Sammanfattning: I samband med att en patient drabbas av sepsis pågår processer i kroppen som påverkar bland annat hjärnan. Patienterna kan drabbas av ett tillstånd av förvirring som kallas för delirium. Syfte: Syftet med studien var att beskriva intensivvårdssjuksköterskans omvårdnad i samband med sepsisassocierat delirium. Metod: För att genomföra studien valdes systematisk litteraturstudie. Data söktes i tre databaser samt fritextsökningar och manuell sökning i artiklars referenslistor. En integrerad analys genomfördes för att sammanställa resultatet. Resultat: Resultatet baseras på fyra artiklar. I resultatet framträdde tre huvudkategorier: Utföra personcentrerad vård, Utföra målinriktad behandling med läkemedel och Förutsättningar för god omvårdnad. Slutsats: Det råder brist på kunskap om ämnet hos sjukvårdspersonal vilket bidrar till att patienter diagnostiseras sent eller att diagnosen missas, vilket i sin tur leder till ökad morbiditet, mortalitet och förlängda vårdtider. / Introduction: In conjunction with a patient suffering from sepsis, ongoing processes in the body affects the brain. Patients can suffer from a state of confusion known as delirium. Aim: The aim of the study was to describe critical care nursing care associated with sepsis-associated delirium. Method: To conduct the study we selected systematic literature method. To conduct the study were selected systematic literature. Data were searched three databases and free-text search and manual search of reference lists of articles. An integrated analysis was performed to compile the results. Results: The result is based on four articles. The result appeared in three main categories: Perform personcentered care, Perform targeted drug treatment and Conditions for good care. Conclusion: There is a lack of knowledge on the subject of health professionals which leads to patients diagnosed late or missed diagnosis, which in turn leads to increased morbidity, mortality and prolonged hospitalization.

O choque séptico é a complicação mais comum da sepse e responsável por um grande número de casos de morte em unidades de terapia intensiva. Em pacientes com diagnóstico de sepse, a febre é um dos sinais mais comuns, entretanto a hipotermia pode ocorrer e geralmente está associada a infecções severas, prognóstico pior e alta mortalidade. A confluência de vários fatores contribui para a deterioração da condição clínica do paciente que evolui para choque séptico. Um dos principais fatores é a aumentada síntese de óxido nítrico, que pode mediar alterações na função cardiovascular e termorregulatória. O enfermeiro é capaz de detectar o início dos sinais clínicos desses quadros, que incluem: complicação do quadro pulmonar (com presença de taquipnéia), sudorese fria, confusão mental, oligúria, taquicardia, hipotensão arterial e alteração da temperatura corporal. A detecção desses sinais pode ser facilmente realizada com instrumentos apropriados e exame físico. Neste estudo, o objetivo foi correlacionar os valores de temperatura e as concentrações plasmáticas de óxido nítrico em pacientes com diagnóstico de sepse, sepse grave e choque séptico. Nossos dados mostram que existe uma correlação negativa (p<0.0037; r2=0,1593; Coeficiente de Pearson -0,3991) entre os valores de temperatura corporal e os valores de concentração plasmática de nitrato em pacientes com diagnóstico de choque séptico. Estes dados mostram que quanto mais baixa a temperatura corporal, mais altas são as concentrações plasmáticas de nitrato. / Septic shock is the most common complication of sepsis and responsible for a large number of cases of death in intensive care units. In patients with sepsis, fever is one of the most common signs, but hypothermia can occur and is usually associated with severe infections, worse prognosis and high mortality. The confluence of several factors contributing to the deterioration of the clinical condition of patients who progress to septic shock. A key factor is the increased synthesis of nitric oxide may mediate changes in cardiovascular and thermoregulatory function. The nurse is able to detect the onset of clinical signs in these tables, which include: a complication of pulmonary symptoms (presence of tachypnea), cold sweating, mental confusion, oliguria, tachycardia, hypotension, and changes in body temperature. The detection of these signals can be easily accomplished with appropriate instruments and physical examination. In this study, we aimed to correlate the temperature and plasma concentrations of nitric oxide in patients with sepsis, severe sepsis and septic shock. Our data show that there is a negative correlation (p <0.0037, r2 = 0.1593, Pearson´s coefficient of -0.3991) between the values of body temperature and the values of plasma nitrate in patients with septic shock. These data show that the lower body temperature, the higher plasma concentrations of nitrate.

