Submitted by Cristiane de Melo Shirayama (cristiane.shirayama@unifesp.br) on 2018-04-13T20:55:05Z No. of bitstreams: 1 guilherme-tadeu-de-paula.pdf: 699804 bytes, checksum: 3d098adb3ca4895cf32a9c546b301250 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Diogo Misoguti (diogo.misoguti@gmail.com) on 2018-04-17T18:06:07Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 guilherme-tadeu-de-paula.pdf: 699804 bytes, checksum: 3d098adb3ca4895cf32a9c546b301250 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-04-17T18:06:07Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 guilherme-tadeu-de-paula.pdf: 699804 bytes, checksum: 3d098adb3ca4895cf32a9c546b301250 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-02-05 / Este trabalho pretende analisar o conceito de terrorismo a partir de uma perspectiva crítica. O desenvolvimento dos argumentos nele encontrados se dará através de uma análise histórica, especialmente voltada para quatro períodos que mereceram especial atenção: o Terror Jacobino da Revolução Francesa, os atentados praticados por anarquistas na virada do século XIX, a imprecisão conceitual do século XX e o pós 11 de setembro e as políticas estadunidenses da época, essencialmente a Guerra ao Terror. Partindo de um pressuposto metodológico de que é a história social e as relações de poder que os homens estabelecem em sociedade que pautam e determinam os conceitos, esta pesquisa ainda dialogará com outras noções de terrorismo que apareceram no debate de nosso tempo, com o intuito de, a partir desta síntese, fundamentar uma melhor percepção que ajude a explicar as principais inquietações que motivaram este esforço analítico. O argumento central que conduzirá toda a abordagem se fundamenta no caráter político da conceituação de terrorismo, que não é um conceito límpido, científico e frio, mas sim um dispositivo de poder político em disputa em cada determinada sociedade. / This research aims to exam the concept of terrorism in a critical perspective. The development of these arguments will be found through a historical analysis, especially focused on four eras that deserve special attention: the “Reign of Terror” of the French Revolution, the attacks perpetrated by anarchists in the last decade of the nineteenth century, the broad concept of terrorism in the twentieth century and post September 11 and the U.S. policies in the age of War on Terror. Our methodological assumption is that the social history and power relations among people whitin societies that determine and rule the concepts. This research will dialogue with different ideas of terrorism that emerged in the debate of our days, and from that, to create a basis for a better perception that helps explain the main concerns that motivated this analytical effort. The main argument that lead our whole approach is based on the political aspect of terrorism concept, which is not a cloudless, pure and scientific but a kind of device of political power that can be found in each particular society.

Three CMEs which erupted on 2017 Sep 4 and 6 underwent mutual interaction before reaching Earth on Sep 6-9, where it gave rise to a complex and unexpectedly geoeffective structure as detected by WIND at L1. The spacecraft first observed an interplanetary (IP) shock on Sep 6 followed by a turbulent sheath. The leg of the CME flux rope is detected on Sep 7, in which clear signatures of a shock-in-a-cloud can be distinguished, coming from the third CME which propagated into the preceding flux rope. We model the source of this complex ejecta with WSA-ENLIL+Cone and EUHFORIA to assess and compare the overall performance for interacting CMEs as opposed to single CME events. We find that following the conventional algorithm for determination of input parameters give large deviation in the event prediction at L1. The overestimated density of the IP shock 1 is due to the way of implementation of the magnetogram in WSA model. Excluding the slow CME from the input leads to even larger deviation. The prediction of IP shock 1 drastically improves by introducing of a customized density enhancement factor (dcld) based on coronagraph image observations. This novel approach, is simple and accessible, and could be applied to improve the forecast for fast, undisturbed CMEs. The deviation in the prediction of IP shock 2 comes from its interaction with the low proton temperature environment of the preceding magnetic cloud, giving rise to an expansion of the shock front. Additionally, the properties of the background solar wind plasma have been preconditioned by passage of the previous IP shock. This was confirmed from the kilometric type II radio burst emission following the eruption of the third CME. The propagation profile of this CME implies an almost non-existent deceleration in the interplanetary medium, in contrast to the expected CME deceleration due to interaction with the background plasma. In summary, this study presents clear indications that magnetic interaction must be taken into account to reliably forecast multiple CME events. Preconditioning of previous CMEs must also be considered in more depth, and ultimately requires a realistic, time-dependent model of the ambient solar wind which responds well to propagating shock waves. Models in space physics presents us with the perfect tools for understanding not only the physical processes that the simplified models can predict, but perhaps more importantly, help us begin to understand what the models fail to predict.

