in the summer.

Vertisols cover a hydrologically very significant area of semi-arid regions, and thus understanding of water flow and solute accumulation is very relevant to agricultural activity and water resources management. Previous works suggest a conceptual model of desiccation-crack-induced salinization where salinization of sediment in deep section of the vadose zone (up to 4 m) is induced by subsurface evaporation due to convective air flow in desiccation cracks. This thesis presents a conceptual model of water flow and solute transport in vertisols, and its numerical implementation. The model uses a single-porosity material but unconventionally prescribes a boundary condition representing a deep crack in soil and uses the unsaturated hydraulic conductivity as one of the fitting parameters. The numerical model is bound to one location close to a dairy farm waste pond, but the application of the suggested conceptual model could be possibly extended to all semi-arid regions with vertisols. Simulations were conducted using several modelling approaches with an ultimate goal of fitting the simulation results to the controlling variables measured in the field: water content, and chloride salinity of pore water. The development of the model was engineered in numerous steps; all computed as forward solutions by...

Changes in land use and water use can greatly impact the cycling of water and water-borne substances. Increased redistribution of river water to irrigated fields can cause enhanced evapotranspiration and decreased river discharge. Additionally, the water quality can be affected by the external input of fertilisers and pesticides, and by changed pollutant transport pathways in expansive irrigation canal systems. This thesis examines basin-scale changes in water use, river discharge, water quality and nitrogen (N) loading under conditions of intensified irrigated agriculture, using the Aral Sea drainage basin (ASDB) with its two large rivers Syr Darya and Amu Darya in Central Asia as study area. Results show that more efficient irrigation techniques could reduce outtake of river water to the cotton fields in the ASDB by about 10 km3/year, while the corresponding river water saving at the outlet would be 60% lower. The result illustrates the importance of accounting for return flows of irrigation water in basin-scale water saving assessments. Moreover, a decrease in riverine N concentrations at the outlet of the Amu Darya River Basin (ADRB) was observed during a 40-year period of increasing N fertiliser input. The decrease was identified to be primarily caused by increased recirculation of river water in the irrigation system, leading to increased flow-path lengths and enhanced N attenuation. Decreasing N loads were shown to be primarily related to reduced discharge. N export from the basin may further decrease due to projected discharge reductions related to climate change. Furthermore, nutrients and metals were occasionally found at concentrations above drinking water guideline values in surface waters in the ADRB. However, metal concentrations in groundwater in the lower ADRB were subject to orders of magnitude higher health hazards. Projected decrease in downstream surface water availability would thus imply decreased access to water suitable for drinking. / <p>At the time of the doctoral defense, the following papers were unpublished and had a status as follows: Paper 4: Submitted. Paper 5: Manuscript.</p>

From the Proceedings of the 1976 Meetings of the Arizona Section - American Water Resources Assn. and the Hydrology Section - Arizona Academy of Science - April 29-May 1, 1976, Tucson, Arizona / Energy budget evaluations of evapotranspiration from saltcedar were carried out on the flood plain of the Rio Grande River, near Bernardo, New Mexico. The site was adjacent to the Bureau of Reclamation's lysimeter study of water use by saltcedar. The energy budget for the cloudless day of June 14, 1975, revealed that energy gains from net radiation totaled 432 cal/cm² , while energy losses (in cal/cm2 ), were 14 to stored energy, 31 to convection, and 387 to evapotranspiration (ET). The energy loss to ET is equivalent to the latent energy contained in about 6.5 mm of water. The energy budget values are reasonable for a phreatophyte community in a semi-arid environment. The latent energy loss compares favorably with 401 cal/cm² measured by three lysimeters, although there were discrepancies in timing and amounts of loss among the individual lysimeters. The mean canopy diffusion resistance was 1.90 sec/cm over a 10-hour daytime period on June 14. The mean resistance was combined with vapor pressure deficit to predict lysimeter ET on three subsequent days. The agreement was within 12 percent, which suggests that diffusion resistance may be useful for simple ET predictions.