In einer prospektiven, randomisierten, doppelblinden, Placebo-kontrollierten Cross-over-Studie wurden hämodynamische und immunologische Effekte einer dreitägigen adjunktiven Therapie mit niedrig dosiertem Hydrocortison (HC) (100 mg Bolus + 10 mg/Stunde) bei 40 Patienten im septischen Schock untersucht. Die Therapie mit HC führte zum Anstieg des mittleren arteriellen Drucks und des systemischen Gefäßwiderstands sowie zur Reduktion des Herzzeitvolumens und der Herzfrequenz, die pulmonalvaskulären Widerstände blieben unverändert. Die Nitrit/Nitrat-Plasmaspiegel (Stickstoffmonoxid-Synthese) und der Katecholaminverbrauch nahmen ab. Die Immunreaktionen waren komplex: Abnahme proinflammatorischer (Interleukin-(IL)-6, 8) und antiinflammatorischer (IL-10, lösliche Tumor-Nekrosefaktor-Rezeptoren) Mediatoren, Anstieg proinflammatorischer Zytokine (IL-12 und Interferon-?), Reduktion der Endothel- (E-Selektin) und Granulozytenaktivierung (CD11b, CD64), Reduktion der T-Helfer- und Suppressorzellzahl und der eosinophilen und basophilen Granulozyen, die Monozytenzahl stieg an und die neutrophilen Granulozyten sowie die Gesamtleukozytenzahl blieben unverändert. Parameter der unspezifischen (Respiratory Burst, Phagozytose) und der spezifischen Immunreaktion (HLA-DR auf Monozyten, Antigenpräsentation) wurden nicht oder nicht wesentlich supprimiert, die Phagozytosefähigkeit von Monozyten nahm zu. Eine Beendigung der HC-Therapie führte zu ausgeprägten hämodynamischen und immunologischen Rebound-Phänomenen. Die Wirkung von niedrig dosiertem HC im septischen Schock kann daher als kreislaufstabilisierend und immunmodulatorisch charakterisiert werden, Zeichen einer ausgeprägten Immunsuppression fanden sich nicht. / In a prospective, double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled cross-over study, hemodynamic and immune effects of a three-day adjunctive treatment with low doses of hydrocortisone (HC) (100 mg bolus followed by 10 mg per hour) were investigated in forty patients with septic shock. HC-therapy induced a rise of mean arterial pressure and systemic vascular resistance and a decline of cardiac index and heart rate without altering pulmonary vascular resistance. Both, nitrite/nitrate levels (nitric oxide formation) and cathecholamine requirement were reduced. Immune responses were complex and included: reduction of proinflammatory (interleukin-(IL)-6, 8) and antiinflammatory (IL-10, soluble tumor necrosis factor receptors) mediators, an increase of proinflammatory cytokines (IL-12 and interferon-?), a reduction of endothelial (E-selectin) and granulocyte activation (CD11b, CD64), and a decrease of T-helper and suppressor cells as well as eosinophil and basophil granulocytes; monocytes increased and total granulocyte and leukocyte counts remained unaltered. Parameters of innate (respiratory burst, phagocytosis) and adaptive immune responses (HLA-DR-expression on monocytes, antigen presentation) were not essentially affected, monocyte phagocytosis rather increased. HC-withdrawal induced marked hemodynamic and immunologic rebound effects. In conclusion, effects of low dose HC-therapy in septic shock is characterised by hemodynamic stabilisation and immunomodulation, without inducing severe immunosuppression.

La réponse à l’agression est à la fois neuroendocrinienne, neurovégétative et comportementale. Elle implique particulièrement l’amygdale. Celle-ci joue en effet un rôle dans l’anxiété et la peur mais également dans la constitution d’un syndrome de stress post-traumatique (i.e. SSPT). La réponse comportementale à une situation de stress a été peu étudiée chez les patients admis dans un service de Réanimation, alors que des études indiquent qu’une réponse inadaptée de l’axe corticotrope ou du système nerveux autonome serait associée à une surmortalité ou la survenue d’une défaillance multiviscérale. Au décours de leur séjour en réanimation, les patients sont à haut risque de développer des troubles psychologiques (i.e. anxiété, dépression et SSPT) et cognitifs (i.e. affectant préférentiellement la mémoire et les fonctions exécutives) qui ont un impact majeur sur leur qualité de vie et qui seraient proportionnels à la sévérité de leur maladie aiguë et de son retentissement neuro-comportemental. L’objet de notre travail a été d’une part, de décrire quantitativement et qualitativement l’anxiété des patients admis de réanimation et d’en déterminer sa valeur pronostique ; d’autre part, d’étudier le lien entre activation amygdalienne et syndrome post-traumatique dans un modèle murin de sepsis par ligature-ponction caecale (i.e. CLP). Notre étude observationnelle a porté sur 354 patients (Age, 63 ans [49-73] ; Sexe F/H, 137/217) admis dans trois services de réanimation d’Île de France entre Janvier 2014 et Septembre 2016. L’anxiété était en médiane d’intensité modérée, selon l’échelle visuelle analogique (4 [1-6) et le questionnaire STAI (41 [31-53]). La moitié des patients rapportaient se sentir vulnérables (54%) ; considérer leur état grave (67 %) et avoir peur de mourir (45%). Une défaillance d’organe a été observée chez 157 (45%) des patients. Une valeur de STAI ≥ 40 (OR 1,69, 95%CI [1,02-2,84]) était associée à la survenue d’une défaillance d’organe après ajustement sur le score de défaillance d’organe SOFA à J1, la mise en route d’une ventilation mécanique non-invasive (OR 4,93 ; 95%CI [2,9-9,4]) et la gravité d’une pathologie préexistante selon le score