Community-Based Health Insurance (CBHI) in Rwanda was promulgated as the best alternative to address the financial barriers for accessibility to health care services for the poor population and the informal sector. The purpose of this study was to investigate whether CBHI reduce Out-of-pocket health expenses for their members as compared to non-members and to what extent CBHI provide financial protection for the poorest population. This research based itself on secondary source of data primarily collected for a prospective quasi-experimental design which evaluated the impact of Performance-Based Financing. The primary study had reported on the Out-Of-Pocket expenses for health by members and non-members of CBHI; residing in a sample of 1961 households; in addition to their demographics and socio-economic characteristics. The findings indicate that insured individuals were about 2.6 times more likely to utilize health care services than respondents without health insurance. It is also worth noting that households with health insurance coverage were less likely to experience a catastrophic health expenditure than households without health insurance (aOR: 0.744; 95% CI:[0.586 - 0.945]), and that the effect of health insurance coverage was higher in people living in poor households than in people living in middle or richer households / Health Studies / M.A. (Public Health)

Fewer rural Congolese women complete 4 antenatal care (ANC) visits than do urban women, despite high maternal and child mortality rates. This quantitative cross-sectional survey applied Andersen's behavioral model of service utilization to examine whether the ANC facility type, provider type, provider gender, time to ANC facility, cost, and number of services can predict ANC compliance among rural women. The study was a secondary analysis of the 2015 Maternal and Child Health (MCH) survey, which comprised 1,280 eligible women selected through stratified random sampling. The analysis included bivariate and multivariate logistic regressions. The findings showed that women seen in private facilities, AOR = 2.220, 95% CI [1.384, 3.561], p < .01; women seen by female providers, AOR = 1.407, 95% CI [1.055, 1.877], p < .05; and women receiving 7 to 9 ANC services, AOR = 1.680, 95% CI [1.142, 2.472], p < .05, were more likely to complete 4 ANC visits. The cost of services and time to the ANC facility had no association with ANC compliance. Further analysis showed that private facilities provided more services (median of 6 vs. 5, p = .000) and had more women attended to by doctors (11% vs. 2%, p = .000) and female providers (72.9% vs. 58.4%, p < .001). These findings suggest that service quality and provider gender play a role in ANC compliance in rural areas. Therefore, Congolese health authorities should establish quality improvement programs and incentives to attract female providers to rural areas. This study contributes to positive social change by identifying ANC access barriers of rural populations and informing future efforts to close the urban-rural gap in MCH outcomes.

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Preterm birth (< 37 weeks gestation) is a major health burden for affected children. Although the risk of health problems increases as the gestational age decreases, research in the last decades has revealed that even late preterm infants born at 34-36 weeks gestational age have higher mortality and morbidity than term infants. Because late preterm infants constitute three fourths of preterm infants, they are important from both public health and health policy perspectives. This doctoral thesis sought to answer important knowledge gaps in health service utilization of late preterm infants via three studies. Study A, a systematic review and meta-analysis comparing health service utilizations of late preterm infants with those of term infants, found that late preterm infants had increased hospitalization compared with term infants that persisted from the neonatal period through adolescence. Study B is a cohort study evaluating the re-admissions and emergency department visits by late preterm and term singletons and twins for the first 5 years after birth. Study B demonstrated that late preterm infants had higher re-admission rates than term infants although differences in twins were less pronounced than in singletons. Study C is a population-based cohort study with cost analyses assessing the health care costs and resource utilization related to three different discharge timings of late preterm and term singletons: early (< 48 hours), late (48-71 hours), and very-late (72-95 hours) discharge after birth. Study C found that early discharge was not associated with the reduction of health care cost in late preterm infants, and instead was associated with an increase in the cost in term infants over the first year after birth. These findings are useful for parents, care providers, health policy makers, and guideline developers to provide optimal care for late preterm infants. / Thesis / Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)