Made available in DSpace on 2017-03-14T14:10:08Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2012-02-17. Added 1 bitstream(s) on 2017-03-14T14:42:42Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 000685750.pdf: 67781 bytes, checksum: 3c54d1cb16730767c0361aa0d3ec3549 (MD5) Bitstreams deleted on 2017-07-28T12:36:26Z: 000685750_20161231.pdf,. Added 1 bitstream(s) on 2017-07-28T12:37:14Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 000685750.pdf: 55765135 bytes, checksum: 4bf6c4444b278ebc053c3f7c0ff2844b (MD5) Bitstreams deleted on 2017-08-07T14:09:17Z: 000685750.pdf,. Added 1 bitstream(s) on 2017-08-07T14:10:21Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 000685750.pdf: 55765135 bytes, checksum: 4bf6c4444b278ebc053c3f7c0ff2844b (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:29:50Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2012-02-17Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:39:38Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 mariano_mco_me_sjrp_parcial.pdf: 61686 bytes, checksum: 85be7b5b66db2f567cf2e052286f85d3 (MD5) Bitstreams deleted on 2015-02-09T14:35:41Z: mariano_mco_me_sjrp_parcial.pdf,Bitstream added on 2015-02-09T14:36:21Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 000685750_20161231.pdf: 1506390 bytes, checksum: 5a7c60850c69475431d99fde8a4b98d6 (MD5) Bitstreams deleted on 2015-02-09T17:15:04Z: 000685750_20161231.pdf,Bitstream added on 2015-02-09T17:15:41Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 000685750_20161231.pdf: 1506390 bytes, checksum: 5a7c60850c69475431d99fde8a4b98d6 (MD5) / Item merged in doublecheck by Luiz Galeffi (luizgaleffi@gmail.com) on 2017-07-26T12:49:03Z Item was identical to item(s): 149682, 98273 at handle(s): http://hdl.handle.net/11449/149233, http://hdl.handle.net/11449/99137 / Os atentados de 11 de setembro originaram diversas manifestações artísticas buscando não apenas explicações para a tragédia, mas também tentando repensar os acontecimentos. Neste sentido, esta pesquisa apresenta uma investigação a respeito da maneira como um romance e um documentário se apropriaram desse episódio para reavaliá-lo. Com os ataques, os Estados Unidos experimentaram uma forte sensação de vulnerabilidade, desencadeando reações do governo americano, que formulou com bastante rapidez uma nova doutrina de segurança nacional, baseada no combate ao terrorismo. Esta dissertação analisa as estratégias narrativas utilizadas pelo autor americano Don DeLillo no romance Falling Man (2007), e pelo cineasta Michael Moore, no documentário Fahrenheit 9/11 (2004), e como eles abordam fatores históricos, socioeconômicos e políticos que desencadearam a tragédia, a fim de reexaminá-la. Textos teóricos e críticos sobre a relação entre Literatura e História, ficção Pós-Moderna, aspectos do documentário e questões sobre terrorismo fundamentam as discussões apresentadas no trabalho. Este estudo objetiva ampliar os questionamentos acerca dos fatos que levaram à catástrofe e suas consequências, examinando personagens e grupos ligados ao 11 de setembro, revelando múltiplas verdades, condicionadas social, ideológica e historicamente / September 11 has originated a wide range of artistic manifestations which have not only searched for plausible explanations for the tragedy, but also tried to review the events. In this sense, this thesis aims at showing how a novel and a documentary reevaluate this episode. The attacks made the United States experience a strong sense of vulnerability, triggering reactions from the American government, who quickly established a new national security strategy, associated with the war on terror. This thesis analyzes the narrative strategies employed by the American author Don DeLillo in his novel Falling Man (2007) and by the filmmaker Michael Moore in the documentary Fahrenheit 9/11 (2004), as well as the way they approach socioeconomic and political factors that caused the tragedy in order to reevaluate it. The debate of the topics is based on texts concerning the relationship between literature and history, postmodern fiction, documentary aspects and issues on terrorism. This study contributes to enrich the discussion related to the events that led to the catastrophe and its aftermath, examining characters and groups linked to the September 11 terrorist attacks, revealing multiple truths subjected to social, ideological and historical conditions