Knaus (OC2,01 95%CI [1,21-3,33]) et la peur de mourir (OR 0,55 [0,33-0,92]). Celle-ci était significativement associée à un risque moindre de défaillance parmi les patients ayant une maladie aiguë sévère, définie par un score IGS-2 > 30 (58% vs. 37%). Cette étude indique que l’évaluation de l’anxiété est utile pour estimer le risque d’aggravation des patients de réanimation mais indique également que si son intensité est positivement corrélée à la survenue d’une défaillance, un défaut de perception d’un danger (tel que l’exprimerait la peur de mourir) en augmenterait le risque. Notre étude expérimentale a mis en évidence une activation précoce (i.e. à H6 de la CLP) et transitoire des neurones CAMK-II positif du noyau central de l’amygdale (CeA) et des anomalies tardives (i.e. J15 après CLP) de l’open-field test (test en libre champ) et du Fear-conditionning (test de formation de la mémoire aversive), traduisant respectivement un comportement type anxieux et une hypermémorisation de la peur, qui s’apparenterait à un SSPT. Nous avons procédé à une inhibition pharmacogénétique par transfection virale des neurones CAMKII, qui a entraîné une réduction de l’hyper-mémorisation aversive induite par le sepsis. L’enregistrement électrophysiologique intra-amygadalienne a mis en évidence une activité pro-épileptique ou épileptique chez les souris septiques. L’administration d’un antiépileptique, le levetiracetam au cours des 24 premières heures de la CLP a résulté en une diminution de la mortalité, de l’activation des neurones CAMKII du noyau central de l’amygdale et de l’hyper-mémorisation aversive induites par le sepsis. (...) / Systemic insults trigger neuroendocrine, neurovegetative and behavioural responses. Amygdala is particularly involved in anxiety and fear but also in the generation of post-traumatic stress disorder (i.e. PTSD). Amygdala is part of the limbic system and modulates the neuroendocrine and the autonomous nervous system activity. Behavioural changes to critical illness has been poorly studied in ICU-admited patients, despite studies showing that non-adapted corticotropic axis or autonomic nervous system responses correlate with a higher mortality or organ failures. During their ICU stay, patients are at high risk of developing psychological (e.g. anxiety, depression or PTSD), and cognitive alterations (e.g. memory and executive functions) with a major impact on their long-term quality of life. Such alterations intensity is correlated with the severity of critical illness. Our present work aimed, on the one hand at assessing at ICU admission patients’ anxiety and its prognostic value, and on the other hand, at characterizing the link between amygdalar activation and PTSD in a murine model of caecal ligation and puncture (i.e. CLP). 354 patients were included in our observational study (median age 63 [IQR 49-73], sex 137W/217M), from 3 Ile-De-France ICU between January 2014 and September 2016). Median anxiety was moderate according to both visual scale (4 [1-6]) and STAI questionnaire (43[32-53]). Half of participants declared (54%) feeling vulnerable; considered their state to be severe (67%) and feared to die (45%). One organ failure – mostly neurological, but also the need for mechanical ventilation, dialysis or vasopressive catecholamines during the first 7 days – was present in 157 (45%) patients. A STAI index ≥ 40 (OR 4.93 ; 95% CI[1.02 – 2.84]) was associated with the occurrence of an organ failure, even after adjusting for the day-1 SOFA score, the onset of a mechanical ventilation (OR 4.93, 95CI [2.9 – 9.4]), the Knaus score of prior pathologies severity (OC 2.01, 95CI [1.21 – 3.33]) and fear of death. (OR 0.55 [0.33 -0.92]). The latter significantly associating with a decreased risk of organ failure among patients with a severe acute pathology as defined by a IGS-2 >30 (58% vs. 37%). This study shows that evaluating early anxiety can prove useful in predicting patient aggravation risk in ICU, but also indicates that if its intensity positively predicts the onset of organ failures, the lack of perceived severity (lower fear of death) would also associate with an increased risk of failure. Our experimental study higlighted an early (i.e. 6H post CLP) and transitory activation of Central Amygdala (CeA) CAMK-II positive neurons, and delayed (i.e D15 post CLP) alterations in open field and fear-conditioning tests, respectively indicating an anxious behaviour and fear hypermnesia, both critical aspects of PTSD. Pharmacogenetic inhibition of CAMK-II neurons by viral transduction led to a decrease in aversive sepsis-induced hypermnesia. Administration of Levetiracetam, an antipeileptic drug, during the first 24h post-CLP led to a decrease in sepsis-induced mortality, in CAMK-II CeA neurons activation and in aversive memory. Amygdalar neuronal activation was also associated with microglial morphological alterations, partly prevented by levetiracetam, and reminiscent of alterations seen in septic shock autopsic samples. Our experimental work shows an increased activity in CAMK-II amygdalar neurons during early sepsis, potentially implicated in the onset of sepsis-induced anxiety and PTSD. this constitutes a plausible neuro-anatomical and neuro-biological background to our clinical study showing the prognostic interest of early anxiety assessment in ICU patients, as it positively correlates with both stress intensity and the misperception of danger.