Réalisé en cotutelle avec l'Université de Paris-Sud / La thèse a pour objectif d’étudier les rapports entre les besoins typiquement hétérogènes des personnes âgées vivant dans la communauté et l’utilisation conséquente des services médicaux et sociaux. Inspirée du concept de la fragilité, l’approche a d’abord consisté à modéliser l’hétérogénéité des besoins en classant les individus – par l’analyse de classes latentes (ACL) – dans des profils-types, chacun représentant une constellation particulière de problèmes de santé. Appliquée aux données recueillies dans le cadre du projet de démonstration du SIPA (Système de services intégrés pour personnes âgées en perte d’autonomie), l’ACL a révélé 4 profils qui se distinguent sur le plan qualitatif par les dimensions physique et cognitive, et sur le plan quantitatif par la gravité des incapacités que les individus manifestent (Article 1). L’analyse des transitions entre les profils sur 1 an et 22 mois montre des changements différenciés selon les profils et le sexe, et confirme la stabilité de la classification et sa sensibilité aux changements d’état de santé. En outre, les profils sont robustes aux effets de la mortalité et de l’attrition due aux sorties d’étude. Les rapports entre les profils, les variables sociodémographiques et les indicateurs de résultats tel l’hébergement et la mortalité appuient la validité de la classification. Les profils ont ensuite servi à modéliser les besoins dans des modèles économétriques ajustés pour étudier l’utilisation et les coûts par profil d’état de santé pour une gamme de services financés par le système public (Article 2). Ces analyses montrent que les profils permettent d’identifier des configurations distinctes d’utilisation et de coûts pour des sous-groupes représentatifs de la population âgée fragile. La sensibilité des profils aux différences d’accès et aux différences d’intensité d’utilisation révèle les choix de ces groupes cibles par les autorités locales dans la prestation des services institutionnels et des services de proximité. Enfin, une analyse fine de ces relations a été menée pour la couteuse période précédant le décès dans le but d’établir si l’intensification des coûts en fin de vie concerne les personnes âgées de manière homogène quelque soit la gravité de leur état de santé (Article 3). Les analyses comparatives des survivants et des décédés montrent une tendance inverse dans les coûts des services selon l’état de santé. Les personnes qui survivent dans des états de santé compromis coûtent significativement plus que leurs homologues relativement sains. En revanche, c’est chez les individus relativement sains, indépendamment de l’âge, qu’on retrouve les coûts de fin de vie les plus élevés – liés principalement aux hospitalisations de courte durée. Combiné aux résultats qui montrent que les coûts sont significativement moindres chez les sujets de plus de 85 ans, ce travail confirme l’hypothèse d’une compression des coûts attribuables à la morbidité chez les décédés les plus âgés. L’originalité de cette thèse tient au fait que très peu de travaux ont tenté de modéliser l’hétérogénéité de l’état de santé dans le but d’étudier ses conséquences sur l’accès, l’intensité et les coûts des services sociaux et médicaux pour notre population de référence. En outre, alors que la pertinence des soins de fin de vie et le maintien à domicile sont au cœur des préoccupations, ce travail est le premier à décrire les rapports entre l’état de santé et les coûts en fin de vie pour les personnes âgées fragiles vivant dans la communauté. / Abstract This thesis aims to study the relationship between the typically heterogeneous needs of community-living elderly and their consequent utilization of health and social services. Inspired by the concept of frailty, the approach consisted in modeling the heterogeneity – by latent class analysis (LCA) – to group individuals into homogenous categories of health status, each representing a constellation of health problems. Applied to the data collected for the demonstration project of the system of integrated services for frail elderly (SIPA), LCA revealed four health state profiles that distinguish the physical and cognitive dimensions of health and capture severity along the disability dimension (Article 1). Transition analyses over 1 year and 22 months showed differentiated and gender-specific patterns of transition probabilities, confirming the sensitivity of the profiles to change in health status. The profiles are stable over time and robust to mortality and lost to follow-up attrition. Relationships between the profiles, sociodemographic characteristics and distal outcomes, such as mortality and institutionalization, confirm the classification’s validity. These profiles were then used in two-part econometric models to study access and costs of several measures of publicly funded services (Article 2). Our results show the profiles are able to identify distinct configurations of service utilization and costs in substantially meaningful subgroups of the frail elderly population. What is important here is that the health state profiles are sensitive to differences, and changes, in available patterns of care in a specific milieu. These differences reveal choices of target groups by local authorities in delivering institutional and community-based services. Finally, a fine analysis of these differences was performed for the costly period preceding death to establish whether the high end-of-life costs affect all elderly homogenously irrespective of the severity of their health state (Article 3). A comparative analysis revealed that survivors’ and decedents’ costs of care trends according to health status go in opposite directions. Severely disabled survivors cost significantly more compared to their relatively healthy counterparts. In contrast, the highest end-of-life costs – driven by acute hospitalizations – belong to the relatively healthy, independent of age. Among survivors and among decedents, the oldest old (85+) cost significantly less compared to younger age groups. Combined, these results support the notion of a compression of costs due to morbidity in the oldest old decedents. The originality of this thesis rests on the fact that few very few studies attempted to model heterogeneity in health status with the goal of estimating its effect on patterns of service utilization. Moreover, in light of the shift towards community-based care as a response to economic pressures and population aging, our work is the first to describe the relationship between health status and end-of-life care in frail community-living elderly.

The purpose of this study was to assess practitioners’ views of service needs for juveniles involved with the justice system. In the United States, every year there are thousands of youth committed to detention institutions for delinquent acts. As a result, children as young as nine years of age up until adulthood have a difficult time integrating back into the community. In many instances, youth who have been involved with the justice system have a greater likelihood of recidivism due to their inability to adapt to their environment. Further, when youth enter the system, many times they are not receiving the adequate services necessary to decrease recidivism and in turn are faced with multiple encounters with the justice system and with untreated concerns and additional needs. This study used a qualitative design, conducting face to face interviews with ten justice involved youth practitioners. Participants were asked to explore areas such as, service utilization, recidivism rates, effectiveness of treatment, and barriers to service utilization. The results identified mental health and substance abuse treatment services as the most important needs of justice involved youth. Themes that emerged as important factors to the utilization of treatment services were meaningful relationships, parental support, and mentorship. This study found inadequacies with the process of assessing needs and services within the juvenile justice system. The results suggest a need for better treatment services and competent practitioners to reduce the likelihood of recidivism.

The current study investigated maternal determinants of mental health service use, namely, individual child therapy, among preadolescent children diagnosed with ADHD. The Behavioral Model of Health Care Utilization (Andersen, 2008) was used as a theoretical framework for the study. Data from the last three rounds of ECLS-K dataset were employed to test a longitudinal model using Bayesian analysis. Socio-demographic variables and maternal mental health were tested as exogenous variables and mother-child relationship variables, discipline variables, and perceived maternal concern about child’s overall behavior and child’s emotional symptoms were tested as intervening variables. Results showed that only maternal mental health remained in the model as an exogenous variable. The effect of mental health on child therapy was mediated by maternal aggravation and maternal concern about overall behavior in one path and by maternal concern about emotional symptoms in another path, suggesting that maternal mental health needs to be considered when attempting to understand help-seeking determinants. Both concern variables were found to have large direct effects on child therapy. The results of the current study showed the importance of maternal mental health and the importance of determinants related to mother-child relationship in a mother’s decision to seek therapy for a child.