This is a paper about the process of creating meaning in speeches held by president Bush after the terrorist attacks on September 11th 2001. People need tools to orient and understand the surrounding world. They need to create a meaningful orientation in a chaotic world. Some meaning is favoured due to the prevailing social structures. Thru language discourses are produced that helps us understand how the world is constructed. The national state is a discourse that make the world understandable. The discourse create a natural perception of the world as divided into nations. A grand narrative is a story that explain incomprehensive occurrences in society. In times of war these stories become crucial. It is necessary to demonise the enemy to legitimise ones actions. In the US a myth of origin is built around the concept of Manifest Destiny. The myth constitutes that the nation has a unique mission from God to save the rest of the world. In the story retelling the events of September 11th president Bush presents a solution to the problem of terrorists threatening to divide the nation. The nation is constantly on the brink of falling apart. The solution is unity. President Bush recreate the story of USA and the terrorist attacks in a meaningful way, and portrays the nation as a natural entity. The enemy is the evil force that unites the nation.

The United Nations has a responsibility to combat acts of international terrorism, as they constitute a threat to international peace and security. In spite of this, there exists no generally accepted definition of the phenomenom within the UN. By examining resolutions on terrorism, this thesis aims to evaluate the UN’s policy on terrorism since the end of the cold war until 2003. The results show that the UN’s attitude towards terrorism eversince the end of the cold war has been condemning, but that the the events of September 11th 2001 has contributed to an even more firm approach to the problem. Furthermore, it can be established that before September 11th 2001, the UN acted in response to states being responsible for acts of terror. After that date the UN has had to deal with terrorism committed by unknown actors that don’t have any governmental connection.

One of the most dynamic events of our time is the large extent of population movements within and across national boundaries. The causes of this movement of people include economic hardship due to various natural calamities such as earthquakes, droughts, famine and floods, as well as economic hardship due to lack of income. Political instabilities represent a central factor that is forcing the population movements at both national and international level. In most of the cases, reality is beeing perceived as follows: if international security is enhanced, so is national security. However, the phenomenon of migration is perceived as being a greater challenge in the field of security towards failure states, rather than it might affect any welfare postindustrial states. Nowadays we are facing a more globalized security environment, fact that is actually providing other states with the possibility to create a better security for their own nations. In order to gain this security immunity, the states should be able to enforce and protect the migration policies within international security. The relationship between migration and security became increasingly complex in the new millennium. As it follows, the focus of this theme is the correlation between migration´s consequences, both positive and negative, towards national security of host states. Furthermore, the topic of this paper is extending over ´what terrorism implies´. In order to reach a clear understanding, it has been analyzed the phenomenon of globalization and its forthcoming implications within both terrorism and migration. As a result of this transformation, terrorism has the power now to threat much more countries in the global area. Nevertheless, the purpose of this thesis is to examine which factors have an impact on international security, within a continental similarity. The central focus reflects over the Euro-Mediterranean area and to certain extends over the United States. The considered factors are: migration, loss/gain of governmental control, the political reaction after the attack of 9/11, spread of democracy (e.g. globalization), and creating citizenship.

Denna uppsats är en jämförelse av hur terroristdåden den 11 september 2001 i USA och den 11 mars 2004 i Spanien framställdes i Dagens Nyheter. Syftet med uppsatsen är att åskådliggöra hur terroristdåd utförda av Al Qaeda framställs i Dagens Nyheter på två olika kontinenter. Uppsatsen bygger på material från litteratur om terrorism som begrepp och dess gestaltning i media, samt tidningsartiklar om dåden från Dagens Nyheter. En diskursanalys har vidare genomförts på tidningsartiklarna för att kunna se likheter och skillnader i framställningen av text kring dessa dåd. Kodningen och jämförelsen har skett genom en dimensionering av olika företeelser som återfunnits i artiklarna. På detta vis framkom en skillnad i framställningen på dessa olika kontinenter i media. Dådet den 11 september erhåller ett större utrymme i Dagens Nyheter och framställs genom en krigsdiskurs som angår alla demokratiska länder i världen. Amerikanerna framställs i sammanhanget som ett folk som aldrig tidigare upplevt terrorism. Detta medan den 11 mars framställs genom en nedtonad terroristdiskurs som gör händelsen beskedlig och till något alldagligt och en närmare beskrivning av händelseförloppet uteblir. Dådet på denna kontinent angår endast Europa och européerna framställs som ett folk med stor erfarenhet av terrorism och våld. I båda dåden förekommer en vi-och-dem-diskurs, men inriktad på olika företeelser. I dådet den 11 september gestaltas detta genom en motsättning mellan den demokratiska västvärlden och de islamistiska länderna. Detta medan dådet den 11 mars påvisar en motsättning mellan europeiska medborgare och de säkerhetstjänster som fått i uppgift att lösa problemet med terrorism, men som i sammanhanget framställs som opålitliga hemlighetsmakare.