Systemische Inflammation (SIRS) und Sepsis sind bekannte postoperative Komplikationen nach kardiochirurgischen Eingriffen. Bei 77,1 % der untersuchten 3653 kardiochirurgischen Patienten bestanden am ersten postoperativen Tag definierte Symptome eines SIRS. Nur 20 % dieser Patienten entwickelten ein prolongiertes SIRS über mindestens die ersten 72 Stunden postoperativ und 4,4 % eine Sepsis im weiteren primären intensivmedizinischen Verlauf. Aus der Patientengruppe mit prolongiertem SIRS entwickelten immerhin 21,8 % eine Sepsis. Die 564 Patienten mit prolongiertem SIRS waren durch eine signifikant (p< 0,001) verlängerte Beatmungs- und Behandlungsdauer auf der Intensivstation (ICU), eine erhöhte Krankenhausliegedauer sowie eine um den Faktor 10 signifikant erhöhte ICU- und Krankenhausmortalität im Vergleich zu Patienten ohne prolongiertes SIRS gekennzeichnet. Die 135 Patienten mit einer Sepsis während ihrer primären postoperativen intensivstationären Behandlung hatten eine deutlich erhöhte intensivstationäre Mortalität von 40,7 % gegenüber 1,6 % bei Patienten ohne Sepsis. Die Patienten mit prolongiertem SIRS (15,4 % der Gesamtpopulation) benötigten insgesamt 52,9 % der Bettentage und 57,7 % der Gesamtkosten der intensiv-medizinischen Behandlung. Die septischen Patienten (3,7 %) verursachten alleine 24,6 % der intensivstationären Behandlungstage sowie 28,7 % der Gesamtkosten. Die fünf Variablen weibliches Geschlecht, das Auftreten definierter intraoperativer Komplikationen, ein APACHE II- Score > 17 bei Aufnahme auf der Intensivstation, der postoperative Bedarf von mehr als einem Inotropikum sowie das Vorhandensein von definierten, therapiebedürftigen metabolischen Störungen innerhalb der ersten 24 Stunden postoperativ diskriminierten in Bezug auf das Vorhandensein oder Nicht-Vorhandensein der Zielvariablen prolongiertes SIRS (> 3 Tage ) mehr als 88 % der Patienten richtig. Jeweils über 96 % der Patienten konnten durch die aus diesen Variablen entwickelten Regressionsgleichungen richtig zugeordnet werden bezüglich des Auftretens oder Nicht-Auftretens einer Sepsis bzw. eines letalen Ausgangs. Das intern validierten Modell für die Zielvariable prolongiertes SIRS (> 3 Tage) erreichte eine hohe Spezifität von über 97 % bei einer Sensitivität von 39 %. Die vorliegenden Regressionsgleichungen ermöglichen es somit, am Patientengut dieser Institution prospektiv Patienten mit erhöhtem Risiko auf ein prolongiertes SIRS bzw. eine Sepsis mit hoher Spezifität zu selektionieren. / The development of a systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) and sepsis are well known complications after cardiac surgery. In the present study, 77.1 % of the 3653 cardiac surgical patients developed SIRS or SIRS-like symptoms on the first postoperative day. Only 20 % of these patients, however, showed a prolonged SIRS during the first 3 postoperative days. 4.4 % of all patients had septic complications during their stay on the intensive care unit (ICU). However, 21.8 % of the patients with prolonged SIRS developed sepsis. The identified 564 patients with prolonged SIRS showed a significantly (p < 0.001) increased duration of mechanical ventilation, ICU- and hospital treatment, respectively. Their ICU- and hospital mortality was tenfold higher than in patients without prolonged SIRS. The ICU-mortality of 135 septic patients was 40.7 % in contrast to 1.6 % in patients without sepsis. Patients with prolonged SIRS (15.4 % of the study population) accounted for 52.9 % of the bed days on ICU and for 57.7 % of the total costs. Septic patients (3.7 % of the study population) required 24.6 % of the bed days and 28.7 % of the total costs during their ICU-stay. The use of 5 variables including female gender, defined intraoperative complications, an APACHE II- Score of > 17 on ICU-admission, the use of more than one inotrope postoperatively, and the treatment of defined metabolical disorders identified 88 % of the patients with prolonged SIRS (> 3 days) correctly during the first 24 hours postoperativly. The resulting predictive models identified more than 96 % of the patients with sepsis or lethal outcome correctly. The internal validation of the predictive model for prolonged SIRS (> 3 days) demonstrated a specifity of 97 % and a sensitivity of 39 %. Therefore, the early identification of patients at risk for the development of prolonged SIRS or sepsis in our institution seems to be possible using multiple logistic regression of these predictive models.