[Truncated abstract] Ecologists are increasingly interested in quantifying local interacting processes and their impacts on spatial vegetation patterns. In arid and semiarid ecosystems, theoretical models (often spatially explicit) of dynamical system behaviour have been used to provide insight into changes in vegetation patterning and productivity triggered by ecological events, such as fire and episodic rainfall. The incorporation of aerial imagery of vegetation patterning into current theoretical model remains a challenge, as few theoretical models may be inferred directly from ecological data, let alone imagery. However, if conclusions drawn from theoretical models were well supported by image data then these models could serve as a basis for improved prediction of complex ecosystem behaviour. The objective of this thesis is therefore to innovate methods for inferring theoretical models of vegetation dynamics from imagery. ... These results demonstrate how an ad hoc inference procedure returns biologically meaningful parameter estimates for a germ-grain model of T. triandra vegetation patterning, with VLSA photography as data. Various aspects of the modelling and inference procedures are discussed in the concluding chapter, including possible future extensions and alternative applications for germ-grain models. I conclude that the state-and-transition model provides an effective exploration of an ecosystem?s dynamics, and complements spatially explicit models designed to test specific ecological mechanisms. Significantly, both types of models may now be inferred from image data through the methodologies I have developed, and can provide an empirical basis to theoretical models of complex vegetation dynamics used in understanding and managing arid (and other) ecological systems.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T15:55:00Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 JaneAA_DISSERT.pdf: 2586341 bytes, checksum: 1e3db2ecc22d866ec62f9b5fcd4aa87b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-03-01 / The conservation of natural resources is essential and constitutes the main subject of many researches, which characterize important aspects concerning the environmental alterations in the ground, water, landscape and socioeconomic information. This study aimed to investigate the anthropogenic input of heavy metals in the environment, in the area of the Parelhas dump site and in part of the Serid? River and to determine the concentration of heavy metals in the sediments. This can result in risk to the environment and human health. In addition, we sought to establish the socioeconomic profile of rural communities adjacent to Serid? River and to comprehend the perception of these dwellers about the changes in the places they live. The area of this study is located in the city of Parelhas/RN, in the centralsouthern part of the State, in the micro-region of the Oriental Serid?. This area comprehends the place where the dump site is located, next to RN 086, the Caldeir?o dam, the Quintos river called by local citizens Caldeir?o creek and part of Serid? river, perpetuated by the Boqueir?o dam, which crosses the city and it includes the rural communities of Almas, Domingas, Sussuarana II and Colonos. Regarding the study with bottom sediments, the samples were collected and taken to the laboratory of geochemistry, where they were dried, sieved, weighted and submitted to weak acid attack. The analysis of heavy metals was held by Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer - Flame AAS. We applied 23 closed questionnaires constituted by 38 questions to collect informations in the rural communities, oriented to establish the socioeconomic profile and the environmental perception of the participants. The participants were distributed in the communities of Almas (1), Domingas (2), Sussuarana II (10) and Colonos (10). Most of them presented similar socioeconomic profiles. They are from 45 to 60 years old and live in these localities for 20 to 30 years or more. The families are composed by 3 or 4 people; the agriculture is the main activity, livestock is the secondary and 48% of them earn the minimal wage. Regarding the environmental perception, the participants can realize some changes in vegetation, soil, water and landscape. People living longer in the community, and with more years of experience on the local reality can perceive the depletion of the soil, pastures and changes in the landscape. These changes portray how the place was previously and what it represents today. The perception of these changes, besides the environmental ones, includes others concerning the increasing number of dwellers in the last years, as well as the number of houses. The changes happened through activities developed by the dwellers over the years, including agricultural practices, livestock, grass planting and even the cultivation of cotton. The study provided the acquisition of new data about the environmental reality of this region. It can subsidize the definition of public policies that can be implemented from the perspective of conservation of water resources and of the coexistence and survival of man in the semi-arid / A conserva??o dos recursos naturais ? essencial e constitui o objeto principal de v?rias pesquisas, que caracterizam aspectos importantes concernentes ?s altera??es ambientais do solo, da ?gua, na paisagem e informa??es socioecon?micas. Este estudo objetivou investigar o aporte antropog?nico de metais pesados para o meio ambiente, na ?rea de influ?ncia do lix?o do munic?pio de Parelhas e em um trecho do Rio Serid?, visando determinar a concentra??o de metais pesados nos sedimentos, o que pode implicar em risco para o meio ambiente e a sa?de humana. Al?m disso, buscou-se conhecer o perfil socioecon?mico dos moradores de comunidades rurais adjacentes ao Rio Serid? e entender a percep??o destes moradores com rela??o a mudan?as nos espa?os onde vivem. A ?rea do estudo situa-se no munic?pio de Parelhas/RN localizado na Por??o Centro-sul do Estado, na Microrregi?o do Serid? Oriental. A ?rea da pesquisa abrangeu o local onde se encontra o lix?o do munic?pio, situado ao lado da RN 086, o A?ude Caldeir?o, o Rio Quintos denominado de Riacho Caldeir?o pelos moradores locais e um trecho do Rio Serid?, importante rio perenizado pela Barragem Boqueir?o, que corta o munic?pio e compreende ?s suas margens as comunidades rurais Almas, Domingas, Sussuarana II e Colonos. No que se refere ao estudo com sedimentos das drenagens, as amostras foram coletadas e levadas ao laborat?rio de geoqu?mica, onde foram secas, peneiradas, pesadas e submetidas a ataque ?cido fraco. A leitura dos metais pesados foi realizada por Espectrofot?metro de Absor??o At?mica AAS-CHAMA. Para coletar os dados das comunidades rurais foram aplicados 23 question?rios constitu?dos de 38 perguntas fixas, voltadas para o perfil socioecon?mico e percep??o ambiental dos participantes. Os participantes foram distribu?dos nas comunidades Almas (1), Domingas (2), Sussuarana II (10) e Colonos (10). A maioria dos entrevistados apresentou perfis socioecon?micos semelhantes, residem no local de 20 a 30 anos, est?o na faixa et?ria de 45 e 60 anos ou mais; as fam?lias s?o compostas de 3 a 4 pessoas, sendo a agricultura a atividade principal e a pecu?ria a secundaria; 48% dos entrevistados ganham um sal?rio m?nimo. Com rela??o ? percep??o ambiental dos entrevistados, estes conseguem perceber algumas mudan?as ocorridas na vegeta??o, solo, ?gua, na paisagem. As pessoas com maior tempo de moradia na comunidade e com mais anos de viv?ncia da realidade local podem perceber o desgaste do solo, das pastagens, e as mudan?as na paisagem que retratam como o local era anteriormente e o que hoje ele representa. A percep??o acerca das mudan?as, al?m das ambientais, inclui outras concernentes ao aumento do n?mero de moradores e de resid?ncias. Essas mudan?as ocorreram atrav?s de atividades desenvolvidas pelos residentes ao longo dos anos, as quais incluem pr?ticas de agricultura, pecu?ria, plantio de capim e at? mesmo a cotonicultura. O estudo propiciou a aquisi??o de novos dados sobre a realidade ambiental da regi?o, os quais podem servir de subs?dio ? defini??o de pol?ticas p?blicas a serem implementadas sob a ?tica da conserva??o dos recursos h?dricos, da conviv?ncia e sobreviv?ncia do homem no semi?rido