The objective of this study is to investigate trends in international terrorism since the end of the Cold War, including those identified as “new” terrorism and to determine to what extent these are applicable to the Al-Qaeda movement. To achieve this aim, the study focused on aspects such as the origin and development of new terrorism; the differences and resemblances between traditional and new terrorism; the historical development of international terrorism; the effect of the end of the Cold War on terrorism; and factors impacting on contemporary terrorism. An analysis of the Al-Qaeda movement was done with respect to its motivation, ideology, transnational character, target selection, operational strategy and tactics, and its desire to use non-conventional weapons. The intention was to identify aspects which may indicate whether the movement serves as a model of the characteristics identified by certain authors as a new terrorism. Case studies of the most important terrorist incidents linked to Al-Qaeda, including the September 11 attacks on the US, are included. The study demonstrates that the nature of terrorism as an instrument to obtain political objectives has evolved but, at the same time, it has retained most of its essential characteristics. An investigation of the characteristics of traditional and new terrorism confirmed this conclusion, as well as that a differentiation between these types of terrorism is mostly a matter of perspective. Another finding of the study is that terrorist campaigns have rarely obtained their strategic goals but that it nevertheless remains a popular strategy aimed at effecting desired political change. The study furthermore confirms that terrorist groups do not operate in a vacuum but are influenced by the existing political, socio-economic and cultural environments. As such the end of the Cold War has caused specific changes in the international system which facilitated the rise of a movement like Al-Qaeda and which enabled it to function at a global level. The usefulness of the study lies in the clarification of the concepts of traditional and new terrorism; its indication of the evolving of motivations and strategies applied by terrorist organisations; and in the findings about the current campaign of the Al-Qaeda movement. Copyright 2007, University of Pretoria. All rights reserved. The copyright in this work vests in the University of Pretoria. No part of this work may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, without the prior written permission of the University of Pretoria. Please cite as follows: Bester, F 2007, New trends in contemporary international and transnational terrorism as manifested in the Al-Qaeda movement, MSS dissertation, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, viewed yymmdd < http://upetd.up.ac.za/thesis/available/etd-04112008-125925/ > / Dissertation (MSS)--University of Pretoria, 2008. / Political Sciences / unrestricted

The project investigated the events that led the United States from September 11, 2001 to the current war in Iraq. The specific time frame examined was the period beginning on September 11, 2001 and ending with the first pre-emptive attacks in Iraq on March 19, 2003.

Ce mémoire explore la construction d’un discours mythologique à travers les films de superhéros, dont la production a explosé après les évènements du 11 septembre 2001. La perspective généalogique proposée retrace la figure du superhéros dans les comics des années 1900 pour en suivre l’évolution jusqu’à aujourd’hui dans le cinéma hollywoodien. On montrera comment les évènements du 11 septembre 2001 ont été déterminants dans la production de ce type de films, dont on dégagera les principales caractéristiques : un contenu fortement mythologique, prenant appui sur le mal absolu, et une fonction idéologique, axée principalement sur celle de cohésion sociale. Une étude de cas à partir de Batman relèvera la teneur mythologique et les idéologies présentes dans quatre films, réalisés entre 1943 et 2012. Les écrits de Gérard Bouchard sur le mythe social, ainsi que les thèses de Robert Jewett et John Shelton Lawrence sur le monomythe américain, serviront d’appuis théoriques et critiques à la démonstration de la prégnance de ce type de film dans l’imaginaire cinématographique étatsunien depuis 2001. / This essay examines the construction of a mythological discourse by analyzing superhero movies, a genre whose popularity exploded after the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001. This essay traces back the origins of the superhero figure through the history of the comic book medium in the 20th century all the way to contemporary Hollywood cinema. We will demonstrate how the terrorist attacks have been central to the production of this type of movie, of which we will examine the most important characteristics: a strongly mythological content, supported by a representation of absolute evil, and an ideological function, mainly based on the principle of social cohesion. A case study on the character of Batman will be able to show the mythological content and the ideologies present in four movies, produced between 1943 and 2012. The writings of Gérard Bouchard on the social myth as well as the theories of Robert Jewett and John Shelton Lawrence on the American monomyth will be used to demonstrate the importance of this type of movie in the American culture since 2001.