In einer prospektiven Studie wurden bei 28 kritisch kranken Patienten einer interdisziplinären Intensivstation die Plasmaspiegel von TNF[alpha], sCD14, Interleukin-6 (IL-6), sICAM-1 und sE-Selektin gemessen. Ziel der Studie war es, die genannten Parameter in ihrer Wertigkeit als Frühparameter der Sepsis zu untersuchen. Die Plasmaspiegel der Parameter TNF[alpha], IL-6, sCD14, sICAM-1 und sE-Selektin wurden mittels ELISA-Testkits bestimmt. Insgesamt wurde in einem Zeitraum von 11 Beobachtungstagen täglich 10 ml Blut entnommen, zentrifugiert und bis zur Verarbeitung tiefgefroren. Gruppe 1:Patienten mit einer mikrobiellen Infektion, die im Beobachtungszeitraum keine Sepsis entwickelten. Alle Patienten dieser Gruppe überlebten,Gruppe 2:Patienten mit einer mikrobiellen Infektion, die im Beobachtungszeitraum eine Sepsis mit Organdysfunktion entwickelt haben und überlebten, / In a prospective study, we determined the plasma levels of TNF[alpha], sCD14, Interleukin-6 (IL 6), sICAM-1 and sE-Selectin of 28 critically ill patients on our interdisciplinary intensive care unit. The aim of our study was to find out if these parameters are valuable for the early diagnosis of septicaemia. Plasma levels of TNF[alpha], IL-6, sCD14, sICAM-1 and sE-Selectin were measured with ELISA-test-kits. In a period of 11 days, we took 10 ml of blood daily which was refrigerated until examination. GROUP 1:patients with bacterial infections who did not develop septicaemia. All of these patients survived.GROUP 2:patients with bacterial infections who presented with symptoms of disturbed organic function within the examination period and survived.GROUP 3: patients with bacterial infections who developped symptoms of severe septicaemia and died because of multiple organic failure. Results: In patients with septicaemia, TNF[alpha]-levels were significantly higher than in patients without septicaemia. TNF[alpha]-levels can not be used as prognostic parameters in septicaemia because of the short half-life-time.sCD14-levels were significantly higher in patients with septicaemia in the first two days of observation. sCD14-levels can not be used as a prognostic criteria in septicaemia.In patients with septicaemia, we found significant higher Interleucin-6-levels compareed to patients without septicaemia. IL6 prooved to be a good marker for septicaemia. In combination with plasma levels of Se_Selectin, it is criteria for severity of the septicaemia and propable outcome of patients.Pathologically high plasma levels of sICAM-1 were measured in patients with septicaemia. S-ICAM-1 is an early indicator for activation of withe blood cells and danger of septicaemia. The exact blood level of s-ICAM-1 did not correlate with the outcome of patients.sE-Selectin-levels were significantly higher in patients with septicaemia than in patients without septicaemia. The persistence of high sE-Selectin levels indicates possible septicaemia early and is correlated with the outcome of patients.

Bakgrund: Sepsis är en sjukdom där bakterier tar sig ut i blodbanan och frisätter substanser som rubbar den normala funktionen i våra organ. Sepsis delas in i tre svårighetsgrader: sepsis, svår sepsis och septisk chock. Globalt insjuknar över 35 miljoner människor per år i sepsis och hög ålder är en stor riskfaktor. Äldre individer som överlever en svår sepsis ses ha en ökad sjuklighet och dödlighet efter infektionen och löper därmed större risk för nedsatt hälsorelaterad livskvalité. Syfte: Syftet var att sammanställa kunskap om äldre patienters kvarstående problem med hälsorelaterade livskvalité efter att ha vårdats för sepsis på sjukhus. Metod: Studiedesignen för detta examensarbete var en litteraturöversikt innehållande 11 kvantitativa studier med svar på efterfrågat syfte. Sökning gjordes i CINAHL och PubMed med datumbegränsning från 2008–2018. Inkluderade artiklar har granskats med GRADE och presenteras med rubriker och underrubriker i resultatdelen. Resultat: Huvudkategorierna fysisk hälsa, kognitiv påverkan på hälsa och social hälsa härleddes till temat hälsorelaterad livskvalité. Sepsisinfektionen kunde kopplas till försämringar av fysiska, sociala och kognitiva attribut som kvarstår långt efter patienten var medicinskt färdigbehandlad. Slutsats: Forskning visar att försämrad hälsorelaterad livskvalité kvarstår långt efter utskrivning, mer forskning behövs inom området för att stötta dessa individer. Nyckelord: Hälsorelaterad livskvalité, livskvalitet, omvårdnad, sepsis, överlevnad. / Background: Sepsis is a disease where bacteria get into the bloodstream and release substances that rub the normal function in our organs. Sepsis is divided into three severities: sepsis, severe sepsis and septic shock. Globally, more than 35 million people worldwide suffer from sepsis and high age is a major risk factor. Older individuals who survive a severe sepsis are seen to have increased morbidity and mortality after infection and thus run higher risk of impaired health-related quality of life. Aim: The aim was to summarize knowledge of older patients' remaining problems with health-related quality of life after being taken care of after hospitalization. Method: The study design for this project was a literature review containing 11 quantitative studies in response to the aim. Search was made in CINAHL and PubMed with data limitation from 2008-2018. Included articles have been examined with GRADE and are presented with headings and subheadings in the result section. Result: The headings of physical health, cognitive impact on health and social health were derived from the theme of health-related quality of life. The sepsis infection could be associated with physical, social and cognitive impairment disorders that persisted long after the patient was medically discharged. Conclusion: Research shows that deteriorating health-related quality of life persists long after discharge, and more research is needed in the area to support these individuals. Keywords: Health-related quality of life, nursing, sepsis, survival quality of life

Introdução: Apesar de todos os esforços, as taxas de mortalidade na sepse ainda são inaceitavelmente altas, por isso, é importante a busca por novos tratamentos. O óxido nítrico tem um papel fundamental na fisiopatologia da sepse e sua modulação poderia ser uma alternativa de tratamento para algumas das complicações hemodinâmicas, de perfusão tecidual e inflamatórias desta síndrome. Objetivos: Avaliar o efeito do nitroprussiato e do inibidor da iNOs (1400W) nos parâmetros hemodinâmicos, de perfusão tecidual e na inflamação, em modelo experimental de choque séptico. Métodos: Utilizou-se 20 suínos anestesiados e monitorados através do cateter de artéria pulmonar, cateter de tonometria e cateter de artéria femoral. Eles foram randomizados e tratados da seguinte maneira. Sham - somente anestesia; Choque - anestesia, infusão de bactérias (E.coli, 4,5x109ufc/mL) e tratamento padrão (fluidos e noradrenalina, guiados pela PVC, PAM e SvO2); NO/iNOs mesmos tratamentos do Choque, associado ao tratamento específico com nitroprussiato e inibidor da iNOs. Foram avaliados parâmetros hemodinâmicos, de perfusão tecidual, ventilatórios, gasométricos e inflamatórios a cada 1 hora, a partir do Tbasal até 240 minutos. Resultados: Verificou-se alterações clínicas características da sepse, após a infusão de bactérias, como taquicardia, hipotensão arterial, depressão miocárdica, hipertensão pulmonar, aumento do lactato, comprometimento da perfusão tecidual regional e indução das citocinas pró-inflamatórias. A administração do nitroprussiato associado ao inibidor da iNOs ao grupo NO/iNOs, promoveu melhora significante em relação ao grupo Choque, com aumento do IC (6,0 ± 1,9 vs 4,1 ± 2,3 e p<0,024), da FE (31 ± 13 vs 17 ± 6 e p<0,001), do ITSVE (30 ± 8 vs 20 ± 9 e p<0,026) e do IVS (35 ± 13 vs 24 ± 11 p< 0,033) e diminuição da PAP (40 ± 6 vs 48 ± 6 p<0,001) e do IRVP (460 ± 148 vs 906 ± 405 p<0,001). A perfusão tecidual melhorou, com diminuição do PCO2 intestinal (83 ± 11 vs 94 ± 16 p<0,041), diferença entre o PCO2 intestinal/ arterial (38 ± 8 vs 55 ± 27 e p< 0,039) e aumento do pH intestinal (7,07 ± 0,06 vs 6,99 ± 0,09 p< 0,032), SvO2 (79 ± 6 vs 65 ± 12 p<0,002) e DU (167 ± 89 vs 66 ± 45 p<0,001). Houve melhora da são2 (97 ± 2 vs 93 ± 7 p< 0,027) e da IL1-&beta; (340 ± 147 vs 1306 ± 238 e p< 0,001).Discussão: o tratamento proposto melhorou a função cardíaca, oxigenação, perfusão tecidual e inflamação sem apresentar efeitos adversos. Conclusão: O modelo proposto foi representativo da sepse clínica e o tratamento com nitroprussiato e inibidor da iNOs melhorou a função do miocárdio, a hemodinâmica pulmonar, a perfusão tecidual e modulou a resposta inflamatória. / Introduction: Despite all efforts, the mortality rates in sepsis are still unacceptably high, so it is important to search for new treatments. Nitric oxide plays a key role in the pathophysiology of sepsis and its modulation could be an alternative treatment for some hemodynamic, tissue perfusion and inflammatory complications of this syndrome. Objectives: Evaluate the effect of nitroprusside and iNOs inhibitor (1400W) on hemodynamic, tissue perfusion and inflammation parameters, in an experimental model of septic shock. Methods: We used 20 anesthetized pigs and monitored them via the pulmonary artery catheter, tonometry catheter and the femoral artery catheter. They were randomized and treated as follows. Sham - anesthesia only; Shock - anesthesia, infusion of bacteria (E.coli, x109ufc/mL 4.5) and standard treatment (fluids and norepinephrine, guided by CVP, MAP and SvO2) NO/iNOs - same treatments of Shock, associated to specific treatment with iNOs inhibitor and nitroprusside. We evaluated hemodynamic, tissue perfusion, ventilation, blood gas and inflammatory parameters every 1 hour from Tbasal up to 240 minutes. Results: There were clinical changes typical of sepsis, after the infusion of bacteria, such as tachycardia, hypotension, myocardial depression, pulmonary hypertension, increase of lactate, impairment of regional tissue perfusion and induction of pro inflammatory cytokines. The administration of nitroprusside associated with the iNOs inhibitor to the NO/iNOs group, caused a significant improvement in relation to the Shock group, with increase of CI (6.0 ± 1.9 vs. 4.1 ± 2.3 p <0.024), EF (31 ± 13 vs 17 ± 6 p <0.001), LVSWI (30 ± 8 vs 20 ± 9 p <0.026) and SVI (35 ± 13 vs 24 ± 11 p <0.033) and decrease of PAP (40 ± 6 vs 48 ± 6 p <0.001) and PVRI (460 ± 148 vs 906 ± 405 p <0.001). The tissue perfusion improved, with a decrease of intestinal PCO2 (83 ± 11 vs 94 ± 16 p <0.041), intestinal/arterial PCO2 gap (38 ± 8 vs 55 ± 27 p <0.039) and increase of intestinal pH (7.07 ± 0.06 vs 6, 99 ± 0.09, p <0.032), SvO2 (79 ± 6 vs 65 ± 12 p <0.002) and urinary output (167 ± 89 vs 66 ± 45 p <0.001). There was improvement in SaO2 (97 ± 2 vs 93 ± 7 p <0.027) and IL1-&beta; (340 ± 147 vs. 1306 ± 238 p <0.001). Discussion: The proposed treatment improved cardiac function, oxygenation, tissue perfusion and inflammation without producing adverse effects. Conclusion: The proposed model was representative of clinical sepsis and the treatment with nitroprusside and iNOs inhibitor improved myocardial function, pulmonary hemodynamics, tissue perfusion and modulated the inflammatory response.

Le sepsis est un syndrome observé chez des patients associant une infection documentée (microbiologiquement ou cliniquement suspectée) à une réponse inflammatoire systémique (Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome : SIRS).Celui-ci peut évoluer vers un sepsis sévère s'il est associé à la défaillance d'un ou de plusieurs organes. Le choc septique est l'association d'un état septique grave et d'une défaillance hémodynamique caractérisée par une chute aiguë de la pression artérielle ne pouvant pas être corrigée par une procédure standard de remplissage vasculaire. Les syndromes septiques sont aujourd'hui la première cause de mortalité en unités de réanimation. Cette mortalité élevée, en particulier pour les cas les plus graves tels que les chocs septiques, témoigne d'une absence de traitements curatifs pour cette pathologie. Partant de l'hypothèse que les syndromes septiques graves sont la conséquence d'une perte de contrôle précoce de la régulation de la réponse inflammatoire, nous avons étudié, via deux démarches complémentaires, l'initiation de la voie de signalisation TLR4 et les mécanismes intracellulaires contribuant à sa régulation. Dans un premier temps, l'utilisation d'approches transcriptomiques nous a permis d'identifier la voie de signalisation mTOR comme discriminante entre des patients sains (SIRS induit par l'injection d'endotoxines) et des patients souffrant de syndromes septiques graves. Nous avons ensuite développé et utilisé des techniques de modélisation logique pour simuler in silico le rôle joué par la voie mTOR dans la résolution d'une réponse inflammatoire. Ces résultats encourageants ouvrent des perspectives pour de nouvelles applications thérapeutiques dans le domaine du sepsis / Sepsis is a syndrome observed in patients combining a documented infection (microbiologically or clinically suspected) with a systemic inflammatory response (Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome : SIRS). It may progress to severe sepsis if it is associated with failures of one or more organs. Septic shock is the combination of a severe sepsis and a hemodynamic dysfunction characterized by an acute fall in blood pressure that cannot be corrected by a procedure of vascular filling.Sepsis syndromes represent today the first cause of mortality in intensive care units around the world. This poor survival rate, in particular for the most severe cases, such as septic shock, testifies a real curative therapeutic demand.Based on the assumption that severe sepsis syndromes are the consequence of a loss of control in early mechanisms of inflammatory response regulation, we studied via two complementary approaches the initiation of TLR4 signaling pathway and the intracellular mechanisms contributing to its regulation.First, the use of transcriptomic approaches allowed us to identify the mTOR signaling pathway as discriminating between healthy patients (SIRS induced by the infusion of endotoxins) and patients with severe septic syndromes. We then developed and used logic modeling approaches to in silico simulate the role played by the mTOR signaling pathway in the resolution of an inflammatory response. These encouraging results open perspectives for new therapeutic applications in the field of sepsis

O choque séptico é a complicação mais comum da sepse e responsável por um grande número de casos de morte em unidades de terapia intensiva. Em pacientes com diagnóstico de sepse, a febre é um dos sinais mais comuns, entretanto a hipotermia pode ocorrer e geralmente está associada a infecções severas, prognóstico pior e alta mortalidade. A confluência de vários fatores contribui para a deterioração da condição clínica do paciente que evolui para choque séptico. Um dos principais fatores é a aumentada síntese de óxido nítrico, que pode mediar alterações na função cardiovascular e termorregulatória. O enfermeiro é capaz de detectar o início dos sinais clínicos desses quadros, que incluem: complicação do quadro pulmonar (com presença de taquipnéia), sudorese fria, confusão mental, oligúria, taquicardia, hipotensão arterial e alteração da temperatura corporal. A detecção desses sinais pode ser facilmente realizada com instrumentos apropriados e exame físico. Neste estudo, o objetivo foi correlacionar os valores de temperatura e as concentrações plasmáticas de óxido nítrico em pacientes com diagnóstico de sepse, sepse grave e choque séptico. Nossos dados mostram que existe uma correlação negativa (p<0.0037; r2=0,1593; Coeficiente de Pearson -0,3991) entre os valores de temperatura corporal e os valores de concentração plasmática de nitrato em pacientes com diagnóstico de choque séptico. Estes dados mostram que quanto mais baixa a temperatura corporal, mais altas são as concentrações plasmáticas de nitrato. / Septic shock is the most common complication of sepsis and responsible for a large number of cases of death in intensive care units. In patients with sepsis, fever is one of the most common signs, but hypothermia can occur and is usually associated with severe infections, worse prognosis and high mortality. The confluence of several factors contributing to the deterioration of the clinical condition of patients who progress to septic shock. A key factor is the increased synthesis of nitric oxide may mediate changes in cardiovascular and thermoregulatory function. The nurse is able to detect the onset of clinical signs in these tables, which include: a complication of pulmonary symptoms (presence of tachypnea), cold sweating, mental confusion, oliguria, tachycardia, hypotension, and changes in body temperature. The detection of these signals can be easily accomplished with appropriate instruments and physical examination. In this study, we aimed to correlate the temperature and plasma concentrations of nitric oxide in patients with sepsis, severe sepsis and septic shock. Our data show that there is a negative correlation (p <0.0037, r2 = 0.1593, Pearson´s coefficient of -0.3991) between the values of body temperature and the values of plasma nitrate in patients with septic shock. These data show that the lower body temperature, the higher plasma concentrations of nitrate.